donchenko_angliyska_ddlya_psikhologiv_i_sotsiologiv

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9.Live and learn, analyze your mistakes.

10.Think and act cheerfully and you will feel cheerful; keep smiling.

III. When we give advice we often use the words

«should» and «shouldn't». Now read the story and give some advice:

Mr. Miller is a businessman. He has just had a heart attack and is now in hospital. Mr. Miller is a heavy smoker and drinks heavily too. He works very, very hard, both at the office and at home. He also worries about his work. He drives a big, comfortable car, cats large business lunches and never takes any exercise. He is married, has two lovely children, though he doesn't see them very often. The last time he had a real holiday was three years ago.

Fortunately, Mr. Miller has survived his heart attack. Now, what's your advice to be? (Use: I think you should; I don't think you should; you shouldn't ...).

IV. Read the story and tell its contents in Russian:

Pets Are Good For Us

Perhaps the British are too good to their pets? But more interesting is a recent theory amongst psychologists that pets are very good for us.

Dr. R. writes:

The basic meaning of «pet» is an animal we keep for emotional rather than economic reasons. A pet animal is kept as a companion, and we all need companions to keep us feeling happy. But pets offer us more than mere companionship; they

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invite us to love and be loved. Many owners feel their pets understand them, for animals are quick to sense anger and sorrow. Often a cat or dog can comfort us at times when human words don't help. We feel loved, too, by the way pets depend on us for a home, for food and drink. Dogs especially look up to their owners, which makes them feel important and needed.

A pet can be something different to each member of the family, another baby to the mother, a sister or brother to an only child, a grandchild to the elderly, but for all of us pets provide pleasure and companionship. It has even been suggested that tiny pets should be sent as companions to astronauts on spaceships, to help reduce the stress and loneliness of space flights.

In this Plastic Age, when most of us live in large cities, pets are particularly important for children. A pet in the family keeps people in touch with the more natural, animal world. Seeing an animal give birth brings understanding of the naturalness of childbirth. Learning to care for a pet helps a child to grow up into a loving adult who feels responsible towards those dependent on him. Rightly we teach children to be good to their pets. They should learn, too, that pets are good for us human beings.

(From «New Avenues in Reading»)

V. Read the story and be ready to tell its contents in English:

The Englishmen's Garden

.

The English like growing flowers. It's a useful occupation because it doesn't harm anyone. In winter the most romantic thing for some people is to pick up a seed catalogue and look at the brightly coloured pictures of summer flowers. Even people with a tiny patch of ground in towns like growing plants and people who have never seriously tried to speak any foreign

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language carefully learn the Latin names of the flowers they plant, so that they can tell their friends.

If you want to please an English person, be very polite about his garden. He will probably tell you about his garden. So you listen and say: «How interesting! How clever of you!»

The English gardens are internationally famous. Some of them are very beautiful, especially the big ones that are open to the public.

Notes:

a seed catalogue - каталог семян a tiny patch - крошечный участок

Text 2

I. Read and translate the text:

Handwriting Secrets Revealed

The principles of graphology are very simple. Everything on a page of handwriting - or missing from it -says something about the writer. It is like a jigsaw where all the pieces fit together but have a hidden message as well as a revealed image.

Many of the deductions made in handwriting analysis are really commonsense. Think about how people behave at a party: some people love the noise and beat of the music and spend most of their time dancing, enjoying the attention their actions attract. Others prefer to find somewhere quiet and talk with friends. We make judgments of character from this behaviour.

We could make similar judgments by looking at people's handwriting.

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The showy, affectionate, active person will have large, flamboyant writing which demands the reader's attention, together with other signs of an extrovert character.

The quieter, more reflective soul will have smaller, probably neater and more controlled writing, with pointers to a slightly less exhibitionist personality.

Two of the most common things people say about handwriting are: «I have two styles of writing»; and «I can't read anything my doctor writes!»

Taking the first statement, it is true that some people have styles of writing that appear, on first sight, to be different.

However, closer examination usually reveals that the key character indicators are the same in both examples: the changes are merely cosmetic. Being more relaxed and not feeling that what you are writing is of great significance does affect the look of the writing — rather as if you have changed from a business outfit to jeans and a T-shirt.

On the question of doctors' writing, it seems to be true that many members of the medical profession have a particularly illegible script. There are two reasons for this. The first is doctors are usually under a lot of pressure and are carrying out the task as quickly as possible. They write in a hurry, and although this does not invariably lead to neglected letter forms, it can have an effect.

The second, and more revealing point, is that illegible writing is subconsciously deliberate: the writer does not want everyone to be able to read it.

Why? Well, doctors like lawyers and some other professionals are in the secret business. Part of their job involves knowing things but not letting on. This requirement has crept into their writing style.

The first thing to do with any piece of writing you wish to analyze is to take a long careful look at the page and the general impression the writing creates.

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Is it neat and tidy, or messy? Is it easy to read? Does it flow smoothly and fluently across the page? Is it full of eccentricities and odd shapes? You can be sure that the writer deliberately produced it in this form, even if the reasons are subconscious.

Many people protest: «I do all I can to make my writing neat, but it always turns out a mess.» They cannot contradict their true nature: they may wish they were perfectionists, superorganized and superb communicators, but if they are not, their handwriting will show their real self.

Messy writing does not necessarily indicate a messy person: they may be highly adaptable and versatile, or hyperactive, for example.

The bigger the writing, the more emotional (which can mean sentimental or impulsive - or other traits which stem from emotions) is its author. Equally, the smaller the size of the overall text, the more perfectionist and inhibited is its writer, and the more they keep a tight hold on their emotions.

Small writing indicates a slightly withdrawn, often quite intelligent person.

