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I. Information for study |
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Market Economies |
extreme |
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крайняя точка |
restriction |
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ограничение |
to interact |
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взаимодействовать |
share |
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доля |
output |
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объем производства, |
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продукция |
taxation |
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налогообложение |
transfer payment |
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государственное пособие, |
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трансфертный платеж |
8.Прослушайте текст В на кассете 2-3 раза и постарайтесь понять его.
9.Запишитекраткое изложениетекста на английском языке.
10.Прочитайте утверждения и выберите те, которые соот- ветствуют содержанию текста В:
1)Markets are arrangements through which prices influence how the society allocates resources.
2)The command economy is a society where the government does not intervene in production.
3)There is no society which is completely a command economy.
4)In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests.
5)In a command economy planning is very easy to do.
6)In a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems.
III. Vocabulary to Text A
accommodation |
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жильё |
to affect |
-- |
влиять |
to age |
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стареть |
to attract |
-- |
привлекать |
competition |
-- |
конкуренция |
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
to consume |
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потреблять |
consumer |
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потребитель |
costs |
-- |
издержки |
to defend |
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защищать, оборонять |
defence |
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оборона |
demand |
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спрос |
to dominate |
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господствовать |
due |
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обусловленный |
to earn |
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зарабатывать |
efficiently |
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эффективно |
elderly |
-- |
пожилой |
enterprise |
-- |
предпринимательство |
essential |
-- |
необходимый |
to exploit |
-- |
использовать |
to fail |
-- |
обанкротиться |
to force |
-- |
заставить |
to identify |
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установить |
income |
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доход |
individual |
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личность |
interest |
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процент |
to issue |
-- |
выпускать (в обращение) |
judiciary |
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правосудие |
lack |
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отсутствие |
law |
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закон |
monetary |
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денежный |
offender |
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правонарушитель |
to operate |
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работать, действовать |
to own |
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владеть |
out of date |
-- |
устаревший |
to pass laws |
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принимать законы |
to prefer |
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предпочитать |
to prevent |
-- |
препятствовать |
profit |
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прибыль |
profitable |
-- |
выгодный |
to protect |
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защищать |
to provide |
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обеспечить |
to punish |
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наказать |
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I. Information for study |
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Market Economies |
to purchase |
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покупать |
to reallocate |
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перераспределять |
recent |
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последний |
to respond |
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отвечать |
to restrict |
-- |
ограничить |
to set up |
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начать, основать |
to supply |
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снабжать |
to tend |
-- |
иметь тенденцию |
trade union |
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профсоюз |
unwanted |
-- |
ненужный |
wages |
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зарплата |
working |
-- |
работа, действие |
IV. Test
1. Выберите из колонки справа слова, пропущенные в пред- ложениях.
1)Firms which produce … products are likely to fail. a) demand
2)Rising prices will attract firms into that industry as b) interest
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they see the chance of … . |
c) unwanted |
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Government provides certain … products and ser- |
d) offer |
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vices that are not provided by firms. |
e) income |
4) |
As … for out-of-date products falls their prices will |
f) costs |
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also fall. |
g) consumers |
5) |
Competition in business forces firms to keep … |
h) profit |
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and prices low. |
i) purchase |
6) |
The amount of money consumers have to pay de- |
j) essential |
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pends on their … and wealth. |
k) rent |
7) |
Owners of capital receive … . |
l) supply |
8)Firms produce goods and services which consumers … with money.
9)Consumers prefer to buy their goods from firms
which … lower prices.
10) Businesses will only produce goods if … buy them.
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.
