- •Introduction to control Part I
- •Text 1. Control System
- •8. Make a list of terms from Text 1 referring to control and memorize them.
- •9. Read and translate Text 2 Text 2. Basic Feedback Loop
- •10. Make a list of terms from Text 2 referring to control and memorize them.
- •11. Read and give a short summary of Text 3 Text 3. An example
- •12. Make a list of terms from Text 3 referring to control and memorize them.
- •13. Translate Text 4 in written form: Text 4. Regulators and Servomechanisms
- •16. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •17. Analyse the grammatical structure of the following sentences and translate them:
- •Text 5. Stability and performance
- •19. Make a list of terms from Text 5 referring to control and memorize them.
- •23. Supply synonyms for the following words: Meet, to take place, because of, as regards, breakdown, to consider
- •24. Analyse the grammatical structure of the following sentences and translate them:
- •25. Translate Text 6: Text 6. The uncertainties
- •25. Make a list of terms from Text 6 referring to control and memorize them.
- •26. Read and translate Text 7. Text 7
- •27. Make a list of terms from Text 7 referring to control and memorize them.
- •28. Read and translate Text 8 without a dictionary. Text 8. Representations of Uncertainty
- •30. Give derivatives of the following words and translate them into Russian:
- •32. Supply synonyms for the following words:
- •Text 9. Servomechanism
- •Text 10. Performance: Tracking and Disturbance Rejection
- •43. Make a list of terms from Text 10 and memorize them. Rart II
- •1. Read and translate Text 11.
- •Text 11. The Philosophy of Classical Control
- •Make a list of terms from Text 11 and memorize them.
- •Read and translate Text 12. Text 12. Classical control theory: the closed-loop controller
- •Make a list of terms from Text 12 and memorize them.
- •Read and translate Text 13. Text 13. Controllability and Observability
- •Make a list of terms from Text 13 and memorize them.
- •Read and translate Text 14. Text 14. Control Specifications
- •Make a list of terms from Text 14 and memorize them.
- •Read and translate Text 15. Text 15. Model Identification and Robustness
- •System identification
- •Analysis
- •Constraints
- •Make a list of terms from Text 15 and memorize them.
- •Read and translate Text 16 Text 16. Control Objectives
- •Make a list of terms from Text 16 and memorize them
- •Give a short summary of Text 17 Text 17. Control Objectives
- •(From Ch.Schmid. Course on Dynamics of multidisplicinary and controlled Systems )
- •Make a list of terms from Text 17 and memorize them
- •Give a short summary of Text 18 (in written form) Text 18. Main control strategies
- •Pid controllers
- •Optimal control
- •Adaptive control
- •Intelligent control
- •17. Make a list of scientific terms that are used in Text 18, give their Russian equivalents and memorize them.
- •18. Give a short summary of Text 19 (in written form) Text 19. Feedback
- •Application of feedback in mechanical engineering
- •Make a list of terms from Text 19 and memorize them.
- •Give a short summary of Text 20 Text 20. Pid controller
Application of feedback in mechanical engineering
In ancient times, the float valve was used to regulate the flow of water in Greek and Roman water clocks; similar float valves are used to regulate fuel in a carburetor and also used to regulate tank water level in the flush toilet.
The windmill was enhanced in 1745 by blacksmith Edmund Lee who added a fantail to keep the face of the windmill pointing into the wind. In 1787 Thomas Mead regulated the speed of rotation of a windmill by using a centrifugal pendulum to adjust the distance between the bedstone and the runner stone (i.e. to adjust the load).
The use of the centrifugal governor by James Watt in 1788 to regulate the speed of his steam engine was one factor leading to the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines also use float valves and pressure release valves as mechanical regulation devices. A mathematical analysis of Watt's governor was done by James Clerk Maxwell in 1868.
The Great Eastern was one of the largest steamships of its time and employed a steam powered rudder with feedback mechanism designed in 1866 by J.McFarlane Gray. Joseph Farcot coined the word servo in 1873 to describe steam powered steering systems. Hydraulic servos were later used to position guns. Elmer Ambrose Sperry of the Sperry Corporation designed the first autopilot in 1912. Nicolas Minorsky published a theoretical analysis of automatic ship steering in 1922 and described the PID controller.
Internal combustion engines of the late 20th century employed mechanical feedback mechanisms such as vacuum advance (see: Ignition timing) but mechanical feedback was replaced by electronic engine management systems once small, robust and powerful single-chip microcontrollers became affordable. (4800)
Make a list of terms from Text 19 and memorize them.
Give a short summary of Text 20 Text 20. Pid controller
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a generic control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint by calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust the process accordingly.
The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate parameters; the Proportional, the Integral and Derivative values. The Proportional value determines the reaction to the current error, the Integral determines the reaction based on the sum of recent errors and the Derivative determines the reaction to the rate at which the error has been changing. The weighted sum of these three actions is used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve or the power supply of a heating element.
By "tuning" the three constants in the PID controller algorithm the PID can provide control action designed for specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the setpoint and the degree of system oscillation. Note that the use of the PID algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of the system.
Some applications may require using only one or two modes to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the gain of undesired control outputs to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are particularly common, since derivative action is very sensitive to measurement noise, and the absence of an