1.5.2 Complete the following texts using the suitable words or phrases from the box.

Text 1

A	personnel	E	formal organisation
B	employees	F	in size
C	an early stage	G	channels of communication
D	in such a way as	H	Departments

The Formal Organisation

This begins to develop at ____(1)____ in the life of an organisation as a result of the need to group activities. The ____(2)____ ensures that activities are separated into ____(3)____ such as production, marketing, finance, and ____(4)____. Further subdepartments will develop as the organisation grows ____(5)____. Relationships between ____(6)____ are defined. Tasks are divided ____(7)____ to make use of specialist technical and management skills. Rules and procedures to be followed are established. The formal organisation establishes where decisions are to be made and ____(8)____ are to be created.

Text 2

A	manufacturing firm	E	formal structure
B	production	F	key areas
C	line organisation	G	concerned with
D	distribution	H	activities

Line Departments

These are the activities which are essential to survival, since they are directly ____(1)____ the production and ____(2)____ of the product or service. Where the ____(3)____ of the organisation is based on line activities, it is referred to as ‘line organisation’. In the case of a ____(4)____, the key activities are ____(5)____, sales and product development. All other ____(6)____ are grouped around these ____(7)____. A retail organisation adopting a ____(8)____ would group its activities around purchasing, finance and sales.

Text 3

A	expands	E	responsibilities
B	managers	F	personnel managers
C	line manager	G	departments
D	recruitment	H	appointment

Line and Staff Organisation

As an organisation grows in size, the ____(1)____ needs to divest himself of peripheral activities. Thus specialist ____(2)____ are created, and managers are appointed, who do not have line ____(3)____. A further developmant as the firm ____(4)____ again, may be the ____(5)____ of general staff, who are used to relieve senior ____(6)____ of specific onerous tasks. Specialist staff, such as ____(7)____ are appointed to provide particular support functions, such as training, ____(8)____, and industrial relations.

1.5.3 Complete the text. Replace the Russian words and phrases by the English equivalents. Matrix Organisation

Эта структура была разработана first in the USA aerospace industry для того, чтобы overcome the problems of complexity of линейно-функциональной организации which may cause breakdowns of системы информационных потоков, координации и контроля. It is now widely used in the строительной отрасли and in other industries where a high degree of cross functional координации и кооперации is required. The departmental структура still exists, but project teams, cutting across functional boundaries, формируются as necessary. Члены таких команд are drawn from all the appropriate отделов and the team exists only for the duration of the project. Этот метод имеет три основных преимущества:

• Interdepartment barriers and defensive модели поведения are broken down by the командным подходом.

• Coordination by a team or project leader provides the company with greater контроль над проектом.

• The client has a point of contract close to his immediate interests, thus ensuring that требования клиента are met.