1) |
to |
pass |
a) rights |
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a) competition |
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b) laws |
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restrict |
b) accommodation |
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c) wages |
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c) consultation |
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3) |
to |
issue |
a) money |
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a) services |
b) measure |
4) to influence |
b) containers |
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c) power |
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c) consumers |
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a) laws |
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a) activities |
5) |
to |
earn |
b) wages |
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to |
own |
b) businesses |
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c) workings |
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c) chances |
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3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответст- вующие данным определениям.
a) |
economy in which resources are allocated |
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1) interest |
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through markets |
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2) industry |
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b) |
thing produced by natural process or |
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3) consumer |
manufacture |
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4) market economy |
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c) |
branch of trade or manufacture |
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5) trade union |
d) |
user of an article |
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6) product |
e) |
money paid for use of money lent |
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7) wages |
f) |
organized association of workmen of a |
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trade formed for protection and promotion |
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of common interests |
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24
I. Information for study
Planned Economies
Unit 3
I. Information for study.
Planned Economies.
Mixed Economies
Text A
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основ- ные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
Until the late 1980s and early 1990s many Eastern European countries such as Romania, Poland and Russia could be described as PLANNED or COMMAND ECONOMIES. Today, examples might include Cuba and North Korea. Government has a vital role in a planned economy. It plans, organizes and co-ordinates the whole production process. This is unlike a market economy, where planning and organizing is carried out by firms. Another difference is that resources in planned economies belong to the state. Individuals are not permitted to own property, land and other non-labour means of production.
What to produce? This decision is made by government planners. They decide the type and mix of goods and services to be produced. Planners make assumptions about consumers' needs. For example, they decide how many cars, how much milk, how many shirts and how much meat should be produced. Planners then tell producers, such as farms and factories, exactly what to produce.
How to produce? Government also tells producers how to produce. Input-output analysis is often used to make plans. For example, with a given level of tehnology, the state may know the land, labour, tractors and fertilizer (inputs) needed to make 1 million tons of wheat (the output). If an area needs 20 million tons, it is possible to work out the inputs needed. A complex table is drawn up which helps planners calculate the resources needed to meet the various output targets. Plans are often for 5, 10 or 15 years.
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
How are goods and services allocated? Goods and services are distributed to consumers through state outlets. People purchase goods and services with money they earn. Prices are set by the planners and cannot change without state instruction. Sometimes there are restrictions on the amount of particular goods and services which can be bought by any one individual, cars for example. Some goods and services, like education and health care, are provided free by the state.
Mixed Economies
In reality, no country has an economy which is entirely planned or free market. Most economic systems in the world have elements of each system.
They are known as MIXED ECONOMIES. In mixed economies some resources are allocated by the government and the rest by the market system. All Western European countries have mixed economies. The public sector in mixed economies is responsible for the supply of public goods and merit goods. Decisions regarding resource allocation in the public sector are made by central or local government. In the private sector production decisions are made by firms in response to the demands of consumers.
In the public sector, public goods and merit goods are provided free when used and are paid for by taxes. Examples might be roads, health care and street lighting. In mixed economies the state usually provides a minimal standard of living for those unable to work. In the UK the Welfare State provides benefits, such as unemployment benefit and sickness benefit. In the public sector the state will own a significant proportion of production factors.
In the private sector individuals are also allowed to own the means of production. Businesses are set up by individuals to supply a wide variety of goods and services. Competition exists between these firms. As a result, there will tend to be choice and variety. One of the roles of the government is to ensure that there is fair competition in private sector. All private sector goods and services are allocated as in the market system described earlier.
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I. Information for study Planned Economies
What should be the 'degree of mixing' in this type of economy? The government will decide how much business activity there will be in the private sector and how much in the public sector. Some countries, like Sweden, allow the government to play a major role in the supply of goods and services than others, like the UK. For example, in Sweden the government spends around 60 per cent of national income, whilst in the UK the government spends around 40 per cent. In countries where the government plays an important economic role, social provision will tend to be greater, taxes higher and the distribution of wealth and income more equal. In countries where the private sector plays the most important economic role, social provision will tend to be lower with fewer free goods and services at the point of sale. Also, taxes will be lower and the distribution of wealth and income less equal. For example, in the last decade, income tax rates have fallen in the UK and fewer services have been supplied by the state. The distribution of income has changed in favour of the 'wealthy' during this time.
