- •1.The historical development of analytical forms of the verbs in English.
- •4. The development of adjectives throughout the history of the English language.
- •5. The development of pronouns throughout the history of the English language.
- •6. Morphemes. Principles of ic and uc Analysis.
- •8.Free word groups. Their Types and Motivation.
- •9. Antonyms in Modern English and Their Types.
- •Complementaries
- •Conversives
- •Synonyms. Type of Synonymity.
- •1.Language levels and their language units.
- •2.Grammatical categories of the English verb.
- •Theme and rheme progression in the English sentence and text.
- •8. Parts of speech problem in English.
1.Language levels and their language units.
System is a group of things of parts working together in a regular relation.
Language is a complex system of linguistic units (phonems, morhemes, wrds, compnation, sentecnces) that extst only in their interrelation interdependence.
Language is an organizaed set of linguistica units reularly interrelated, unlimeitly interdempdent and interlocked.
L. is a semiotic system
levels:
Phonological (phoneme – smallest distinctive unit)
Morphological (morpheme – the smallest meaningful unit; word – smallest naming unit)
)Lexical m – if builds new word
)Grammatical m. – if builds new form of a word
Syntactical – word combination; sentence – the smallest communicative unit
Super syntactical – text
Different functions of the language: 1. External – communicative 2. Internal – representative
a. signification
b. nomination
2.Grammatical categories of the English verb.
To start – grammatically the verb is the most complicated part of speech. It posesses the categories:
Person , Number , Tense , Aspect , Voice , Mood , Finitude (кат. відмінюваності; this category maybe good to start with) Категорія – група слів, явищ, які характеризуються спільними рисами.
Grammatical category is a group of linguistic units which are characterized by oppositions on the basis of different grammatical meaning (oppose each other). These groups are characterized by their individual grammatical meaning.
Finitude – opposition of forms among English which are able to express predication and which to express predication, can make sentences and cannot make sentences.
V. with person….mood are marked opposition (morphemes that distinguish them)
Non-Finite: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II
Marker of a category: 2 colons (::)
Person: ‘s – presence of this form in 3rd person singular, active voice, indicative mood , ‘s marks the marked member of opposition , Number: Plural-singular, Is-are; was-were, Tense: Traditionally – 3 members of opposition (Present, Past, Future), Present – no ending, or ‘s, Past – ed
Future – will/shall, Some scholars believe that in Enlish only 2 members (Past, Present; or Present and non-Present) Bachudarova, Bloch, Aspect Continous (marked) -non-continuous (Indefinite, non-marked)
To be+ ing (or Participle I), Voice - Passive (marked)-active
Perfect - non-Perfect , Meaning of Perfect – precedence of the action (before the action) Mood - Real action – unreal action , Indicative-imperative-subjunctive
3. Synthetic and analytical grammatical forms in English. - Synthetic – within the structure of the word
Analyt – outside . Meaning – lexical meaning (, grammatical meaning (adds new meaning to the forms)
Synth – lexical and gram meaning in one word, Anal – lexical in one word, gramm in diff. word
Means: synth (affixes, prefixes…), anal (word order, stress,…
4.Cohesion and coherence in the text. - Text is a unit of language; a super suntactical level unit; sequence of sentences connected logically and semantically
Realises itself in Discourse . Coherence – logical connectednes (general idea, objective – according to Stoudenets’); coherent – by content , Cohesion – grammatical connectedness -
Additive – and, or, futhermore, in fact, Adversative (протиставлення) – one the one hand, anyway , Causal: Temporal: then, Cataphoric – referring forward . Anaphoric – referring backward
Deixis – “to point out” – necessary to know where the action takes place – deictic markers – person, time, place.