24.Word formation in oe.

OE words fell into 3 types:

1.simple words (root words) with simple stem-land, good;

2.words with 1 root- morpheme & 1 or more affixes – meeting;

3.compound words, whose stems were made up of more than 1 root morpheme.

OE employed 2 ways of word formation: derivation & word-composition. Derived words were built with the help of affixes: prefixes & suffixes, words were distinguished with the help of sound interchanges & word stress. Sound interchanges never used alone, they were combined with suffixation as the main word-building. The earliest source of root vowel interchanges was vowel gradation - was used as a distinctive feature between verbs & nouns. Suffixation refer it to another part of speech & were mostly applied in forming nouns & adj-s,

word- composition was a highly productive way of developing the voc-y in OE.

25. French loans

They were brought by Norman conquerors. At the initial stages of penetration French words were restricted to some varieties of English the speech of the aristocracy at the kings court, speech of the middle class educated people & the population of south –eastern towns. Early ME texts very few French words: 20 words are found in ORMULUM. The majority of French words adopted in ME were just recorded in the texts of the 24^th cen-y Chaucer voc-y.(abbey, lesson,rule).

CHANGES: many innovations; Replacement of the native words by French equivalents. Many French words are polysyllabic, reliable suffixes & prefixes –

ment, -ty, -ion, -re, -de.

26.Scandinavian influence.

The presence of the scand-n in the English population is indicated by a large number of place –names in the northern & eastern areas “village”. People became bilingual which was an easy accomplishment. In the beginning scand. loans were dialectally restricted they increased the range of lang.(bag, birth, cake, ill, cut, die). Voc-y changes due to scand. influence proceeded in different ways, scand.

word could enter the lang-ge as an innovation, without replacing any other any other lexical item. The loan word was a synonym of a native eng. word, the loan

word could eventually disappear. The consonant cluster –sk- is a frequent mark

of scandin-n words.

27.Latin loans.

The earliest layer comprises words which the WG tribes brought from the continent when they came to settle the Britain. Their adoption of latin words continued in Dritain after the invention since Britain had been under Roman occupation for almost 400 years. Units of measurement & containers were adopted

with their latin names OE –pund-pound. Another period began with introduction

of the Christianity in the 6^th cent-y. Translation loans – words & phrases created on the pattern of latin words as their literal translation.

28. Oe poetry.

In 1476 William Cagston set up his press in Westminster & more books were printed. 16^th cent-y in schcols observations observations of grammar, vocabulary,

style. It was Renesainse. The period of Shakespeare. the style was conservative &

all words needed new meanings & polysim. began to develop. The most important literary work was the heroic poem “ Beowulf”, which consists of 2 columns.” Pecularities: the absence of capital letter & they had different shapes.