Meanings of the tense forms in active voice

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Examples

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1.

THE PRESENT INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

(Теперішній неозначений час)

The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve razor blades.

You use 200 muscles to take one step.

The human brain cell holds 5 times as much information as the Encyclopedia Britannica.

1. Вираження регулярної повторюваної дії в теперішньому часі.

2. Вираження звички.

3. Вираження теперішніх станів.

4. Вираження постійної ситуації.

5. Вираження законів природи, соціальних законів тощо.

He goes to the Academy every day.

How does it work legally?

She stays with us every weekend.

Holly looks like Katrina.

They live upstairs.

South Africa provides more than a third of the 48 sub-Saharan economies’ total GDP.

The sun rises in the East.

When you are right, no one remembers. When you are wrong, no one forgets.

2.

THE PAST INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

(Минулий неозначений час)

1. Вираження дії, що трапилася в певний момент часу в минулому.

2. Вираження регулярної, звичної дії в минулому.

3. Вираження ряду послідовних дій в минулому.

4. Вираження станів в минулому.

I saw him yesterday.

They spent their holidays in Switzerland last winter.

He took the train to work every day.

He read the message and called his boss.

When I was young, I loved playing with my toys.

Gleacher gave him permission to form a team of investment bankers to present ideas to Johnson. (B.Burrough)

He was still bothered by the low stock price.

Wilson heard about the plan and called the directors to get their support.

Johnson wanted to include the price they were considering in the press release.

3

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

(Майбутній неозначений час)

1. Для вираження майбутньої дії, яка може відбутися або не відбутися.

2. Для вираження дій, ситуацій тощо, які безумовно відбудуться в майбутньому, і ми не можемо це контролювати.

3. Для прогнозування майбутніх дій. Особливо зі словами: think, believe, expect, hope, I'm sure, I'm afraid, probably, perhaps.

4. Для вираження обіцянок та пропозицій.

5. Для вираження погрози та попередження.

We’ll visit Disney World one day.

You will own 15 per cent of the company, with other managers owning another 10 per cent.

Jill will be two years old next month.

I think he will support me.

He will probably go to work.

Khama says diamond production will probably fall by 40 per cent this year.

I’ll help you with your homework.

Since it’s your birthday, I’ll pay for lunch

Stop, or I’ll shoot.

Pharmaceutical companies will be able to engineer new, more effective medications that are targeted for each of us as individual patients.

You will talk to the web… and the web will talk back.

You will have your own digital shopping assistants.

Genetic mapping will radically transform healthcare over next 5 years.

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4.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE

(Теперішній тривалий час)

When you are looking at someone you love, your pupils dilate, they do the same when you are looking at someone you hate.

1. Вираження дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення.

2. Вираження тимчасової ситуації, що знаходиться в процесі перебігу натепер.

3. Вираження ситуації, що змінюється. що змінюється, є динамічною.

4. Вираження наміру та майбутніх ситуацій, про які. домовлялося заздалегідь.

They are looking at photos.

“Malcolm, are you thinking of letting me go?”

He is staying with his aunt.

We are facing a huge challenge.

Because of the recession Americans are no longer buying large quantities of precious stones.

Computers are becoming more and more efficient.

He is flying to Milan in an hour.

5.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE

(Минулий тривалий час)

As Peter Cohen was flying back to Atlanta on October 7, he thought about the fees Shearson could get from an RJR Nabisco LBO.

I was raising my energy level with a ten-minute power nap.

I was meditating on the company mission statement.

We scrapped the project because funds were running out.

Last month we were having a lot of problems with the production line.(a number of different problems)

He was visiting clients all last week and didn’t come into the office.(a number of different clients)

I was planning to visit the exhibition but I went to the football match instead.(planned action didn’t happen)

1. Для вираження дії, що тривала протягом якогось часу, знаходилася в процесі перебігу в певній точці часу у минулому.

2. Для вираження дії, що тривала в той момент, коли інша дія перервала її.

3. Для вираження дій, що тривали одночасно в минулому.

4. Для опису загальної атмосфери на початку розповіді про щось перед описом головних подій.

5. Для позначення дій, що характеризуються теперішнім тривалим часом, але з точки зору минулого, при описах минулих ситуацій.

He was working at his English at that time.

Johnson was constantly looking for new deals – for change.

I was raising my energy level with a ten-minute power nap.

He was walking when he met his former colleague.

I was meditating on the company mission statement when the boss asked me about new data.

He was listening carefully while they were explaining the plan to him

Todd and Emily were riding through the forest. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.

Cohen was meeting with Ross Johnson the following morning and hoped to find out necessary information then.

6.

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE

(Майбутній тривалий час)

I’ll be talking to him in half an hour.

