- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3 Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading tasks.
- •Hephaestus
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 The Importance of Iron and Advent of Steel
- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task.
- •Some of the Great Names in the History of Metallurgy
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Unit 3 Text 1
- •Iron in the Middle Ages
- •Task 1 Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The Coming of the Vikings
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 4 Text 1
- •Iron - Smelting without Charcoal
- •The First Blast Furnaces
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Indefinite and Distributive Adjectives and Pronouns
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The Crusades
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •4. The moment he saw her after all those twenty years he understood that the heart once truly loved never forgets. Chapter 2
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar Present Perfect And Perfect Continuous
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •More Progress in Steel Production
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •Task 2 Comprehension Check
- •Lincoln
- •Directions
- •Prepositions
- •Unit 3 Text 1 Steel Production in Sheffield
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •The blast furnace
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2. Pre-reading task.
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Student Grants
- •Unit 4 Text 1 The British Steel Industry Today
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading Task
- •Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Is your writing narrow?
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2 Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 British Customs and Traditions Pre - reading task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 Precious Metals
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre - reading task
- •The usa Land and Climate
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Inviting. Eating out.
- •Unit 3 Text 1 The Alchemists
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 4 Text 1 Silverware and Plate Industry
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 The us Government Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Chapter 4
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Results of Immigration Pre- reading Task
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 2 Text 1 Basic Metallurgy of Cast Iron
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Listening Comprehension
- •Task 4. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •Education
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Unit 3 Text 1 Alloy Steels
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •The us Customs and Traditions Thanksgiving Day
- •Information Letter. Going on a Business Trip
- •Unit 4 Text 1 Aluminum
- •Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
- •Task 2. Lexical Exercises
- •Task 3. Focus on Grammar
- •Text 2 Pre- reading Task
- •American English
- •Task 2. Comprehension Check
- •Appendix
- •Systems
- •Some Abbrevations
- •Glossary
Chapter 4
Alloys
Unit 1
Text 1
Bronze and Brass
About 6,000 years ago people discovered that copper could be made harder if mixed with tin. This alloy is called bronze. It was so widely used for many years that this period of time became known as the Bronze Age.
If you had been a soldier in Ancient Greece you would have had to stop in battle to straighten your bronze sword. But bronze was a great improvement on copper, which bends even more easily. Most pure metals are weak and soft. But two soft metals mixed together make a harder metal called an alloy. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It was the first alloy.
Tin was the fifth metal discovered by man. It is a soft whitish substance. Various proportions of the two metals produced different qualities in the bronze. Most early metal-workers used about eight parts of copper to one of tin. Because weapons made of bronze were harder and stronger than those of copper, tin became very important. However, there was little tin to be found in western Asia - still the centre of the metal-working world. Mostly it was found in Europe, and the merchants of Troy, who brought their goods to Europe, began loading their boats with tin on their return journeys. In England, tin was discovered and mined in Cornwall and was a main export for a long time.
When zinc was discovered it was used to produce an important alloy in combination with copper. This alloy was brass, a hard-wearing, yellow metal which was valued more than bronze. The exact date of discovery is uncertain but it was probably about 200 BC. Brass is often mentioned in the Old Testament, most of which was written before zinc was discovered and therefore when there could not have been any brass. The bibical metal must have been either bronze or copper, and the word `brass' is the result of a translator's error at some time. So, bronze and brass were the first alloys - man-made metals.
Task 1. Phonetic Exercise
Practise after the speaker and learn to pronounce the words given below.
straighten /'streitn/; Asia /'ei/; Europe /'jurp/; load /loud/; brass /bra:s/; export /'ekspo:t/; biblical /'biblik l/.
Task 2. Lexical Exercises
Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word- combinations given below.
большинство чистых металлов; сплав; мягкий металл беловатого цвета; оружие, сделанное из бронзы; Бронзовый век; износостойкость; упоминать; ошибка; добывать олово.
Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below
with their Russian equivalents.
1. mixed with tin 1. либо бронза, либо медь
2. return journey 2. до нашей эры
3. a main export 3. в сочетании с
4. BC (before Christ) 4. в сочетании с оловом
5. the Old Testament 5. обратное путешествие
6. in combination with 6. Ветхий Завет
7. either bronze or copper 7. основной предмет экспорта
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions
1. Why was bronze a great improvement on copper? 2. What does bronze consist of? 3. Where were the major tin deposits located? 4. What alloy was produced of zinc in combinations with copper? 5. Why was brass valued more than bronze?
Exercise 4. Look through the text and find the words which mean
the same as:
find out; arms; so; in combination with; way back; mistake;
advance; principle.
Exercise 5. More about word-building: Adverbs.
Rule: to change an adjective into an adverb add -ly:
close - closely; easy - easily; heroic - heroically
Certain other words have the same form whether they are adjectives or adverbs:
a fast train - it came fast
a short time - he stopped short
an early bird - he rose early
a hard worker - he works hard
a close decision - he came close
Change the following adjectives into adverbs:
firm; usual; punctual; hard; manual; graphic; early; economic; normal; heavy; synthetic; extravagant; careful; wonderful; fast.
Exercise 6. Translate at sight.
1. Shaping of Metals. The last stage in smelting usually involves the casting of the metal into a mould. This mould may be shaped to the form desired in the finished article, the process being known as founding or casting. On the other hand the metal may be cast into a mould of simple form such as an ingot for subsequent shaping by such mechanical working methods as forging, rolling, extrusion, etc.
2. Requirements for blast furnace performance have increased dramatically over the last 15 years. Productivity and daily output must be high: downtime must be minimal. Operating and maintenance cost must be as low as possible. Campaign life of a blast furnace can last as long as 15 years nowadays, without any major repair.