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Recurring dreams can be disturbing, and dream analysts say they indicate that we need to take another look at events in our lives — things which we thought we understood the significance of but perhaps didn't.

Can dreams fortell the future? This is the $64,000 question. There are plenty of people who claim to have dreamed the results of horse races, which must come in handy. All too many people have foreseen tragedies such as the TITANIC disaster in their dreams. I personally have no doubt that the future can occasionally be glimpsed in dreams.

XX. Make up disjunctive questions and respond to them:

1.The language of dreams is puzzling.

2.To keep a dream journal by your bedside is a good idea.

3.The dream message involves a pun.

4.All of us share a dream language.

5.People are dreaming in the same symbolic language.

6.Our dreams reflect our past experiences and present emotions.

7.Dreams indicate we need to take another look at events.

XXI. Do you remember what dreams signify? Could you interpret a dream with a flood; a journey; flying; being naked?

XXII. Choose the statement you think to be correct.

Give your arguments.

1.Dreams reflect a) our hidden wishes;

b)past events;

c)future.

3. Dreams act as a) a safety valve;

b)a warning;

c)a means of relaxation.

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4.To understand a dream you must

a)study a number of books interpreting dreams;

b)note down it into a dream journal;

c)imagine what you would like to see in your dream.

5.The messages of our dreams revolve around

a)familiar people;

b)strangers;

c)your future friends.

6.If in your dream you are sitting an exam, it

ХХIII. Speak on the article in accordance with the plan:

1.The meaning of dreams.

2.The language of dreams.

3.The messages of dreams.

4.The symbols of dreams.

5.Dream forecasts.

XXIV. Read the article and say what new information you, have learnt.

The Meaning of Dreams (by Dr

Vernon Coleman)

Nearly half of all women admit they dream several times a night but usually have no idea what the dreams mean. That's a pity because your dreams can tell you a lot about yourself. During an average night you'll drift into light sleep and then deep sleep. You'll go through five of these hour-long cycles. Before each new cycle — for between 10

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and 30 minutes — you'll be in dreamland: an unstructured world where nothing is impossible.

By studying your dreams you can learn a great deal about yourself. Overweight people dream more than thin. Women dream more than men: 45 per cent of women say that they dream several times a night, but only 34 per cent of men say they dream that often.

It is possible to choose what to dream about. As you fall asleep, make sure that the last thing on your mind is the scene or person you want to dream about. But be warned. It is impossible to decide exactly what is going to happen. Your plans for a night of romantic passion could easily turn into something else.

A growing number of scientists believe that premonitions - either when you are awake or when you are in dreamland — may be just as real as other senses. But if you regularly have dreams about terrible things happening to you or those you love, you are almost certainly not dreaming about things that are going to happen but events that you are worried about.

If you dream of TV stars, this may mean that you want your life to be more exciting. If you felt inferior, then your confidence probably needs a boost.

A dream about death may signify you are looking forward to something about to happen - a new job or a new relationship, for example.

XXV. Answer the following questions:

1.How is the dreamland characterized?

2.Who dreams more often depending on the weight?

3.Do males or females dream more often? How can you explain it?

4.Do dreams ever predict the future?

5.What dreams can you see if you want your life to become more exciting?

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XXVI. Render the contents of the article in 10 sentences.

XXVII.Develop the following situations:

1.You are writing a report on dreaming. Your work is more theoretical than practical but still you are going to carry out a poll. What possible questions would you like to include into your questionnaire?

But first ask a respondent:

-if he always remembers his dreams;

-if he dreams more in black and white or in colour;

-if his dreams depend on his mood on the eve;

-what dreams he sees more often;

-if he ever sees horror dreams;

-what he feels after that;

-if he believes that dreams predict our future.

2.Once among the books in the bookcase (the collection belonged to your grandmother) you found the book «Your Dreams and What They Mean». You were puzzled and surprised. You ask your friend to share your emotions.

Ask him:

-if he has ever read anything of the same kind;

-if he believes that a journey in a dream may signify anxiety;

-how psychologists interpret dreams;

-who was the first to analyze dreams;

-what our dreams may reflect;

-if different people can see the same dreams.

3.On the eve of the examination your close friend saw a dream in which he failed his exam. Now lie feels afraid and anxious. You ask him about the state and try to support Mm emotionally.

Ask him:

- if he feels ill-prepared for the exam or he revised all the material completely;

- why he believes that dreams foretell a person's future;

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-if he thinks that our dreams reflect future or past events;

-if he doubts the idea that dreaming is simply a psychological safeguard mechanism;

-what dream he saw on the eve of the last exam;

-what he experienced in dreaming.

4.Your friend has just attended a lecture on dreaming given by a famous psychologist. But you didn't manage to attend this lecture. That's why you ask your friend about it as you are deeply concerned with the problem of the unconscious.

Ask him:

-what sort of people dream most;

-if it is possible to choose what to dream;

-if people dream all night long;

-what people can experience if deprived of dreams;

-what books interpreting dreams are based on; — if our dreams may come true.

XXVIII.Translate the text in writing:

Freud and Dreams

According to the Freudian theory, dreams don't reveal anything about the future. Instead they tell us something about our present unresolved and unconscious complexes and may lead us back to the early years of our lives, when, according to psycho-analytic theory, the ground was being prepared for these later defects. There are three main hypotheses in this general theory.