II.Practice
1.Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока. Обратите внимание на перевод терминов.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на заданные вопросы и запиши- те их.
1)What are the differences between a market economy and a planned economy?
2)Who makes decisions about what to produce in the countries with planned economies?
3)Who decides how to produce in the countries with planned economies?
4)How are goods and services allocated in the countries with planned economies?
5)Who allocates resources in the countries with mixed economy?
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
6)What kinds of goods are provided free in the public sector of the countries with mixed economy?
7)What is the role of government in the private sector of mixed economies?
8)How are goods and services allocated in the private sector of mixed economies?
9)How does social provision depend on the 'degree of mixing' in the countries with mixed economy?
3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте под- берите слова, противоположные по значению, из следующего списка:
market economy, monopoly, public, minor, local, poor, chargeable, input, similar, early
4. Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов при помощи суффиксов -er, -ence, -ice, -ion. Проверьте их по тек- сту. Переведите их.
to differ, to plan, to serve, to instruct, to educate, to provide, to restrict, to distribute
5. Образуйте существительные от данных прилагатель- ных при помощи суффиксов -ity, -ty, -ness. Переведите их.
real, active, sick, busy, proper, possible, public, major, national, equal.
6. Подчеркните в тексте А предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.
1)В странах с плановой экономикой государство играет важную роль. Оно планирует, организует и координи- рует процесс производства.
2)Некоторые товары и услуги, такие, как образование и здравоохранение предоставляются государством бес- платно.
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I. Information for study
Planned Economies
3)В странах с плановой экономикой ресурсы принадлежат государству.
4)Товары и услуги распределяются через государственные торговые точки.
5)Частные лица не могут владеть землей и другими сред- ствами производства.
6)В странах со смешанной экономикой некоторые ресурсы распределяются правительством, а другие – посредством рыночной системы.
7)В частном секторе решения о производстве принимают фирмы в соответствии с потребительским спросом.
8)Государство обычно обеспечивает прожиточный мини- мум для тех, кто не может работать.
9)В частном секторе частные лица имеют право владеть средствами производства.
10)Государство должно гарантировать честную конкурен- цию в частном секторе.
7. Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языкев письменной форме.
III. Vocabulary to Text A
amount |
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количество |
assumption |
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допущение, предположение |
benefit |
-- |
пособие |
sickness benefit |
-- |
пособие по болезни |
unemployment benefit |
-- |
пособие по безработице |
to calculate |
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подсчитывать |
to carry out |
-- |
выполнять |
to describe |
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описывать |
to distribute |
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распределять |
distribution |
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распределение |
to ensure |
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обеспечить, гарантировать |
equal |
-- |
равный |
fair |
-- |
честный, справедливый |
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
fertiliser |
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удобрение |
free |
-- |
бесплатный |
health care |
-- |
здравоохранение |
in favour (of) |
-- |
в пользу |
to include |
-- |
включать |
input |
-- |
ввод |
inputs |
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затраты на производство |
means of production |
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средства производства |
mix (of goods) |
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ассортимент (товаров) |
to mix |
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смешивать |
mixed economy |
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смешанная экономика |
outlet |
-- |
торговая точка, магазин |
output |
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выход, выпуск продукции |
point of sale |
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магазин |
to permit |
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позволять |
public goods |
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товары общественного |
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пользования |
public sector of |
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государственный сектор |
economy |
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экономики |
private sector of |
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частный сектор экономики |
economy |
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production factors |
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факторы производства |
property |
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собственность |
regarding |
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относительно |
response |
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ответ |
responsible |
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ответственный |
the rest |
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остальные |
restriction |
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ограничение |
to set prices |
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устанавливать цены |
significant |
-- |
значительный |
social provision |
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социальное обеспечение |
to spend |
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тратить |
standard of living |
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уровень жизни |
to supply |
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обеспечивать |
target |
-- |
цель, мишень |
tax |
-- |
налог |
income tax |
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подоходный налог |
variety |
-- |
разнообразие |
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