словарь 1-1

№

Word

Definition

Translation

Collocations

Syn/Ant

Exmples

1

At hand

1. Close by; near.

2. Soon in time; imminent

1. под рукой; находящийся под рукой; имеющийся;

2. близкий (по времени)

3. имеющийся в наличии

Syn:

Soon, close, near

At hand

Retribution is at hand.

2

Adversary [ˈædvəsərɪ]

1. a person or group that is hostile to someone; enemy

2. an opposing contestant in a game or sport

3. Adversary The Devil; Satan. Often used with the.

1. противник; враг; неприятель;

2. соперник; другая сторона

Worthy adversery- достойный соперник

Syn:

opponent, rival, opposer, enemy, competitor, foe, contestant, antagonist

Ant: friend, partner, ally, colleague, associate, supporter, helper, collaborator, accomplice, confederate, co-worker, main man

there was a long history of adversary dealings between the two nations.

3

Desideratum [dɪˌzɪdəˈrɑːtəm]

1. something lacked and wanted

2. pl form books, documents etc for collection

1. что-л. недостающее; что-л. Желаемое

2. дезидераты; предметы, книги (необходимые для пополнения коллекции) (мн.ч)

a list of political desiderata

Syn:

Books, necessity

4

To impel

[ɪmˈpɛl]

1. to urge or force (a person) to an action; constrain or motivate

2. to push, drive, or force into motion

1. побуждать; заставлять; вынуждать; склонять;

2. приводить в движение; продвигать; толкать

Syn:

orce, move, compel, drive, require, push, influence, urge, inspire, prompt, spur, stimulate, motivate, oblige, induce, prod, constrain, incite, instigate, goad, actuate

Ant: check, discourage, restrain, rebuff, dissuade, repulse

I felt impelled to go on speaking.

5

To amplify

[ˈæm pləˌfaɪ]

1. To make larger or more powerful; increase.

2. To add to, as by illustrations; make complete.

3. To exaggerate.

4. To produce amplification of.

v.intr.

5. To write or discourse at length; expatiate

1. увеличивать; расширять; усиливать;

2. развивать (мысль); сообщать подробности; уточнять; распространяться; преувеличивать;

3. вдаваться в подробности; распространять; дополнять; утрировать

to amplify on something - распространяться о чем-либо);

Syn: 1. expand, raise, extend, boost, stretch, strengthen, increase, widen, intensify, heighten, deepen, enlarge, lengthen, magnify, augment, dilate

2. go into detail, develop, explain, expand, supplement, elaborate, augment, flesh out, round out, enlarge on

Ant: 1. reduce, decrease, cut down, curtail, condense, boil down

2. simplify, abbreviate, abridge

The music was amplified with microphones.

Intelligent guesswork must be used to amplify the facts.

6

To encompass [ɪnˈkʌmpəs]

1. to enclose within a circle; surround

2. to bring about; cause to happen

3. to include entirely or comprehensively

1. окружать; обносить (стеной); обводить (рвом);

2. осуществлять;

3. заключить

all-encompassing presentation - всеобъемлющая презентация

Syn: 1. surround, circle, enclose, close in, envelop, encircle, fence in, ring

3. include, hold, involve, cover, admit, deal with, contain, take in

ant:1. to give up, undo

2. to relish

His repertoire encompassed everything from Bach to Scott Joplin.

Egypt is encompassed by the Mediterranean, Sudan, the Red Sea and Libya.

7

To alert

[əˈlɜːt]

1. to warn or signal (troops, police, etc.) to prepare for action

2. to warn of danger, an attack, etc.

1. предупреждать (об опасности); привести в состояние готовности; насторожить

On the alert for- на чеку

Syn: warn, signal, inform, alarm, notify, tip off, forewarn

Ant: lull , ignore, calm down

I was hoping he'd alert the police.

