Lecture 2 formal and informal speech

The term functional style is generally accepted in modern linguistics. Professor I. V. Arnold defines it as “a system of expressive means peculiar to a scientific sphere of communication”.

By the sphere of communication we mean the circumstances attending the process of speech in each particular case: professional communication, a lecture, informal talk, an intimate letter, a speech in court, etc.

All these circumstances or situations can be roughly classified into two types: formal (a lecture, a speech in court, an official letter, professional communication) and informal (an informal talk, an intimate letter).

Functional styles are classified into two groups with further subdivision depending on different situations.

Informal Style

Informal vocabulary is used in one’s immediate circle: family, relatives or friends. One uses informal words when at home or when feeling at home. Informal style is relaxed, familiar and unpretentious. But it should be pointed out that informal talk of well-educated people considerably differs from that of the illiterate or the semi-educated; the choice of words with adults is different from the vocabulary of teenagers; people living in provinces use certain regional words and expressions. The choice of words is determined in each particular situation, but also by the speaker’s educational and cultural background, age group, and his occupational and regional characteristics.

Informal style and word-groups are traditionally devided into three types:

1. colloquial

2. slang

3. dialect words

Colloquial words

Colloquialism (colloquial-of words, phrases, style etc. – an expression used in, or suitable for, ordinary, informalor, familiar conversation: “Nuts”meaning “mad” is a colloquialism.

Among other informal words colloquialisms are the least exclusive: they are used by everybody and their sphere of communication is comparatively wide, at least of literary colloquial words. These are informal words that are used in every day conversational speech by cultivated and uneducated people of all age groups. The sphere of communication of literary colloquial words also includes the printed page, which shows that the term “colloquial” is somewhat inaccurate. This term use of informal words is one of the prominent of 20^th century English and American.

Here are some more examples of literary colloquial words. Pal and chum are colloquial equivalents of friend, girl, when used colloquially, denotes a woman of any age; bite and snack stand for meal; hi, hello are informal greetings, and so long a form of parting; start, go on, finish and be through are also literary colloquialisms; to have a crush on somebody is a colloquial equivalent of to be in love. A bit (of) and a lot (of) also belong to this group.

A considerable number of shortenings are found in words of this type. E.g. exam, fridge.

Verbs with post-positional adverbs are also numerous among colloquialisms: put up, put over, make up, turn on, etc.

The problem of functional styles is not one of purely theoretical interest, but represents a particularly important aspect of the language-learning process.

SLANG

Much have been written on the subject of slang that is contradictory and at the same time very interesting.

Slang – very important languages that includes new and sometimes not polite words and meanings, is often used among particular groups of people, and is usually not used in serious speech or writing.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as “language of a highly colloquial style, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense”.

Here is another definition of slang by famous English writer G. K. Chesterton: “The one stream of poetry which in constantly flowing is slang. Every day some nameless poet weaves fairy tracery of popular language… All slang is metaphor, and all metaphor is poetry”.

As to the author’s words “all slang is metaphor”, is true observation, though the second part of the statement “all metaphor is poetry” is difficult to accept especially if we consider the following examples: mug (for face), blinkers (for eyes), trap (for mouth, e.g. Keep your trap shut), dogs (for feet), to leg (to walk).

All these meanings are certainly based on metaphor, yet they strike one as singularly unpoetical.

Metaphor – an expression which means or describes one thing or idea using words usually used of something else with very similar qualities (in sunshine of her smile) without using the words as or like.

Henry Bradley writes that “Slang sets things in their proper place with a smile. So, to call a hat “a lid” and a head “a nut” is amusing…”

People use slang for a number of reasons: to be picturesque, arresting and, above all, different from others. These are the reasons for using slang as explained by modern psychologists and linguists.

The circle of users of slang is more narrow than that of colloquialisms. It is mainly used by the young and uneducated.

Yet, slang’s colourful and humorous quality makes it catching, so that a considerable part of slang may become accepted by nearly all the groups of speakers.