The first hypothesis is that the dream is not a meaningless jumble of images and ideas, accidentally thrown together, but rather that the dream is a whole, and every element in it is meaningful. This idea is a very ancient one. For Freud it follows directly from the

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deterministic standpoint: i.e., from the view that all mental and physical events have causes and could be predicted if these causes were fully known. This is a philosophical notion with which few scientists would wish to quarrel. Freud's argument of the meaningfulness of dreams is directly connected with his general theory that all our acts are meaningfully determined; a theory which embraces mispronunciations, gestures, lapses, emotions and so forth.

The second point that Freud makes is that dreams are always in some sense a wish fulfillment; in other words, they have a purpose, and this purpose is the satisfaction of some desire or drive, usually of an unconscious character. This is linked up with his general theory of personality. Roughly speaking, Freud recognizes three main parts of personality: one, which he calls the id, is a kind of reservoir, as it were, provides the dynamic energy for most of our activities. Opposed to it we have the socalled super-ego, which is partly conscious and partly unconscious and which is the repository of social morality. Intervening between the two, and trying to resolve their opposition, is the ego; i.e., the conscious part of our personality.

Thirdly, Freud believes that desires and wishes, having been repressed from consciousness because they are unacceptable to the socialized mind of the dreamer, are not allowed to emerge even into the dream without disguise. A censor or super-ego watches over them and ensures that they can only emerge into the dream in a disguise so heavy that they are unrecognizable.

The link-up between Freud's theory of personality and his theory of dream interpretation is a very simple one: the forces of the id are constantly trying to gain control of the ego and to force themselves into consciousness. During the individual's waking life, the super-ego firmly represses them and keeps them unconscious; during sleep, however, the super-ego is less watchful, and consequently some of the desires start up in the id and are allowed to escape in

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the form of dreams. However, the super-ego may nod, but it is not quite asleep, and consequently these wishfulfilling thoughts require to be heavily disguised. This disguise is stage-managed by what Freud calls the dreamwork. Accordingly, it is necessary to distinguish between the manifest dream, i.e. the dream as experienced and perhaps written down, and the latent dream, i.e. the thoughts, wishes, and desires expressed in the dream with their disguises removed. The task of the analyst and interpreter on this view is to explain the manifest dream in terms of the latent dream.

WORD STUDY

I.Give Russian equivalents for:

Dreaming; average lifespan; to reflect; to recollect; deprived of dreams; to experience psychic changes; to fall asleep; slumber; superficial sleep; imagination; to foretell future; to penetrate the subconscious; a somnambulant nation; sleep deprivation; a macho attitude; nap; to promote alertness; circadian rhythms; sleeplessness.

II. Give English equivalents for:

Примирить чувства; представлять большую ценность;

просыпаться; настроение; удивительное явление; универсальные символы; язык сна; согласно культуре и обычаям; захваченный эмоцией; символизировать;

встретиться с испытанием в жизни; страна сновидений; предчувствие; вина.

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III. Arrange the following words in the pairs of

V. Complete the following sentences. Use the words of the above exercises.

1.A dream is a safeguard against ... .

2.When deprived of dreams people experience ... .

3.Dream interpreters try to ... .

4.Sleep experts regard sleep as ... .

5.Slumber scientists investigate ... .

6.The messages of our dreams resolve around ... .

7.Dream symbols signify ....

V. Characterize the necessity of dreaming. Use the following word-combinations:

To reflect desires; to motivate behaviour; a vital mechanism; psychological safeguard; to inspire a hope; to resolve a problem; sleep deprivation; to promote alertness; to experience psychic changes; a safety valve; to reconcile conflicting feelings; to have a healing effect.

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VI. Describe:

a)your most pleasant dream (use the following: amazing, fascinating, overwhelmed by emotions, puzzling, marvellous imagery);

b)the most unpleasant dream (use the following: feel panic, anxiety, worry, horror, alarm, awful).

-What did you feel while asleep and when awake?

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COMMUNICATION

UNIT VII

Text I

I. Read and translate the text.

You Can't Import Psychoanalysis

(by Aron Belkin, Chairman of the Russian

Psychoanalytical Society)

Recently the field of psychoanalysis has got a big boost in Russia. But Russia hasn't enough trained psychoanalysts, those who were trained under another psychoanalyst and who were recognized as professionals by the International Society of Psychoanalysts. There are only a few of them.

But you cannot import psychoanalysis like any consumer goods. It is tied to ideology, psychology, and the society's cultural patterns. It's no accident that psychoanalysis has yet to emerge in Islamic countries.

Psychoanalysis is unique in its versatility. Practically everyone who works with it finds some way of modifying it. Why did Freud's favourite disciples separate from him? Because they began to expand his discipline in all directions. Carl Jung took on the collective unconscious; Alfred Adler concentrated on the striving for power; Erich Fromm and Erik Erikson moved to sociology. Psychoanalysis stimulates the mind. It spurs diversity.

When a person learns new things about himself, he becomes freer, stronger. Psychoanalysis can bring benefit to anybody and to the people around him.

Psychoanalysis may be sometimes called a «therapy». In those cases where a person senses that something isn't quite right, but can't dig through to the heart of the matter on his own. Consider this. A patient is suffering from high blood pressure, is taking strong medicines, they work for a week or so, but then the pressure is there again. We tried