8

To exacerbate

[ɪgˈzæsəˌbeɪt]

1. to make (pain, disease, emotion, etc.) more intense; aggravate

2. to exasperate or irritate (a person)

1. раздражать; злить; ожесточать; обострять; усиливать; углублять (кризис); усугубить

exacerbate a conflict

exacerbate tensions

a heavy rainfall that exacerbated the flood problems.

Syn: 1. aggravate, worsen, exasperate

Ant: calm, reduce

He made a speech that exacerbated racial tensions.

9

To confine

[kənˈfaɪn]

1. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict

2. 2. To shut or keep in, especially to imprison.

3. 3. To restrict in movement

v.intr. Archaic

4. To border.

1. Ограничивать;

2. заточить; держать взаперти; заключать в тюрьму; засаживать; запрятывать;

3. придерживаться (чего-либо);

protective confines – границы защиты

Syn: languish ant:release

1. restrict, limit

2. imprison, enclose, shut up, intern, incarcerate, circumscribe, hem in, immure, keep, cage

Ant: extend boundaries

The sick child was confined to bed.

Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand.

10

To impose

[ɪmˈpəʊz]

1. To establish or apply as compulsory; levy

2. To apply or make prevail by or as if by authority

3. To obtrude or force (oneself, for example) on another or others.

4. Printing To arrange (type or plates) on an imposing stone.

5. To offer or circulate fraudulently; pass off

v.intr.

6. To take unfair advantage

1. облагать (пошлиной, налогом и т. п.);

2. налагать (обязательство); возлагать; навязывать; обманывать; обложить; наложить; обмануть; всучить;

3. заключать (печатную форму); пришивать;

4. производить впечатление

5. ограничивать

impose a tax

impose a peace settlement

imposed a fraud on consumers

impose a fine - наложить штраф,

Syn: 1. levy, apply, introduce, put, place, set, charge, establish, lay, fix, institute, exact, decree, ordain

2. inflict, force, enforce, visit, press, apply, thrust, dictate

Ant:to free, to release

They impose fines on airlines who bring in illegal immigrants.

11

Erratic

[ɪˈrætɪk]

DERIVATIVES

erratically adverb,

erraticism noun

adj.

1. inconsistent or changeable in behavior; unpredictable.

2. deviating from the usual or proper course; eccentric.

3. having no certain or definite course; wandering; not fixed.

4. (of a boulder, etc.) carried by glacial ice and deposited some distance from its place of origin.

n.

5. an erratic or eccentric person.

6. an erratic boulder or the like.

1. колеблющийся (о взглядах); рассеянный; странный (о мыслях, взглядах и т. п.); беспорядочный; ошибочный

2. эксцентричная личность; чудак; оригинал

3. изменчивый , непостоянный

erratic earnings

erratic market

Syn:

unpredictable, variable, unstable, irregular, shifting, eccentric, abnormal, inconsistent, uneven, unreliable, wayward

Ant:

certain, natural, straight, normal, regular, stable, constant, steady, consistent, reliable

Argentina's erratic inflation rates.

Erratic winds are the bane of a sailor.

12

A robust theory

A characteristic describing a model's, test's or system's ability to effectively perform while its variables or assumptions are altered.

теория сдерживания

Robust theory applied to Jewell's hierarchical credibility model.

13

Damage to one’s interests

наносить ущерб интересам

Since last year, the province's handling all kinds of 362 cases of damage to people's interests

14

To back away from

To withdraw from a position; retreat.

Отсупать, отходить

The board of directors began to back away from the idea of taking over the rival.

Congress backed away from the plan to cut taxes.

15

To move into a confrontation

to cause someone or something to enter something or some place

Вступить в бой, привести к стычке,

To release tention

NATO and Russia will move into a confrontation, leading to the destruction of travian servers the world over.

16

To trigger

[ˈtrɪgə]

1. to initiate or precipitate (a reaction, process, or chain of events).

2. to fire or explode (a gun, missile, etc.) by pulling a trigger or releasing a triggering device.

v.i.

