To have (got) to
Meaning |
Forms of the MV |
Ways of rendering into Russian |
Forms of the infinitive |
Kinds of sentences |
Some other ways of expressing the same meaning |
Sentence patterns |
1. Obligation, necessity arising from circumstances |
have (has) to; had to; shall/will have to; have (has) got to (in colloquial English), Do (does)… have to? Did … have to? Have (has) … got to…? (coll.)
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должен |
Indefinite Infinitive
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affirmative
interrogative
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to be obliged to |
If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor. I wondered how long I had to stay in hospital. Do Russian people have to pay for medical care? Did you have to wait for us? Have I got to wake him up for the medicine? |
2. Absence of necessity |
don’t (doesn’t) have to; didn’t have to; haven’t (hasn’t) got to |
не нужно, нет необходи- мости |
Indefinite Infinitive |
negative |
needn’t to |
You don’t have to stay in here with me, if it bothers you. You haven’t got to be operated on, have you? |
Notes | ||||||
“didn’t have to do” indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation e.g.: He didn’t have to water the flowers (and he didn’t). It was raining all day long. |
To be to
Meaning |
Forms of the MV |
Ways of rendering into Russian |
Forms of the infinitive |
Kinds of sentences |
Some other ways of expressing the same meaning |
Sentence patterns |
1. Obligation arising out of a plan, an arrangement |
am (is, are) to was (were) to |
должен, должны |
Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive (an unfulfilled plan)
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affirmative
interrogative
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to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide |
Today I am to go to the post-office. When are you to go there? Yesterday I was to have gone to the post-office to send a parcel, but I wasn’t able to. (a planned action was not carried out)
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2. An order, an instruction |
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Indefinite Infinitive |
affirmative negative |
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If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.
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3. Possibility |
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можно |
Indefinite Infinitive Passive
|
affirmative interrogative negative |
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A letter marked ‘Post Restante’ is to be left at the post-office until it is called for. Where are postal orders to be cashed? Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.
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4. Something thought as unavoidable |
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суждено |
Indefinite Infinitive |
affirmative negative |
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I didn’t know when I was to get a letter from her.
I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be. |
Notes | ||||||
Remember the following set phrases:
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