Text 2. Man-made stone materials

This type of building materials is made of natural raw material and industrial waste by means of raw mass roasting (as a result of slow cooling of a rock or metallurgical slags). Clay and sand are the most popular feedstock for making man-made stone materials, slags being widely used for this purpose as an industrial waste. The main types of man-made stone materials are: paving clinker, burnt rocks, metallurgical slags, slag glass ceramics and expanded clay aggregate. Being strong and resistant to abrasion, not to mention their high thermal and chemical stability, some of them are widely used in airport building. Their strength is higher as compared to concrete, it approaches white and grey cast iron.

Organic binding materials are widely used for producing firm, stable, smooth and durable airport pavements.

Bitumen and tars are the most popular organic binding materials. This is a group of natural or man-made solid, viscoplastic or liquid substances, their properties being changed depending on the temperature. Airport pavements including such materials possess high water-resisting properties as well as plasticity and elasticity, these factors being of great importance since the surface layer function is to protect the main layer from the penetration of surface water. Besides, it should withstand the destroying effect of transport. .

Mineral binding materials include cement, air-hardening lime, gypsum, magnesium binding materials and water glass. As a rule they are powder-like substances easily changing their pasty state into a solid one under the influence of water. In this case they acquire the properties of a stone. Mineral binding materials are divided into two groups: air hardening materials and materials of water hardening (or hydraulic binding materials).

Вправа 22. Запам’ятайте значення нових слів:

abrasion ― стирання, абразивний знос

air-hardening lime ― вапно, що тужавіє / твердіє на повітрі

bitumen ― бітум, асфальт

burnt rock ― випалений камінь

cast iron ― чавун

cement ― цемент

clay ― глина

concrete ― бетон

cooling ― охолодження

destroying ― руйнівний

durable ― довговічний, міцний

elasticity ― еластичність

expanded clay aggregate ― керамзит

feedstock ― вихідна сировина

gypsum ― гіпс

industrial waste ― промислові відходи

magnesium binding material ― магнезіальний в^’яжучий матеріал

pasty ― тістоподібний

paving clinker ― дорожний клінкер

plasticity ― пластичність

powder-like ― порошкоподібний

property ― властивість

roasting ― випал

slag ― шлак

slag glass ceramics ― шлакоситал

solid ― твердий

surface layer ― поверхневий шар

tar ― дьоготь

viscoplastic ― в’язкопластичний

water glass ― ріддке скло

water-resisting ― водостійкий

withstand ― витримувати, протистояти.

Вправа 25. Перекладіть наступні слова:

industrial, natural, metallurgical, popular, ceramics, organic, temperature, group, elasticity, transport, function , mineral, plasticity, plastic, pasty, cement, concrete.

Вправа 26. Перекладіть назви будівельних матеріалів:

man-made stone materials, burnt rocks, paving clinker, metallurgical slags, slag glass ceramics, expanded clay aggregate, gypsum, concrete, air-hardening lime, cast iron, bitumen, magnesium-binding materials, water glass, tar, cement, hydraulic binding materials, air-hardening materials.

Вправа 27. Перекладіть словосполучення:

powder-like substances, divided into two groups, to acquire a property, under the influence of water, liquid substance, high waterproof properties, the surface layer, as compared to, as a result of slow cooling, with this purpose.

Вправа 28. Перекладіть словосполучення з ing-формами:

building materilas, paving clinker, binding materials, air-hardening lime, depending on the temperature, including such materials, destroying effect.

Вправа 29. Знайдіть англійські еквіваленти у тексті 2.

Найбільш поширена вихідна сировина, вистигання гірської породи, для виробництва штучних кам^,яних матеріалів, мати високу механічну міцність, довговічні аеродромні покриття, в залежності від температури, висока водостійкість, тістоподібний стан, функція поверхневого шару, білий і сірий чавун.

Вправа 30. Поставте загальні запитання, дайте короткі позитивні і негативні відповіді.

1. In this case they acquire the properties of a stone.

2. These materials are widely used for producing durable airport pavements.

3. Their strength is higher as compared to concrete.

4. The properties of organic binding materials depend on the temperature.

5. The airport pavements possess high water resisting properties.

Вправа 31. Поставте питання до виділених членів речення.

1. Mineral binding materials easily change their state under the influence of water.

2. The airport pavements including such materials possess high water-resisting properties.

3. Bitumen and tars are the most popular organic binding materials.

4. Some of them are widely used in airport building.

5. The surface layer function is to protect the main layer from the penetration of the surface water.

Вправа 32. Закінчіть речення, використовуючи лексику тексту 2. Перекладіть їх.

1. Mineral binding materials easily change their pasty state into ... .

2. The airport pavements including organic binding materials possess ... .

5. Their properties are changed depending on ... .

4. Bitumen and tars are the most popular ... .

5. Man-made stone materials are made of natural raw materials and industrial waste by means of ... .

Figure VIII. 3. Mineral binding materials