- •1.The old gern.Languages
- •2.Origin of English lang
- •3.The chronol division of the history of Engl
- •4.The Eng speaking world,varieties of Engl
- •6.The oe vowel system,major changes during the period.
- •7.Word order in oe.
- •9.Major conson.Changes in the hist of Engl
- •10.I-mutation&its traces in mod Engl
- •11.Changes in the vocab system in me.
- •12.The oe noun system,its further changes.
- •16.Changes in the vocab system in ne period.
- •18.Strong verbs in oe,theit further development
- •19.Weak verbs
- •20.Preterite-present verbs.
- •22.The rise of the passive forms.
- •23.The oe vocabulary.
- •24.Word formation in oe.
- •25. French loans
- •27.Latin loans.
- •28. Oe poetry.
- •29.Grimms law.
- •30. Verners law.
- •31. Reduction of unstressed inflections.
- •32.Chauser & his “Canterbury tales”.
- •33.The rise of articles
- •34.Spelling changes
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
- •38.Grammar agreement & government in oe
- •39. The non-finite forms:
- •40.Forms of negation.
1.The old gern.Languages
OLD GERMANIC:East G-gothic,vandalic,burgundian;North G-old scandinavian,Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,Swedish;West G- anglian,Frisian,saxon,old English,old saxon,high german,dutch; MODERN:1.East G-dead;2.North G-Norwegian,Icelandic,Faroese,Danish,Swedish;3.West G-High/Low German,Dutch,Friesian,English,Yiddish.
A set of specific features on 3 linguistic levels:1.phonetic:stress(in indoeuropean lang was free&tonic,in German lang-fixed&dynamic);vowel system(short vowels tend to be more open,long-more close,as a result-there were neither a short -o-,nor a long -a- in Germ lang);the 1st consonant shift(Grims law);Verner’s law;2.grammatical(present&preterit tences;development of pret form with dent suffix-d/t-weak verbs or internal vowel change or gradation-strong verbs;2 ways of declinations);3.lexical(words that have no cognates outside the Germ lang:nouns-cow,land,sea,wife;verbs-drink,live,sing,drive;adjectives-dead,broad,soft;pronouns-each,all)
2.Origin of English lang
The making of Eng l-story of 3 invasions&a cultural revolution.
The Roman conquest.In 55BC the Romans under J.Caesar landed un Br,but soon return to Gaul.Later his landing advanced as far as the Thames,the stay was short too.The perman conquest began in 43AD(Claudius).The Romans colonized the country,Latin lang superseded the Celtic dialects.The Romans ruled Br for 4 cent up to 5thcent.
The Anglo-Saxon conquest.The epoch of the British king Arthur(5thcent).Later the Germ settlement comprised 7 kingdoms:Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia,Northumbia.The most important in the history of Ang-Saxons culture was in 597AD.With the arrival of St.Augustine&other monks.The conversion England to Christianity was a gradual a peaceful process.
The Viking invasions.AD750-1050-the mass movement of Scandinavian people,began as raids&ended as conquest&settlement.Raids began in AD793.By the mid of 9thcent half of the country-in Viking’s hands.870-attacked Wessex(king Althered).Alth in 878 won a signal victory,as a king of Wessex,Althered had a sovereignty over people,who lived in the south-west centre countries.Evidence of the way Saxon&Dane-in the place-names:saxon place-names end in –ham,-stowe,-sted,-ton(Brighton,Worthing,Clapham);end in –by-Danish origin.about 900 words(man,wife,mother)-Scandinavian origin.
3.The chronol division of the history of Engl
According to the state of unstressed endings: OE -the period of full endings(sunu-son),5thcent-the Germ tribes,angles,saxons invaded Br,the Roman conquest; Mid Eng -leveled endings.Vowels of unstressed endings have been leveled under a neutral vowel,1100-1500-the introduction of printing(1475),the end of the war of roses(1485)&the declay of the feudalism; Mod Eng –lost endings. Ending is lost altogether(sone-son),1500-nowadays-the period of Shakespeare(1500-1616);
4.The Eng speaking world,varieties of Engl
400 mln people speak engl as their 1st lang.Engl belongs to the indo-europ family,began to develop about 450AD.Eng is the lang of summit meetings&80% of all info in the worlds computers is in Eng.America&Br export 1000s of films&TV programs every year.Now engl words have started to become a part of other lang(in Sierra they speak Krio-80% of words in the dictionary come from Engl.In India one can hear 3 lang:hindi,Indian Engl&local Engl.In Jamaica-there are 2 kinds of Engl.One is standard.Engl will become the key whicj opens the windows to the world.Millions of people are learning Engl.