3. to release a trigger.

4. to become active; activate

1. инициировать; вызывать; дать начало (чему-л.);

2. начинать; вызвать;

спускать курок; приводить в действие запускать; отпирать;

3. начать действовать

quick on the trigger quick to respond.

Syn: bring about, start, cause, produce, generate, prompt, provoke, set off, activate

Ant: stop, bar, block, prevent, inhibit, hinder, repress, obstruct, impede

The thieves must have triggered the alarm.

17

To pursue

[pəˈsjuː]

DERIVATIVES

pursuable adjective

1. To follow in an effort to overtake or capture; chase

2. To strive to gain or accomplish

3. To proceed along the course of; follow

4. To carry further; advance

5. To be engaged in (a vocation or hobby, for example).

6. To court

7. To continue to torment or afflict; haunt

v.intr.

1. To follow in an effort to overtake or capture; chase.

2. To carry on; continue.

1. гнаться (за); бежать (за кем-л.);

2. продолжать (обсуждение, занятие, поездку, путешествие);

3. заниматься (чем-либо); следовать по намеченному пути

4. преследовать( цель)

pursue lofty political goals

to pursue a position-добиваться положения

Syn: engage in, follow, perform, conduct, wage, tackle, take up, work at

try for, seek, desire

continue, maintain, carry on, keep on

follow, track, hunt, chase, dog, attend

court, woo, pay attention to, make up to

Ant: eschew, fight shy of

avoid, flee, shun, run away from

A fox that was pursued by hounds.

A ship that pursued the southern course.

Let's not pursue this argument.

a heavily indebted businessman was being pursued by creditors.

18

To codify

[ˈkəʊdɪˌfaɪ]

1. To reduce to a code

2. To arrange or systematize.

систематизировать; классифицировать; составлять кодекс; составить кодекс; приводить в систему (условные знаки, сигналы и т. п.); шифровать; зашифровать

codify laws

Syn: systematize, catalogue, classify, summarize, tabulate, collect, organize, code

The latest draft of the agreement codifies the panel's decision.

19

To terminate

[ˈtɜːmɪˌneɪt]

1. To bring to an end or halt

2. To occur at or form the end of; conclude or finish

3. To discontinue the employment of; dismiss

v.intr.

1. To come to an end

2. To have as an end or result

завершать; класть конец; заканчиваться; приводить (in; к чему-л.); ограничивать; ставить предел; положить конец; истекать; прекращать действие

a display of fireworks that terminated the festivities.

Syn: cease, end, close, finish, run out, expire, lapse 

 stop, conclude, finish, complete, axe

Ant: start, open, begin, introduce, initiate, commence, instigate, inaugurate

A company has terminated 300 workers.

The oil pipeline terminates at a shipping port.

20

Momentum

[məʊˈmɛntəm]

1. force or speed of movement; impetus, as of a physical object or course of events

2. Mech. a quantity expressing the motion of a body or system, equal to the product of the mass of a body and its velocity.

движущая сила; импульс; толчок; количество движения; механический момент

a career that lost momentum.

Syn: impetus, force, power, drive, push, energy, strength, thrust, propulsion, welly

This campaign is really gaining momentum.

21

Preemption

[priˈɛmp ʃən]

1. the act or right of claiming or purchasing before or in preference to others.

2. the act of preempting.

вытеснение (задачи); переключение (процесса)

преимущественное право

The preemption doctrine derives from the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution which states that the "Constitution and the laws of the United States”.

