Text 2. Machines for earth моving and transporting

This type of machines includes graders, bulldozers, scrapers and excavating machines. Graders in their turn are subdivided into motor (or self-propelled) graders, pull-type graders and elevating graders.

Motor graders are the main self-propelled earth-moving and transporting machines. They are widely used for building and repairing airport pavements. By means of motor graders a subgrade of pavements is constructed, graded and cleaned from snow. Motor graders are used for mixing ground and gravel and crushed rock materials with binding ones directly on the pavements. According to their weight they can be light, middle and heavy.

Bulldozers are designed for ground cutting and levelling as well as for transporting the ground, gravels and crushed rock at short distances. Bulldozers are widely used for clearing runways and taxiways of snow. The principal part of a bulldozer is a blade. It can be of a rotatory or non-rotatory design.

Scraper is a highly efficient earth-moving transport machine. It is used for moving the ground layer by layer and transporting it to the place of its dumping and placing, this ground being further used for runway and taxiway pavement construction and for the airport approach roads. Scrapers are also used for ground grading and preparatory partial compaction. This machine helps to dispose soil layers of a certain thickness. They also do the loading, moving and unloading of the soil at a required distance. The main workpiece of a scraper is a bucket with cutting knives. It is installed on pneumatic tyres and is equipped with special mechanisms for dropping, lifting and unloading the ground.

Power shovels (backhoes) are also self-propelled earth-moving machines. They are designed for ground digging, loading, moving and unloading. Backhoes are widely used for different operations on the territory of an airport. Backhoes are classified according to their purpose, bucket capacity and some other characteristics. As to the type of the working parts they are divided into crawler-mounted, wheel-mounted and combined backhoes.

Вправа 19. Запам’ятайте нові терміни:

earth moving and transporting – земельно-транспортні роботи

grader – грейдер

motor grader - автогрейдер

self-propelled grader – автогрейдер

pull-type grader – прицепний грейдер

elevating grader – грейдер-підйомник

in their turn – в свою чергу

self-propelled – самохідний

subgrade (road bed) – земляне полотно

clean (clear) of snow – очищувати від снігу

mixing – змішування

gravel and crushed rock materials – гравійно-щебневі матеріали

directly – безпосередньо

weight – вага

bulldozer – бульдозер

levelling (grading) – розрівнювання, нівелювання

blade – лезо, відвал

rotatory (rotary) design – поворотна конструкція

scraper – скрепер

highly efficient – високопродуктивний; що працює з високим ККД

layer by layer – пошарово

dumping – вивантажування

preparatory compaction – попереднє ущільнення

partial – частковий

bucket – ковш

bucket capacity – місткість ковша

pneumatic tyre – пневматична шина, пневматик

dropping – звалювання

power shovel – одноковшевий екскаватор

backhoe – одноковшевий екскаватор

workpiece – робочий орган

crawler-mounted power shovel – гусеничний екскаватор

wheel-mounted – колісний, на колесах

combined – комбінований

unloading – розвантаження.

Вправа 20. Знайдіть у тексті 2 англійські еквіваленти наступних словосполучень:

за допомогою автогрейдерів; широко використовуються у будівництві; у свою чергу; конструкція, що не повторюється; для нівелювання грунту; на необхідній відстані; вигрузка грунту; місткість ковша; часткове ущільнення грунту; ріжучі ножі.

Вправа 21. Підберіть синоніми.

Dumping, subgrade, preparatory, bucket, dropping, power shovel, workpiece, back, soil compaction, lift.

(preliminary, dipper, lowering, unloading, backhoe, main element raise, rear, soil consolidation, road bed).

Вправа 22. Закінчіть речення.

1. The main workpiece of a scraper is ... .

2. Backhoes are widely used for ... .

3. The principal part of a bulldozer is ... .

4. Bulldozers are used for clearing ... .

5. According to their weight motor graders are classified аs ...

6. Graders in their turn are subdivided into ... .

7. Motor graders are used for mixing .....

Вправа 23. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What machines for earth moving and transporting can you name?

2. What machine is called a grader?

3. What types of graders are there?

4. Are they self-propelled machines?

5. What are motor graders designed for?

6. What are they classified as according to their weight?

7. What are bulldozers used for?

8. What is the principal part of a bulldozer?

9. Why is the scraper considered to be a highly efficient earth-moving transport machine?

10. What is it designed for?

11. What kinds of machines are backhoes subdivided into?

12. What is their main purpose?

Вправа 25. Прочитайте текст 3. Дайте коротку анотацію англійською мовою.

TEXT 3

Machines for soil compaction are mainly used at the second stage of airport construction, namely for compaction of runway and taxiway surfaces and for placing concrete slabs. This group of construction machines includes different types of rollers for soil compaction. Rollers are designed for soil compaction layer by layer to the thickness of 0,3–0,5 metres. The main workpiece of a roller is a special roll mounted on the axle. The rollers are of a trailed and self-propelled design. Self-propelled rollers are widely used for compaction of asphalt surfaces of airport approach roads.

Compacting machines are designed also for compaction of different kinds of soils in the safety area adjacent to the runways (fig. IX.7).