Over the next few years average temperatures will be rising.

No doubt the unions will be asking for more money.

1. Для вираження дії, яка буде тривати в майбутньому в певний час.

2. Для вираження дії, яка обов'язково відбудеться в майбутньому як результат домовленості або звичайних, регулярних подій.

3. Коли запитуємо дуже ввічливо про чиїсь плани на найближче майбутнє для того, щоб дізнатися, чи співпадають наші бажання з планами співрозмовника.

This time next week, I’ll be skiing in Austria.

A: Shall I inform the rest of the team?

B: No, I’ll do it. I’ll be seeing them at the meeting anyway.

A: Will you be going out later?

B: Yes. Why?

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7.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(Теперішній завершений час)

*“The main reason of challenge is because we have been very dependent on revenues from minerals, especially diamonds, since they were found in the 1960s”, says Botswana’s president Ian Khama.

Unlike other African countries, Botswana has managed to save about Є7 billion from its diamond revenues. It used to be one of the poorest states in the world, but these days, thanks to its minerals, things have got better.

*Practically all large chains have recently started the practice of branding the gas and diesel fuel as premium-quality products.

1. Для вираження дії, що почалася в минулому і досі триває (особливо з дієсловами стану have, like, know, be, see...) В такому випадку ми вживаємо сполучники since, for.

2. Для вираження дії, яка щойно закінчилася і наявний результат цієї дії.

3. Для вираження дії, що відбулася в певний момент часу в минулому, проте нас цікавить не час виконання дії, а сама дія та її результат.

4. Зі словами today, this morning/ day/ week etc., коли цей період часу (за контекстом) ще триває в момент мовлення.

They have been friends for 20 years.

He has known this car salesman since 1998.

She has picked a lot of apples.

They haven’t done their shopping yet.

Kim has bought a new mobile phone.

The global financial crisis has hit Botswana hard. Demand for its famous diamonds has fallen drastically.

She has received three faxes this morning. (it still morning)

The internet has become an important global business tool.

Each decade has seen new methods for teaching computers how to build sentences.

Over the past 20 years, New Zealand has changed from being agricultural economy to being an industrial, free-market, global economy.

8.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

(Минулий завершений час)

Tom Hill’s team had been gathering data for weeks, although Johnson still hadn’t indicated whether he would do an LBO.

1. Для вираження дії, що відбулася, завершилась в минулому перед іншою дією в минулому.

2. Для вираження дії, що відбулася, завершилася перед певним означеним часом в минулому.

3. Для вираження дії, що закінчилася в минулому і результат дії був наявний в минулому.

They had done their homework before they went out to play yesterday afternoon.

Hill had made a plan, but Johnson had his own ideas.

She had watered all the flowers by 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

They had concluded the contract so his salary went up.

Johnson had spent more than $ 1.1 billion buying stock, and its price was lower than ever. (B.Burrough)

I wish I had been more interested in English at school.

If only I had bought those shares; they’ve gone up 27%.

I’d rather he’d asked me before taking my car.

He wishes he hadn’t left his previous job. (but he did)

Before she worked at Rootes AgriTec, she had developed disease-resistant rice plants.

9.

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(Майбутнй завершений час)

Для вираження дії, що буде закінченою перед певним означеним

часом в майбутньому або перед іншою майбутньою дією(особливо зі словами by the time, before, until, by then, etc.).

They will have finished their negotiating by four o’clock this afternoon.

By that time you will have reached the top.

At the end of the year we will have recovered our initial investment.

In the second decade of the 21^st century people will have developed more genetically modified food.

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10.

THE PRESENT PERFECT-CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Теперішній тривало-завершений час)

You’ve been doing a sterling job, as always.

1. Для того, щоб наголосити на тривалості дії, яка почалася в минулому і триває аж до моменту мовлення (особливо зі словами for, since morning/day /week, etc.).

2. Для вираження дії, яка почалася і закінчилася в недавньому минулому та тривала протягом певного часу, і результат цієї видимий в теперішньому часі

She has been picking vegetables for two hours.

I like Ukraine since I have been leaving here for 9 years.

He is dirty. He has been playing football.

“Why are your hands so dirty?” “I’ve been trying to repair my car all afternoon”

Europeans have been drinking wine for about 6,500 years now and there’s little sign that we are falling out of love with a product so intimately connected with our religion and food.

Exports have been growing steadily over the past six months.

Foreign earnings have been moving ahead to record levels.

He has been reading your proposals.

She has been checking the calculations.

I’ve been playing a lot of golf recently.

But: I’ve played golf twice this week.

I’ve written 15 pages today.

(specified number of occasions or a quantity)

11.