22

To pose

[poʊz]

1. to assume or cause to assume a physical attitude, as for a photograph or painting

2. (intr; often foll by as) to pretend to be or present oneself (as something one is not)

3. (intr) to affect an attitude or play a part in order to impress others

4. (tr) to put forward, ask, or assert

+

1. Rare to puzzle or baffle

2. Archaic to question closely

ставить в определённую позу (натурщика); располагать каким-л. образом; позировать; принимать позу (кого-либо; as); рисоваться; излагать; формулировать; предлагать; ставить; представлять собой; являться; ставить в тупик; приводить в замешательство; озадачивать; принимать вид;

to pose for a painter

That poses a problem

Syn: 1. present, cause, produce, create, lead to, result in, constitute, give rise to

2. ask, state, advance, put, set, submit, put forward, posit, propound

3. position yourself, sit, model, strike a pose, arrange yourself

4. put on airs, affect, posture, show off

The six foreign ministers posed for photographs.

His ill health poses serious problems.

23

Constraints

[kənˈstreɪnt]

1. compulsion, force, or restraint

2. repression or control of natural feelings or impulses

3. a forced unnatural manner; inhibition

4. something that serves to constrain; restrictive condition

принуждение; скованность; стеснение; напряжённость; тюремное заключение; принужденность; ограничение (свободы); давление; напряжение; связь; вынуждение

Syn: 1. restriction, limitation, curb, rein, deterrent, hindrance, damper, check because of financial constraints.

2. force, pressure, necessity, restraint, compulsion, coercion

3. repression, reservation, embarrassment, restraint, inhibition, timidity, diffidence, bashfulness

Their decision to abandon the trip was made

People are not morally responsible for that which they do under constraint or compulsion.

24

Policy dilemma

Политическая дилемма

25

To maintain control over

Сохранять контроль над

26

To articulate a theory

Сформулировать теорию

27

To be urged by

Делать что-то под чужим давлением, вынужден

28

Sharp antithesis

Резкое противопоставление противоположностей

29

To be subject to

1. Being dependent or conditional upon something

2. Being under the dominion or authority

3. Open or exposed to some unfortunate or undesirable thing

4. Under the necessity of undergoing something

5. Liable prone to suffer something

подчиняться; находиться под действием; подвергаться; зависеть от

Syn: liable to, open to, exposed to, vulnerable to, prone to, susceptible to, disposed to

4. bound by, under the control of, accountable to, constrained by

ant:

Prices may be subject to alteration.

30

To seek a solution

Искать решение

31

Text

2

To extinguish

[ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ]

1. to put out or quench (a light, flames, etc.)

2. to remove or destroy entirely; annihilate

3. Archaic to eclipse or obscure by or as if by superior brilliance

4. (Business / Commerce) Law to discharge (a debt)

тушить; уничтожать (надежду, любовь, жизнь); истреблять; убивать; гасить (надежду, любовь); погашать; погаснуть; потушить; затмевать; уничтожить; убить; аннулировать; залить; прекращать; выплачивать; заливать

to extinguish a fire

Syn: 1.put out, stifle, smother, blow out, douse, snuff out, quench

2. destroy, end, kill, remove, eliminate, obscure, abolish, suppress, wipe out, erase, eradicate, annihilate, put paid to, exterminate, expunge, extirpate

Ant: ignite, light

The message extinguished her hopes of Richard's return.

32

Belatedly

[bıˈleıtıdli]

Having been delayed; done or sent too late

с запозданием

a belated birthday card

Syn: late, tardily

Ant: on time

I belatedly wished her a happy birthday

33

To champion

[ˈtʃæmpɪən]

1. to act as champion of; defend; support.

2. Obs. to defy.

защищать; отстаивать; бороться (за что-л.); поддерживать кого-либо (а не быть чемпионом); продвигать

Syn: support, back, defend, promote, advocate, fight for, uphold, espouse, stick up for (informal)

Ant: oppose, criticize.

He passionately championed the poor.

he championed the rights of the working class and the poor.

34

An inducement

[ɪnˈdjuːsmənt]

1. something that induces or persuades; incentive.

2. the act of inducing.

3. the state of being induced.

