- •Card 1 Building euro-zone competitiveness Mobile moans
- •It should be easier for unemployed Europeans to move in search of work. The latest in an occasional series
- •Polymetal обязалась выплачивать бывшим владельцам месторождения Кубака 2% ее выручки
- •Free exchange
- •Petrodollar profusion
- •Oil exporters are the main drivers of global imbalances
- •Девелоперы страхуются от кризиса длинными кредитами и банковскими альянсами
- •Card 3 Free exchange Petrodollar profusion
- •Девелоперы страхуются от кризиса длинными кредитами и банковскими альянсами
- •American-Afghan relations
- •Over to you
- •Growing Afghan responsibility for the war serves a wider purpose
- •Испания лишилась еще одного многомиллиардного актива в Южной Америке
- •Card 5 Chen Guangcheng The great escape
- •Британские власти грозят высокими штрафами за незаконную рекламу во время Олимпиады
- •Card 6 Pensions
- •If it's so easy to fix it, fix it
- •Антимонопольные регуляторы Аргентины и Южной Кореи заинтересовались деятельностью Google
- •Card 7 The euro-zone crisis Call it a depression
- •Сша потеряют от 60 млрд до 200 млрд долларов на спасении финансовой системы
- •Card 8 Deleveraging The bad, the good and the ugly
- •UniCredit, Mediobanca и Generali стали первыми жертвами управленческой реформы в Италии
- •Card 9 Medvedev: The man who kept the seat of power warm for Putin
- •Голливуд попался на взятках
- •Card 10 'Government should leave pensions alone'
- •Еврокомиссия заподозрила испанские футбольные клубы в получении незаконных дотаций
- •Card 11 Heeeere's Tony! Blair's plan to 're-engage' with British politics
- •Nestle заплатит 12 млрд долларов за расширение своих позиций в Азии
- •Card 12
- •Israeli social justice campaigners cancel weekend protests after attacks in south
- •Russian Emigres Hungry for News
- •Иностранные инвестбанки могут отказаться от сопровождения ipo в Гонконге
- •Card 13
- •Terrorist Acts
- •Synagogue shooting unnerves Los Angeles
- •Drug Agent's Murder Called 'Terrorist Act'
- •Muslim convert pleads not guilty in killing of soldier
- •Барак Обама объявил войну спекулянтам на рынке топлива
- •Card 14
- •Card 15 Officials Hope Arrest of Carlos Sends Message : Mideast: Capture may have little effect on terrorist acts. But it could pressure nations harboring extremists.
- •Terror data convictions overturned
- •My brother, the 'terrorist'
- •Influential Mideast bank accused of funding militants
- •False Terrorist Accusations Alleged
- •Google разделяет акции, чтобы основатели могли властвовать
- •Card 16 Bush has it all wrong on terrorism
- •U.N. May Address Terrorist Incitement
- •Britain Arrests 13 Suspected of Plotting Terrorist Acts
- •The Nation
- •Hey, Big Spenders
- •Apple с 2009 года буквально стала локомотивом роста американского рынка
- •Card 17 Bank Of England Admits Failure To Warn Of Financial Crisis Risks
- •Миллионер Митт Ромни станет соперником Барака Обамы на президентских выборах
- •Card 18 Spain’s Pain: Will The Spanish Banking System Collapse?
- •3 May 2012
- •Американский миллиардер хочет отсудить у ubs 1,7 млрд долларов
- •Card 19
- •Нефтяным компаниям из Италии и Франции грозят проблемы из-за сотрудничества с режимом Каддафи
- •Card 20 Behind The Fracking Divide In The uk
- •Сша захлестнет вторая волна ипотечного кризиса
- •Card 21 America Needs To Rethink Its Priorities With China: Stephen Roach
- •Burger King станет публичной компанией в течение трех месяцев
- •Card 22 Why Germany Has No Choice But To Save Europe: Mohamed El-Erian
- •Инвесторы поверили в хорошие перспективы американской экономики
- •Card 23 How the Luxury Market Defied the European Crisis
- •26 April 2012
- •Японской Tepco требуется 12 млрд долларов, чтобы избежать банкротства
- •Card 24
- •В Великобритании зафиксировано рекордное падение доходов населения
- •Card 25 The ypf Takeover Will Not Solve Argentina’s Energy Problems: Alieto Guadagni
- •27 April 2012
- •Саудовская Аравия пытается сбить цены на нефть в угоду Бараку Обаме
Card 25 The ypf Takeover Will Not Solve Argentina’s Energy Problems: Alieto Guadagni
27 April 2012
Argentina’s decision to nationalise YPF – a subsidiary of Spanish energy company Repsol – has been met by international disapproval; though the Argentine government insists that the move had been necessary in order to meet its energy needs. Yet this may not turn out to be the case, particularly with investment in exploration greatly reduced.
BUENOS AIRES – The expropriation of nearly all of the Spanish company Repsol’s stake in Argentina’s energy producer YPF, announced in a vehement speech by President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, has raised legal alarms worldwide. In fact, the move will not resolve the country’s energy problems in the absence of enormous inflows of investment to the sector.
Repsol acquired complete control of YPF in 1999; in February 2008, it transferred part of its shares to the Petersen Group, which today holds 25 percent. Repsol currently holds 57 percent, with the rest owned by stock-market investors. The Argentine government intends to expropriate 51 percent, leaving Repsol with a 6 percent stake.
In the 2008 sale of shares, the two majority stockholders agreed to distribute at least 90 percent of future profits in cash. That decision was intended to allow the Petersen Group to service the debts to banks, and to Repsol itself, that it incurred with its share purchase, for which it made no initial payment.
This is an extraordinarily high dividend in the world oil industry. In the past decade, YPF’s reserves diminished significantly, along with those of most oil companies operating in Argentina, because investment in exploration was greatly reduced.
At the same time, natural gas accounts for 51 percent of energy consumption, compared to 32 percent for oil and barely 17 percent for coal, renewables, and hydroelectric and nuclear power. Worldwide, gas accounts for barely a quarter of total energy consumption – for example, 27 percent in the United States and just 9 percent in neighbouring Brazil. Argentina has the world’s largest fleet of vehicles running on compressed natural gas; families use gas intensively; most electricity is generated with gas; and the petrochemical industry is based on it.
Of course, in a few other countries (Qatar, Algeria, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Russia), gas also accounts for more than half – or even more than 60 percent – of energy consumption. But there is an enormous difference: all of these countries have reserves that will last another 70-100 years. Argentina, by contrast, is a highly gas-dependent country with diminishing reserves – equivalent to less than eight years of production.
Covering this drop in reserves – more than half of gas reserves and a fifth of oil reserves have been consumed – with imports implies an annual cost of more than $300 billion. Indeed, after two decades of cheap, abundant energy and exports of surplus output, a new cycle of expensive, scarce, and imported energy has begun, as oil production has fallen by one-third since 1998, and gas production by 15 percent since 2004.