- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3 Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading tasks.
- •Hephaestus
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 The Importance of Iron and Advent of Steel
- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task.
- •Some of the Great Names in the History of Metallurgy
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Unit 3 Text 1
- •Iron in the Middle Ages
- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The Coming of the Vikings
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 4 Text 1
- •Iron - Smelting without Charcoal
- •The First Blast Furnaces
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Indefinite and Distributive Adjectives and Pronouns
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The Crusades
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •4. The moment he saw her after all those twenty years he understood that the heart once truly loved never forgets. Chapter 2
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar Present Perfect And Perfect Continuous
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •More Progress in Steel Production
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Lincoln
- •Directions
- •Prepositions
- •Unit 3 Text 1 Steel Production in Sheffield
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •The blast furnace
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2. Pre-reading task.
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Student Grants
- •Unit 4 Text 1 The British Steel Industry Today
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading Task
- •Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Is your writing narrow?
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 British Customs and Traditions Pre - reading task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 Precious Metals
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The usa Land and Climate
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Inviting. Eating out.
- •Unit 3 Text 1 The Alchemists
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 4 Text 1 Silverware and Plate Industry
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 The us Government Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Chapter 4
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Results of Immigration Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Listening Comprehension
- •Task 4. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •Education
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 3 Text 1 Alloy Steels
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •The us Customs and Traditions Thanksgiving Day
- •Information Letter. Going on a Business Trip
- •Unit 4 Text 1 Aluminum
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •American English
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Appendix
- •Systems
- •Some Abbrevations
- •Glossary
Task 3. Focus on Grammar
Exercise 1. Explain the use (or absence) of the definite article in the cases
given below.
1. Life seems impossible without iron. 2. It is the cheapest metal. 3. Asia Minor. 4. The Black Sea. 5. The most important process. 6. Iron is the sixth metal discovered by man. 7. Iron appeared in Britain in the Bronze Age. 8. The first traces of iron. 9. A small percentage of carbon. 10. The carbon comes from the fuel in the furnace in which the iron was heated. 11. Great skill and dexterity were required.
Degrees of Comparison
long - longer - the longest
important - more important - the most important
Special cases: good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
little - less - the least
many/much - more - the most
far - farther - the farthest
further - the furthest
With the help of the degrees of comparison we can contrast differences.
For example: Mercury has the lowest melting point.
The melting point of copper is slightly higher than gold
and lower than platinum.
We can contrast differences also with the help of the following patterns.
is unlike не похож на
Iron is different from отличается от alunimiun
differs from
Unlike iron в отличие от
In contrast to iron aluminium is light
Compared to iron
In comparison to iron по сравнению с железом
Note: The structure “the”+Comparative+”the better”
The sooner you finish this work, the better it will be for you.
Чем скорее ты закончишь эту работу, тем это будет лучше для тебя.
We say: Can you come as soon as possible?
Ты можешь придти как можно раньше?
This book is not as interesting as the one I gave you yesterday.
Эта книга не так интересна, как та, которую я дал тебе вчера.
This dress is twice (three times) as expensive than my new suit.
Это платье в два (три) раза дороже моего нового костюма.
Silver is less malleable than gold.
Серебро менее ковкое, чем золото.
After superlatives we use preposition “in” with places.
For example: She is one of the nicest girls in the class.
Она - одна из самых приятных девочек в классе.
If “most” is used in the meaning of “very” the definite article is not used before this superlative.
The party you gave last night was most interesting.
Ваша вчерашняя вечеринка была очень интересной.
Other words that are used to show contrast are: although, but, however, in contrast, on the other hand, even though, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet, in spite of, despite.
Such words as similarly, likewise, in the same way, moreover, also, furthermore, besides are used for the comparison of similar items.
Exercise 2. In the text find the cases of comparing (or contrasting).
Explain the formation of the degrees of comparison.
Exercise 3. Using the table given below circle the answer that best
completes the statement.
Metal Melting Point Boiling Point
Copper 1083 2595
Silver 960 2212
Gold 1063 2966
1. Compared to the other metals on the table copper has . . . melting
point. a) the highest b) equal
2. . . . copper the melting point of silver is not very high.
a) unlike b) similar to
3. The boiling point of silver is . . . one.
a) identical b) the lowest
4. . . . to its melting point, the boiling point of gold is much higher.
a) compared to b) comparable
Exercise 4. Make up sentences of your own using the following phrases:
a meter longer; two times larger; twice bigger; compared to . . . it is much heavier; in contrast to . . . it is more interesting.
Exercise 5. Use the right degrees of comparison. Insert definite articles wherenever necessary.
Perhaps … life existed on … (warm, wet) Mars billions of years ago. 2. Can you do it as … (soon) as possible? 3. … Petrol is twice as … (expensive) as it was a year ago. 4. … lectures of this professor are … (interesting). 5. … test was … (easy) than we expected. 6. … Severn is … (long) river in England. 7. I know … (much) about … chemistry than you do. 8. … weather is getting … (bad and bad), I am afraid. 9. … (early) we leave, … (soon) we come back. 10. … problem is not so difficult, it is … (simple) than I expected. 11. … iron is … (cheap) metal we use. 12. …steel is … (strong) than iron. 13. … (high) the purity of titanium, … (low) is its strength. 14. A new study shows that students give … (high) evaluation to … (enthusiastic) and not necessarily …(good) teachers. … (big) difference between …two specimens was in their microstructures. 15. This is … (simple) form of plastic deformation.
Exercise 6. Here are some idioms of comparison. Translate them into Russian and use in the sentences of your own.
as true as steel - loyal, reliable
as tough as nails - strong-willed
as heavy as lead - very heavy
to sleep like a dog - to sleep very deeply
to be like a dog with two tails - to be very happy and proud about smth
to have a memory like a sieve - to have a very bad memory