побуждение; побудительный мотив; приманка; побуждающий мотив; поощрение; встречное удовлетворение; мотивация; стимул

Syn: incentive, motive, cause, influence, reward, come-on (informal), spur, consideration, attraction, lure, bait, carrot (informal), encouragement, impulse, stimulus, incitement, clarion call

Ant: criticizm

They offer every inducement to encourage investment.

shopkeepers began offering free gifts as an inducement to trade:

35

Intact

[ɪnˈtækt]

1. not altered, broken, impaired, or diminished; remaining uninjured, sound, or whole.

2. complete or whole, esp. not castrated.

3. having the hymen unbroken; virginal.

неповреждённый; невредимый; целый; нетронутый; исправный; в исправности; полный; сохранился; непострадавший; в неизменном состоянии

Syn: undamaged, whole, complete, sound, perfect, entire, virgin, untouched, unscathed, unbroken, flawless, unhurt, faultless, unharmed, uninjured, unimpaired, undefiled, all in one piece, together, scatheless, unviolated

Ant: broken, damaged, injured, harmed, impaired

After the explosion, most of the cargo was left intact.

the church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact.

36

Vigilant

[ˈvɪdʒɪlənt]

1. keenly watchful to detect trouble; wary.

2. ever awake and alert.

бдительный; бессонный; неусыпный; зоркий; быть на чеку; внимательный

the vigilant eye of the town watch

Syn: watchful, alert, on the lookout, careful, cautious, attentive, circumspect, wide awake, on the alert, on your toes, wakeful, on your guard, on the watch, on the qui vive

Ant: slack, careless, lax, negligent, neglectful, inattentive, remiss

Police warned the public to be vigilant and report anything suspicious.

37

To intertwine

[ˌɪntəˈtwaɪn]

to unite or be united by twisting or twining together

сплетать; переплетать; сплетаться; переплетаться; запутываться; закручиваться

Syn: interweave, entwine, interlace, cross, link, twist, braid, convolute, reticulate, interwreathe, inweave

Trees and creepers intertwined, blocking our way.

38

To usher

[ˈʌʃə]

1. to act as an usher to.

2. to precede or herald (usu. fol. by in).

3. to act as an usher.

вводить; провожать; сопровождать; проводить; объявлять

ushered every Sunday at church

Syn: escort, lead, direct, guide, conduct, pilot, steer, show

Introduce

Ant:

They were quickly ushered away.

39

Docility

[dɒ’sɪlətɪ]

1. Ready and willing to be taught; teachable.

2. Yielding to supervision, direction, or management; tractable.

послушание; покорность; понятливость; сообразительность

Syn: compliance, obedience, meekness, submissiveness, manageability, ductility, amenability, pliancy, tractability, biddableness

The baby's docility had surprised him.

40

Volatile

[ˈvɒləˌtaɪl]

1. evaporating rapidly; passing off readily in the form of vapor

2. tending or threatening to break out into open violence; explosive

3. characterized by or liable to sharp or sudden changes; unstable

4. changeable, as in mood or temper; mercurial; flighty.

5. fleeting; transient.

6. (of computer storage) not retaining data when electrical power is turned off.

7. Archaic. flying or able to fly.

n.

8. a volatile substance, as a gas or solvent.

Прил. непостоянный; изменчивый; ветреный; капризный; живой; весёлый; беспечный; недолговечный; преходящий; легко возбудимый (о подозрениях и т.п.); неуловимый; летающее существо; взрывоопасный; критический

Сущ. птицы; бабочки; летучее вещество; имеющий изменчивый характер

a volatile stock market.

a volatile political situation

Syn: 1. changeable, shifting, variable, unsettled, unstable, explosive, unreliable, unsteady, inconstant

2. temperamental, erratic, mercurial, up and down (informal), fickle, whimsical, giddy, flighty

3. unstable, explosive, inflammable, labile (technical), eruptive

Ant: 1. stable, constant, steady, inert, settled

2. calm, consistent, reliable, sober, self-controlled, dependable, cool-headed

There have been riots before and the situation is volatile.

She has a volatile temperament.

when volatile chemicals explode