Appendix 5. The Frame of a Summary

Introduction: 1 paragraph (1 – 2 sentences) Facts to be mentioned: the author, the title, the genre and the theme of the text, its appreciation.

The body: 2 – 6 paragraphs.

Conclusion: 1 paragraph.

In all: 250 words, 10 – 15 logical connectors

Connectors and Sequence Markers

1. Logical connectors and sequence markers

a) Cause:

therefore so accordingly consequently as a consequence/result hence (formal) thus (formal) because of this that's why (informal)

b) Contrast:

yet however nevertheless still but even so all the same (informal)

c) Condition:

then in that case

d) Comparison:

similarly in the same way

e) Concession:

anyway at any rate

I) Contradiction:

in fact actually as a matter of fact indeed

g) Alternation:

instead alternatively

2. Textual connectors and sequence markers

a) Addition:

also in addition moreover furthermore besides too overall what's more (informal) in brief/short

b) Summary:

to sum up then overall in brief/short

c) Conclusion:

in conclusion finally lastly to conclude

d) Equivalence:

in other words that means namely that is to say or rather

e) Inclusion:

for example for instance say such as as follows (written) e. g. (formal and written)

f) Highlight:

in particular in detail especially notably chiefly mainly

g) Generalisation:

usually normally as a rule in general for the most part in most cases on the whole

h) Stating the obvious:

obviously naturally of course clearly

Appendix 6. Stylistic devices

1. Repetition and Variation

stylistic device	definition	example	effect
alliteration	recurrence of initial sound	“The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew.”	to convey auditory images
accumulation	series of expressions (adjectives, cliches, examples, images) that contribute increasingly to meaning	“He came, saw, fought and won”	to make the language livelier
anaphora	repetition of first word(s) of line/clause	In every town, in every house, in every man, in every woman and in every child ....	to stress the main point often used in speeches
leitmotif	a dominant recurrent theme (word, phrase, emotion, idea) associated with a certain idea, person or situation and accompanying its/his/her reappearance throughout the text		gives the text a structure and stresses the theme by repeating it
climax	the point of highest dramatic tension or a major turning point in the action of the text or the point of greatest dramatic interest in a play		climatic text structuring means arranging material in order of importance, with the most important arguments coming last