4. Find the English equivalents to the given words in the text above:

1) загальне право; 2) у надзвичайно серйозних справах; 3) цивілізовані нації; 4) згідно з законом; 5) опитування свідків; 6) у межах, визначених законом; 7) нести відповідальність; 8) надання доказів; 9) залишатися на волі, але під наглядом; 10) найбільш поширене покарання.

5. Can you match the words from two lines?

1) death penalty; 2) goal; 3) at large; 4) to be responsible for; 5) to sentence; 6) Penal Code

А) to be guilty; B) free; C) objective; D) capital punishment; E) Criminal Code; F) to punish

6. Study this list of adjectives + preposition:

sorry ABOUT something:

■ I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.

but: sorry FOR doing something:

■ I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

You can also say:

■ I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

(to feel/to be) sorry FOR someone:

■ I feel sorry for George. He has no friends and no money.

crazy ABOUT something:

■ Ann is crazy about Westerns. She'd go to the movies every night Westerns were playing.

impressed BY/WITH someone/something:

■ I wasn't very impressed by/with the movie.

famous FOR something:

■ The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.

responsible FOR something:

■ Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

different FROM someone/something (in informal English we sometimes say different THAN):

■ The movie was quite different from what I expected.

interested IN something:

■ Are you interested in art architecture?

capable/incapable OF something:

■ I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.

fond OF someone/something:

■ Mary is very fond of animals. She has three cats and two dogs.

full OF something:

■ The letter I wrote was full of mistakes.

short OF something;

■ I’m a little short of money. Can you lend me some?

tired OF something:

■ Come on, let's go! I'm tired of waiting.

similar TO something:

■ Your writing is similar to mine.

crowded WITH (people, etc.):

■ The city was crowded with tourists.

7. Complete the sentences. Each time use the most appropriate word in the box with the correct preposition:

different full sorry responsible interested

short similar tired capable impressed

1. I don't feel ………. George. All his problems are his own fault.

2. I can't stop to talk to you now. I'm a little.................................time.

3. "Do you want to watch the football game on television?’ "No, thanks. I'm not .................................football."

4. Your shoes are.................mine, but they're not exactly the same.

5. My new job is a completely new experience for me. It's very................................what I did before.

6. The human race is now............................... destroying the whole world with nuclear weapons.

7. We've got plenty of things to eat. The refrigerator is..............................food.

8. I wasn't very...........the service in the restaurant. We had to wait a long time before getting our food.

9. Can't we have something different to eat for a change? I'm......................having the same thing day after day.

10. The editor is.................................what appears in the newspaper.

8. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition:

Example: Sorry ..about..the noise last night. We were having a party.

1. I'd rather not go to an Indian restaurant I'm not crazy.................Indian food.

2. Ann is very fond...............her younger brother.

3. This part of town is always very lively at night. It's usually crowded...............people.

4. In the closet I found a box full.................old letters.

5. I felt sorry.................the children when we went on vacation. It rained every day, and they had to spend most of the time indoors.

6. He said he was sorry.......the situation, but that there was nothing he could do.

7. France is famous................its food.

8. They looked bored. I don't think they were interested.................what I was saying.

9. Joe failed his driving test many times. He isn't capable.................driving a car.

10. The man we interviewed for the job was quite intelligent, but we weren't very impressed .......... his appearance.

11. Travelling is great at first, but you get tired................it after a while.

12. Do you know anyone who might be interested.......... buying an old car?

13. Our house is similar...............theirs, but I think ours is a little bigger.

14. Sue and I come from the same country, but my accent is different.................hers.

15. The police are responsible................ maintaining law and order.

16. We're short.................staff in our office at the moment. There aren't enough people to do the work that has to be done.

17. I'm sorry.........the smell in this room. It's just been painted.

Section 2:

Ex.2. Read the texts and discuss them.

Civil Courts

Civil courts deal with «private» controversies, as where two individuals (or corporations) are in dispute over the terms of a contract or over who shall bear responsibility

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for an auto accident. Ordinarily the public is not a party as in criminal proceedings, for it has no interest beyond providing just rules for decision and a forum where the dispute can be impartially and peacefully resolved.

The objective of a civil actions is not punishment or correction of the defendant or the setting of an example to others but rather to restore the parties so far as possible to the positions they would have occupied had no legal wrong been committed. The most common civil remedy is a judgement for money damages.

There are, however, areas of overlap, for a single incident may give rise to both civil liability and criminal prosecution. Two separate actions must be brought, independent of each other.

Courts of General Jurisdiction

Although there are some courts that handle only criminal cases and others that handle only civil cases, a more common pattern is for a single court to be vested with both civil and criminal jurisdiction. Such is the High Court of England and such are many of the trial courts in U.S. states. Often these tribunals are called courts of general jurisdiction, signifying that they can deal with almost any type of controversy, although in fact they not have jurisdiction over certain types of cases assigned to specialized tribunals.

Courts of Limited Jurisdiction

, Specialized tribunals of many kinds exist, varying from nation to nation. Some deal only with the administration of the estates of deceased persons (probate courts), some only with disputes between merchants (commercial courts), some only with disputed between employers and employees (labour courts). All are courts of limited jurisdiction.

Appellate Courts

The tribunals described thus far are trial courts or «courts of first instance». They see the parties, hear the witnesses, receive the evidence, find the facts, apply the law, and determine the outcome.

Above them, to review their work and correct their errors, are appellate courts. These are usually collegiate bodies, consisting of several judges instead of the single judge who usually presides over a trial court. The jurisdiction of the appellate courts is usually general.

Varieties of Appellate Review

There are three basic types of appellate review. The first consists of a retrial of the case, with the appellate court hearing the evidence for the second time making fresh findings of fact, and in general proceeding in much the same manner as the court that originally rendered the judgement under attack.

The second type of review is based in part on a »dossier», which is a record compiled in the court bellow of the evidence received and findings made there. The third type of review is based on a written record of proceedings in the court or courts below.

Courts in Federal System

Federal system is such a system in which each member subordinates its power to a central authority in common affairs. It reflects the fragmentation of governmental powers between the central authority and the local authority. At the top level is the Supreme Court.

There are many different types of courts and many ways to classify and describe them. Basic distinctions must be made between civil and criminal courts, between courts of general jurisdiction and those of limited jurisdiction, and between trial and appelate courts.