Пояснити студентам, що таке «inquisitorial» procedure (= denoting criminal procedure in which one party is both prosecutor and judge, or in which the trial is held in secret)

«adversary» procedure (судовий розгляд позовного типу)

Criminal Courts

Criminal courts deal with persons accused of crime, deciding whether they are guilty and, if so, determining the consequences they shall suffer. Prosecution is on behalf (від імені) of the public, represented by some official such as a district attorney, prosecutor, or a police officer.

In civil-law countries a more active role is assigned to the judge. In the common-law courts, in which the «adversary» procedure prevails, the lawyers for both sides bear responsibility for producing evidence and they do most of the questioning of witnesses.

In civil-law countries, «inquisitorial» (той, що стосується слідства) procedure prevails, with judges doing most of the questioning of witnesses and having an independent responsibility to discover the facts.

If a person has been found guilty, he is sentenced, again according to law and within limits fixed by legislation. The objective is not so much to wreak vengeance upon the offender as to rehabilitate him and deter others from following his example. Hence (звідси) the most common sentences are fines, short terms of imprisonment, and probation (which allows the offender to remain at large but under supervision).

In extremely serious cases, the goal may be to prevent the offender from committing further crimes, which may call for a long term of imprisonment or even capital punishment. The death penalty, however, is gradually disappearing from the criminal codes of civilized nations.

What do the criminal courts deal with?

Who represents prosecution?

In what kind of courts does ‘adversary’ procedure prevail?

Whose responsibility to discover the facts is during “inquisitorial” procedure?

What are the most common sentences?

What is the objective of sentencing a criminal?

What is the goal of sentencing in the most serious cases?

1) загальне право; 2) у надзвичайно серйозних справах; 3) цивілізовані нації; 4) згідно з законом; 5) опитування свідків; 6) у межах, визначених законом; 7) нести відповідальність; 8) надання доказів; 9) залишатися на волі, але під наглядом; 10) найбільш поширене покарання.

1) death penalty; 2) goal; 3) at large; 4) to be responsible for; 5) to sentence; 6) Penal Code

(для груп із слабкими знаннями пропонуються відповіді - синоніми):

А) to be guilty; B) free; C) objective; D) capital punishment; E) Criminal Code; F) to punish

5. Граматичний аспект заняття:

Study this list of adjectives + preposition:

sorry ABOUT something:

■ I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.

but: sorry FOR doing something:

■ I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

You can also say:

■ I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

(to feel/to be) sorry FOR someone:

■ I feel sorry for George. He has no friends and no money.

crazy ABOUT something:

■ Ann is crazy about Westerns. She'd go to the movies every night Westerns were playing.

impressed BY/WITH someone/something:

■ I wasn't very impressed by/with the movie.

famous FOR something:

■ The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.

responsible FOR something:

■ Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

different FROM someone/something (in informal English we sometimes say different THAN):

■ The movie was quite different from what I expected.

interested IN something:

■ Are you interested in art architecture?

capable/incapable OF something:

■ I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.

fond OF someone/something:

■ Mary is very fond of animals. She has three cats and two dogs.

full OF something:

■ The letter I wrote was full of mistakes.

short OF something;

■ I’m a little short of money. Can you lend me some?

tired OF something:

■ Come on, let's go! I'm tired of waiting.

similar TO something:

■ Your writing is similar to mine.

crowded WITH (people, etc.):

■ The city was crowded with tourists.