- •1.The historical development of analytical forms of the verbs in English.
- •4. The development of adjectives throughout the history of the English language.
- •5. The development of pronouns throughout the history of the English language.
- •6. Morphemes. Principles of ic and uc Analysis.
- •8.Free word groups. Their Types and Motivation.
- •9. Antonyms in Modern English and Their Types.
- •Complementaries
- •Conversives
- •Synonyms. Type of Synonymity.
- •1.Language levels and their language units.
- •2.Grammatical categories of the English verb.
- •Theme and rheme progression in the English sentence and text.
- •8. Parts of speech problem in English.
Theme and rheme progression in the English sentence and text.
Functional sentence prospective – can characterize a sentence and a text (can be used both in a sentence and in a text) . Any utterance consists of three chunks: at the end we put something new to the listener (pronounced in a quick way, and slow down at the end) – rheme (focus); theme – the information that we know
Different grammatical means used to express theme and rheme
Intonation is the strongest way to express rheme
If no intonation – rheme at the end (end focus)
Word-order pattern
Constructions with introducers (there were tall birches surrounding the lake (rheme); tall birches surrounded the lake)
Contrasted complexes – it is not for you, but for your friend
Construction with determiners
Constructions with intensifying particles John came here – Even John came here
Theme and rheme characterize the text as well
Scale progression – (one sentence flows out from another)
Practically equal sentences –
Characterize text from different standpoints
6. Classification of sentences in English. - Can be classified according to the nature of predication
One member p. – nominal, verbal (imperative) , Two member p – doer of the action + action (N +V)
Acc. to structure – Simple , Composite: Compound , Complex
Acc. to the purpose of utterance . Predicating is attributing some state or action or quality to some aobject of reality (person or things), phenomenon or event
Attributing can be logical and…
Two-member predication One-member predication
Winter is coming winter (the meaning should be deduced)
One primary predication – Simple sentence
More than one primary predication – a composite sentence
Compound – the predications are independent
Compound-complex
Complex the predications are dependent
Kinds of simple sentences: According to the purpose of utterance; Statements , Questions , Directives
Each of them can be ; Affirmative , Negative , Exclamatory , Non-exclamatory
Acc. to presence of secondary parts - Non-extended , Extended
Acc. to representing of structural parts - One-member nominal , One-member verbal (no smoking) 7.Notional and functional words in English.
Notional word – which denote things, objects … have corresponding matters in objective reality
Functional w. – those having no reference in objective reality (e.g.
Notional words are lexical, functional – grammatical (articles, particles, interjections)
Noun – thingness, Verb – verbality , Adjective – quality
8. Parts of speech problem in English.
Why do we need to divide into parts of speech – to make it easier for our children – to render our knowledge to younger generation
First classification was suggested by ancient Greek philosophers
Aristotle – logical classification: subject, predicate and popular – listen by sentences – good for Latin and Greek – lots of declinable parts of speech (notional words) – not good for English (analytical)
It is difficult to divide words morphologically in English
Sweet – XIX c.; introduced ‘notional’ and ‘non-notional’ parts of speech; he tried to divided according to FUNCTIONS – action,
Charles Freeze – he created co-called distributional classes: 0 – adjectives; I – names; II – verbs: III – adverbs
Hockett – classified all the words in English into those adjectives and noun…. What to do with functional words? To which class them refer?
Presently especially soviet school:
Semantical criterion (meaning)
Morphological (form)
Functional c. (function)
STYLISTICS
Stylistic functions of archaic words and forms.
Inversion as a syntactical expressive means.
Salient features of metaphorical group of tropes. The mechanism of metaphorical transfer of name in the structural varieties of metaphor including personification.
The problem of functional styles classification.
Simile and metaphor; the semantics of their tenor and vehicle. Structural, semantic and functional differences between metaphor and simile.
Lexico-syntactical features of direct speech.
Types and stylistic functions of low-flown words in the English vocabulary.
Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
Types and structure of anaphoric repetition, chiasmus and parallelism.
Classification of syntactical stylistic devices. Their structural, semantic and functional features.
Different types of repetition and parallelism.
Syntactical expressive means based on redundancy of the sentence structure. Their structural, semantic and functional features.
Types and stylistic functions of the metonymical group of semasiological expressive means in the English language.
Structural, semantic and functional features of different types of epithets.