- •1. Morphology and syntax as part of grammar. Units of grammar, their functions and types of relations between them in language and speech.
- •2. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •3. Structure of words. Grammatically relevant types of morphemes.
- •4. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition (a.I. Smirnitsky).
- •5. Parts of speech as lexico-grammatical classes of words. 3 principles of classifying words into parts of speech.
- •6. Morphological and syntactico-distributional classifications of words into parts of speech (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, Ch. Fries.)
- •7. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •8. The category of number of the Engliss noun.
- •9. The category of case of the English noun.
- •10. The category of article determination.
- •11. Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •12. The category of tense.
- •13. The category of order.
- •14. The category of aspect.
- •15. The category of voice.
- •16. The category of mood.
- •17. The dual nature of non-finite forms of the verb. Morphological categories of verbals.
- •18. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of representation.
- •19. Phrase. Principles of classification (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, l.Bloomfield)
- •20. Classification of phrases according to the types of syntactic relations between the constituents.
- •21. Predicativity. Predication. Constructions with secondary predication.
- •22. Syntactic structure of the claus (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •23. Structural models of sentence analysis. Distributional model and types of distribution. Ic-model.
- •24. Transformational model of sentence analysis. Types of transformation.
- •26. Communicative structure of the sentence.
- •27. Functions of word order in English and types of inversion.
- •28. Principles of classification of simple sentences.
- •29. Compound sentence. Logico-semantic relations between clauses.
- •30. Complex sentence. Structural and functional classification.
17. The dual nature of non-finite forms of the verb. Morphological categories of verbals.
The main division inside the verb is that between the finite verbs (finites) and non-finite verbs (verbals). Through the opposition of finite and non-finite forms the category of finitude is revealed. Finites present marked and intensive member of the opposition. Non-finite forms present unmarked and extensive member of the opposition.
Verbals possess some verbal and some non-verbal features. Lexically verbals do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically non-finites may denote a secondary action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.
The finites can be subdivided into 3 systems - moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
The verbids can be subdivided into 3 systems: infinitive, gerund, participle.
Formal morphological characteristics. Verbals possess the verb categories of voice, perfect, and aspect. They lack the categories of person, number, mood, and tense. None of the forms have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech, neither nominal, adjectival or adverbial.
Combinability and functions. Non-verbal character of verbals reveals itself in their syntactical functions. Thus, the infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical functions of the noun, which are those of subject, object and predicative. Participle I functions as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier; participle II as attribute and predicative. They cannot form a predicate by themselves, although unlike non-verbal parts of speech they can function as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Verbals may combine with nouns functioning as direct, indirect, or prepositional objects, with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as adverbial modifiers, and with subordinate clauses. Non-finites may also work as link verbs, combining with nouns, adjectives or statives as predicatives, as in. They may also act as modal verb semantic equivalents when combined with an infinitive. All non-finite verb forms may participate in the so-called predicative constructions.
The infinitive has the verb categories of voice (to praise – to be praised), order (to keep – to have kept) and aspect (to bring – to be bringing).
The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. Morphologically the verbal character of the gerund is manifested in the categories of voice and order.
Participle is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. The verbal character of participle is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and order.
18. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of representation.
The main division inside the verb is that between the finite verbs (finites) and non-finite verbs (verbals).
The finites can be subdivided into 3 systems - moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
The verbids can be subdivided into 3 systems: infinitive, gerund, participle.
The category of representation (A.I. Smirnitsky) is the opposition of finite and non-finite forms. The category of representation is revealed through 3 categorial forms:
Verbal representation presented by predicative (personal) forms.
Substantive representation is characteristic to gerund and infinitive.
Adjectival representation is characteristic to participle.
The leading form of the category of representation is verbal representation, that is personal forms.
L.S.Barkhudarov: The category of representation = the category of finitude. The category of finitude (representation) is based on predicativity.