If it is very legible, the writer is pedantic, intelligent, perhaps academic, with excellent powers of concentration, and has low self-esteem.

If it is difficult to read, the writer is more independent, perhaps lacking in social skills - a 'difficult' person. In either case, the writer prefers life backstage to out in the glare of the lights.

Medium writing indicates someone who is fairly conventional, and has a healthy balance between heart and head.

Large writing suggests ambition, generosity, a tendency towards exaggeration and a need for self-expression.

Very large writing means watch out! This person is bordering on the obsessional, and will stop at nothing to get his own way, although he will probably switch on something new before the challenge is over. They will encounter many adventures as they barge through life.

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friends: it is your mark of promise, your bond. And it says more about you than any other set of letters.

The first thing to consider with the signature is how it compares with the rest of the individual's handwriting. Although signatures tend to be slightly stylized, they echo traits in the script. Any differences between the two show a discrepancy between the writer's view of her own character and how she expects to be regarded - there is something false here.

The larger the signature, the greater the writer's self-esteem, and expectation that should be recognized.

Large signature: This shows a sense of high status — which may in real life be the case, but in terms of the signature that is not the point. If the signature is larger than the handwriting, the writer carries a pretence of higher self-esteem - and confidence - than is the case. It is a 'front'.

Medium size signature (same as handwriting): shows a balance of sense of value and modesty. It is the same size as the script, it shows someone with knowledge of, and acceptance of, how she is perceived.

Small signature: The writer expects little esteem from other people. This may imply a high degree of self-motivation and disregard for what people think, but is more likely to be a sign of low self-confidence. If the signature is smaller than the script, the writer does not expect recognition of her worth. It may be this is a deliberate holding-back, a defensive posture.

Most people use their full first name and surname. Those who write their initials instead of their Christian names will do so for one of two reasons:

a) They prefer the formality and reserve of the more 'businesslike' initials, in which case they are likely to have conventional, perhaps even old-fashioned, values:

or

b) They deeply dislike their first name.

Writing your full name in your signature reveals a more informal, relaxed approach to life.

Legibility bears little relation to speed: the fast writer can still be perfectly readable, and the slow writer can have an impossibly messy

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script. In handwriting and signatures, legibility is, subconsciously, a matter of choice. The same applies in the signature.

If the illegible signature closes a business letter, it shows that the writer does not consider their name to be of great importance to the matter in hand: they are a mere functionary. The personal signature may be very different.

A consistently illegible signature implies that «you really ought to know who I am, and if you don't, it is your loss!» Arrogance is apparent.

If the surname is more legible than the first name, the writer shows reserve on first contact with people — a holding back of familiarity until they get to know a person better.

A first name more legible that the surname reveals a more approachable, direct person who will make a great effort to friendly.

Complete legibility shows open and straightforward attitudes. The writer is happy to be accepted as she is.

The questions to be answered are:

1.What role does your signature play in your personal life?

2.Do signatures echo traits in the script?

3.What do the differences between one's handwriting and signature show?

A. What connection is there between the writer's signature and his self-esteem?

5.What does large signature show?

6.Medium size signature shows a balance of sense of value and modesty, doesn't it?

7.What may small signature imply?

8.Why do some people use their full first names and surnames?

9.What does legibility depend on?

10.What do you think of a person who writes his first name more legible than his surname?

11.What does complete legibility show?

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II.Complete the following sentences:

1.Your signature is unique as ... .

2.Signature tends to ... .

3.The larger the signature, ... .

4.Large signature shows ... .

5.Medium size signature is the same as ... .

6.Small signature implies ... .

7.Most people use their full surname because ... .

8.Legibility bears little relation to ... .

III.Characterize the interrelationships between signature and handwriting.

VI. Read this item and give its general idea in three sentences:

About a fifth of all people are left-handed. Some of them experience difficulty in writing because the act of pushing a pen across the page — as opposed to the pulling notion used by the right-handed writer — causes some problems.

Left-handed people have to adapt and hold the pen in a different way to write across the page, and some end up with a very contorted pose in their efforts to achieve this.

Provided this does not cause physical pain or affect the handwriting, it does not matter how the left-hander solves the problem. Some sensible suggestions include placing the writing paper slightly to the left, to give the arm more room to move in to; and ensuring that the pen is gripped at least 3 cm from the tip, so that words already written are not smudged or concealed by the moving hand.

Using this advice, the left-handed writer should suffer no disadvantage in how she writes - you cannot spot her from her handwriting style.

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The worst thing you can do is to force her to hold the pen in her right hand, because this repression inflicts deep psychological suffering.

V. Reproduce the idea of this Russian article in the

English language:

Что можно узнать no почерку

Индивидуальный почерк начинает формироваться у ребенка примерно в третьем классе, окончательно складывается годам к 20 и потом меняется каждые десять лет. Полностью подделать чужой почерк действительно невозможно, во всяком случае специалист все равно обнаружит подделку.

Возраст по почерку можно определить лишь приблизительно - плюс-минус 5 лет. Особый почерк - старческий (геронтологический), его сразу видно даже неспециалисту.

Определить по почерку родственные связи (например, писала мать или дочь) невозможно. Хотя родственные почерки, конечно, похожи, как и некоторые черты характера близких людей.

Сейчас все сложнее различать мужской и женский почерк - все чаще женщины приобретают мужские черты характера, и наоборот. А ведь почерк на 90 процентов дает именно психологический портрет.

Например, когда буквы в словах соединены непрерывно

— это говорит о хороших аналитических способностях, логике, последовательности, способности принимать самостоятельные решения. Крупный почерк считается признаком открытости, доброты. Но имеет значение еще и