Another compacting machine is shown in figure IX.8. It consists of suspended equipment, tamping plates and a reduction gear, its main workpiece being a tamping plate.

While characterizing various types of construction machines іt is necessary to mention machines for cement transportation, cement trucks being the most popular ones (fig. IX.9). Their main purpose is to transport unpacked cement for a distance of 50–150 km. Cement trucks are equipped with a special pneumatic device for сement loading and unloading. They consist of a truck tractor and a steel all metal welded cement tank wagon.

Machines for transportation of concrete mixes and mortars also belong to the airport construction machinery. They are divided into concrete-delivery trucks, concrete mixers and transit mortar trucks. A concrete-delivery truck (fig. IX.10) is used for transportation of concrete mixes to construction sites at the maximum distance of 30 km. It consists of a body, hydraulic tipper, two hydraulically operated lifts and other parts.

Fig. IX. 7	Fig. IX. 8
Fig. IX.9	Fig. IX.10

A concrete-mixer truck (fig. IX.11)

i s used to deliver concrete mixes while mixing concrete on the way to the construction site. It is also used to transport dry concrete mixes and prepare concrete on the way to the construction site.

Fig.IX. 11

As for a transit mortar truck it has a similar function to that of a concrete-mixer truck.

Machines for Erection Jobs. This class of airport construction machines is the most important in airport pavement construction as well as in the construction of approach roads and other asphalt and concrete covered areas on the territory of any modern airport. Machines for erection jobs fulfill the final and therefore responsible jobs - assembly of objects. These are different types of cranes. In airport construction they are divided into truck cranes (fig. IX.12), pneumatic cranes, crawler cranes and cranes mounted on special chassis (fig. IX.13). Truck crane is the main type of these machines. According to the rated load capacity truck cranes are divided into four groups: 4 tn, 6.3 tn, l0 tn and 16 tn cranes.

Fig. IX. 12	Fig. IX.13

Вправа 26. Перекладіть текст 3 за допомогою словника.

Roller - каток

roll - валець

two-wheel roller - двухвальцевий каток

axle - вісь (у машині)

asphalt - асфальт

approach road - під’їзна дорога

compacting (tamping) - трамбування

adjacent - суміжний

tamping plate - трамбовочна плита

reduction gear - редуктор

cement truck - цементовіз

truck tractor - тягач

welded - зварний

tank - цистерна

cement tank wagon - цистерна цементовоза

concrete mixer - бетономішалка

concrete-delivery truck - бетоновіз

transit mortar truck - машина для перевезення будівельної суміші

body - кузов

tipper - самоскид

erection - монтаж

final (concluding) - завершуючий

crane - підйомний кран

truck crane - автокран

pneumatic crane - пневматичний кран

crawler crane - гусеничний кран

chassis - шасі

load capacity - вантажопідйомність

rated - розрахунковий, номінальний

ton – тона.

Вправа 27. Назвіть і коротко опишіть будівельні машини з тексту 3.

Вправа 29. Виступіть у ролі перекладача.

1. Які машини використовуються для ущільнення грунту при будівництві аеродромних покриттів? 2. Якого типу катки використовуються у будівництві аеропортів? 3. Чи є спеціалізовані машини для перевезення будівельних матеріалів? 4. На яку відстань можна доставляти будівельні матеріали цими машинами? 5. Які машини і механізми призначені для будівельно-монтажних робіт? 6. Які крани використовуються у будівництві аеропортів? 7. Яка вантажопідйомність ав-токрана? 8. Що таке цементовіз? 9. Яка конструкція у бетоно-воза? 10. Які переваги у пересувної бетономішалки?

— There are different types of rollers used for soil compacting at the second stage of runway, taxiway and safety area construction. — Rollers may be of a trailed or self-propelled design, the self-propelled type being widely used for compacting asphalt surfaces of airport approach roads. — Yes, there are special machines for transportation of concrete mixes, mortars and cement. They include cement trucks, concrete-delivery trucks, transit mortar trucks and concrete mixers. — Cement trucks can transport unpacked cement for a distance of 50–150 km, while concrete-delivery trucks are designed for transportation of concrete mixes to construction sites at the maximum distance of 30 km. — Machines for erection jobs are different types of cranes. — There are truck cranes, crawler cranes, pneumatic cranes and cranes mounted on special chassis. — According to the rated load capacity truck cranes are divided into four groups: 4 tn, 6,5 tn, 10 tn and 16 tn cranes. — Cement trucks consist of a truck tractor and a steel all-metal welded cement tank wagon. — Concrete-delivery trucks consist of a body, a hydraulic tipper, too hydraulically operated lifts and other parts. — A concrete-mixer truck delivers concrete mixes while mixing concrete on the way to the construction site.

Вправа 30. Підготуйте усні повідомлення з тем:

1. «Airport Construction Machines»?

2. «Machines for Earth Moving and Transporting».

3. «Machines for Soil Compaction»?

4. «Machines for Concrete Mixes and Mortars Transportation».

5. «Machines for Erection Jobs».

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