Lesson 7
Ex. 1*. Read the words and try to translate them without a dictionary:
Formula Thermometer
Planet Constant
Hydride Molecule
Selenium Regularly
Tellurium Anormaly
Ex. 2*. Check up if you remember the meaning of the following terms:
boiling point, freezing point, melting point, sulphur, constant, water, colour, vapour, liquid, solid, mixture, compound, density.
Ex. 3*. Check up if you remember the following words: thus, according to, only, for this reason, in vain, that is why, prolably, first of all, actually, same, regularly, unexpectedly, suddenly.
Ex. 4. Say to what part of speech the following words belong: solidity, remarkable, disappeared, possible, measurement, devision, actually, molecular, violate, arrangement, behaviour, unusual, vapour.
Ex. 5*. Refresh your grammar. Remember the meaning of "should" and "would".
Water should not freeze; boiling point should be higher; water should exist in the vapour form; bonds should be very strong.
This formula would be correct; Celsius would have thought; water would evaporate; it would be possible; it would be expected; bonds would be difficult to break.
Ex. 6. Read and translate the sentences. Remember the meaning of the following
words:
Much+прилагательное в сравнительной степени - гораздо Neither... nor - ни... ни
Former - первый (заменяет ранее упомянутое существительное)
Latter - последний (заменяет ранее упомянутое существительное)
At all - совсем
This reaction is much more specific than that one.
Solids are able to dissolve in solids as well as liquids dissolve in liquids. As the example of the former some alloys are mixture of metals, an example of the latter being alcohol dissolved in water.
Gases have neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
This kind of iron is much more suitable for casting since it expands on solidi flying.
At this temperature water will not freeze at all.
Both diamond and graphite are pure of carbon but the forms is the hardest substance known and the latter is a very soft one.
The law of conversation of matter states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
Water freezes and boils at much higher temperatures than it would be expected.
You don't know the chemical properties of this sustance at all.
Oxygen does not burn, but it support combustion.
Ex. 7. Read and translate the text. Be ready to speak on two anomalies of water. WATER
Water really is substance №1 in life. (One atom of oxygen plus two atoms of hydrogen.) Of is probably one of the first chemical formulas you ever learn. Now try to imagine what would become of our planet if the water suddenly dissappeared from it.
Neither bush nor flower, nor a living thing on the dead Earth.
And above it a cloudless sky of a horrifying unusual colour.
So simple a compound, and yet where there is no water, no life is possible.
Why? First of all because water is the most remarkable chemical compound in the word. When Celsius invented his thermometer, he based his device on two values, or two constants: the boiling point and the freezing point of water.
He took the former as equal to 100 , and the latter to zero.
Then he divided the interval between them into 100 divisions.
Thus appeared the first instrument for measurement temperatures.
But what would Celsius have thought if he knew that actually water should not freeze at all zero nor boil at 100°?
Water may be called oxygen hydroxide.
Oxygen is a member of the sixth group, which also includes sulphur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The hydrides of all these elements have the same molecular pattern as the water molecule: H2S, H2Se, H2Te and H2Po.
The boiling points of these compounds are known to gradate regularly from sulphur to its heavier brothers. And unexpectedly we find that the boiling point of water falls out of the series, being much higher than it should be.
Water refuses to the rules of behaviour established for the Periodic Table, and postpones its transition to the vapour state for 180 degrees.
This is only the first amazing anomaly of water.
Its second anomaly has to do with its freezing point, the laws of the periodic System that water shall solidify at a temperature of 100 degrees below zero.
Water violates this requirement harshly and turns to ice at zero.
This wilfulness of water suggests that its liquid and solid states are abnormal on Earth.
According to the rules water should exist here only in the vapour form.
But you know that's not so. Why? Because the moleceles of water have a specific arrangement and for this reason possess a pronounced ability to attract one another.
In vain would we look for single molecules in a glass of water.
The molecules form groups which scientists call associations.
And it would be more correct to write the formula of water as (H20)n, the subscript "n" indicating the number of molecules in the association.
These associative bonds between the water molecules are very difficult to break and that is why water freezes and boils at much higher temperatures than it would be expected.
Ex. 8. Give English equivalents to the following Russian words: водород, кислород, сера, измерение, пар, жидкое и твердое состояние, соединение, точка кипения, точка замерзания, связи, градус, закон, лед, нуль.
Ex. 9. Say whether these statements are true or false.
Begin your statements with the following expressions:
You are right. You are not right.
Just so. You are wrong.
I agree with you. It’s not correct.
Water is substance № 1 in life.
Life would be impossible without water.
No plants would exist on the planet without water.
Celsius discovered the sixth group of the Periodic Table which included sulphur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium.
Actually water should not freeze at zero and boil at 100°.
Actually water should boil at 180 degrees.
According to the rules water should exist in three states solid, liquid and va pour forms.
Ex. 10. Answer the questions:
What would become of our planet if the water suddenly dissappeared?
How did Celsius invent the thermometer?
What is the first anomaly of water?
What is the second anomaly of water?
What is the explanation of these two anomalies of water?
Ex. 11. Divide the text into logical parts. Find a topical sentence in each part.
Ex. 12. Retell the text using the topical sentences.