THE PAST PERFECT-CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Минулий тривало-завершений час)

Для того, щоб наголосити на тривалості дії, яка почалася та закінчилася в минулому перед іншою минулою дією або певним означеним часом в минулому (зазвичай зі словами since, for).

They had been skating together for five years before they entered the competition.

Reynolds’s stock, which had been increasing steadily, fell.

RJR Nabisco, which had been trading in the mid-sixties, fell into the low forties and stayed there for weeks.

They had been testing the drug for years before it came onto the market.

When I last saw her she’d been planning a new sales strategy.

She had to take a break because she had been working far too hard.

Before they closed down the subsidiary, it had been loosing money for years.

12.

THE FUTURE PERFECT-CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Майбутній тривало-завершений час)

Для того, щоб наголосити на тривалості дії, що буде відбуватися аж до певного означеного часу в майбутньому.

By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years.

He will have been writing a letter for two hours when I come.

We soon will have been living in this apartment for five years.

By the time they reach York, they will have been travelling for four hours.

By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for twenty years.

By next Monday she will have been working abroad for a half a year.

He will have been checking the financial statements for two hours when they come.

They will have been studying Business English for two terms before they take an exam.

TENSE FORM

Видо-часова форма дієслова

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE

Стверджувальне речення

QUESTION

Питальне речення

NEGATIVE SENTENCE

Заперечне речення

Present Indefinite

I save money.

He saves money.

Do you save money?

Does he save money?

I don’t save money.

He doesn’t save money.

Past Indefinite

I saved money a year ago.

He saved money 5 years ago.

He chose a local bank.

I chose a leading bank.

Did you save money a year ago?

Did he save money 5 years ago?

Did he choose a local bank?

Did you choose a leading bank?

I didn’t save money a year ago.

He didn’t save money 5 years ago.

He didn’t choose a local bank.

I didn’t choose a leading bank.

Future Indefinite

I shall save money.

He will save money.

Will you save money?

Will he save money?

I shall not save money.

He will not save money.

Present Continuous

I am saving money.

You are saving money.

He is saving money.

Am I saving money?

Are you saving money?

Is he saving money?

I am not saving money.

You are not saving money.

He is not saving money.

Past Continuous

I was saving money.

He was saving money.

They were saving money.

You were saving money.

Was I saving money?

Was he saving money?

Were they saving money?

Were you saving money?

I was not saving money.

He was not saving money.

They were not saving money.

You were not saving money.

Future Continuous

I shall be saving money.

He will be saving money.

You will be saving money.

Shall I be saving money?

Will he be saving money?

Will you be saving money?

I shall not be saving money.

He will not be saving money.

You will not be saving money.

Present Perfect

I have saved a lot of money.

He has saved more money this year.

He has chosen a local bank.

I have chosen a leading bank.

Have you saved a lot of money?

Has he saved more money this year?

Has he chosen a local bank?

Have you chosen a leading bank?

I have not saved a lot of money.

He has not saved more money this year.

He has not chosen a local bank.

I have not chosen a leading bank.

Past Perfect

I had saved a lot of money by he arrived.

He had saved more money before he left.

He had chosen a local bank.

I had chosen a leading bank.

Had you saved a lot of money by he arrived?

Had he saved more money before he left?

Had he chosen a local bank?

Had you chosen a leading bank?

I had not saved a lot of money by he arrived.

He had not saved more money before he left.

He had not chosen a local bank.

I had not chosen a leading bank.

Future Perfect

I shall have saved a lot of money by next June.

He will have saved more money by he leaves for Egypt next year.

He will have chosen a local bank.

I shall have chosen a leading bank.

Shall I have saved a lot of money by next June?

Will he have saved more money by he leaves for Egypt next year?

Will he have chosen a local bank?

Shall I have chosen a leading bank?

I shall not have saved a lot of money by next June.

He will not have saved more money by he leaves for Egypt next year.

He will not have chosen a local bank.

I shall not have chosen a leading bank.

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been saving money for a year.

He has been saving money for six months.

They have been choosing a bank.

Have you been saving money since March?

Has he been saving money for six months?

Have they been choosing a bank?

I have not been saving money for a year.

He has not been saving money for six months.

They have not been choosing a bank.

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been saving money for a year.

He had been saving money for six months.

They had been choosing a bank.

Had you been saving money for a year?

Had he been saving money for six months?

Had they been choosing a bank?

I had been saving money for a year.

He had been saving money for six months.

They had been choosing a bank.

Future Perfect Continuous

I shall have been saving money for a year.

He will have been saving money for six months.

They will have been choosing a bank.

Will you have been saving money for a year?

Will he have been saving money for six months?

Will they have been choosing a bank?

I shall not have been saving money for a year.

He will not have been saving money for six months.

They will not have been choosing a bank.