Водоснабжение и водоотведение

У

Т

Н

Б

й

и

р

о

т

и

з

о

Pict. 11. Water from the Source through the Water Treatment Process

п

Some additional treatment methods include:

1. softening (the process of removing the dissolved calcium and

е

magnesium salts that cause hardness in water, either by adding chemicals

Р

or by ion exchange);

excess salt and other minerals from water);

У

7. fluoridation (the addition of sodium fluoride or other fluorine

compounds to filtered water for reducing tooth decay);

Т

8. reverse osmosis (a process by which water passes through a porous

membrane which passes the water, but does not pass the impurities dis-

solved in it).

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Water treatment plants employ a variety of treatment methods. These

Б

processes are used in varying combinations, depending on the character-

istics of water and on its intended use.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

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р

18. Read the texts of Unit 3 again and makeйnotes under the follow-

ing headings. Then use your notes to talk about Water Quality, Water

Pollution and Water Treatment and Conventional Water Treatment.

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1. The interconnection among water quality, water pollution and

и

о

water treatment.

з

2. Water composition. Types of water impurities.

3. Conventional water treatment.

о

п

е

Р

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1600's BIOLOGY

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Т

• INVENTION OF THE MICROSCOPE leads to the discovery of bacteria in water

• TREATMENT: percolation, filtration, boiling, distillation, coagulation

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1700's MINERALS

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• ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD PHILOSOPHY: right to pure, clean water = right of

humanity

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• TREATMENT: filtration established an effective means of purification

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р

1800's CHEMICALS

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• PHILOSOPHY BECOMES REALITY with first municipal water plant in Scotland

• Dr. Snow proves WATERBORNE DISEASES in cholera outbreak

• TREATMENT: slow and fast sand filtration, the beginning of chlorination

1900'sтINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

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• GOVERNMENT REGULATION of clean water becomes standard

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•иMan-made WATER POLLUTION becomes concern - pesticides, industrial

sludge, organic chemicals

з• TREATMENT: chlorination becomes widespread

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Р

2000's WATERHEALTH purifies any local water source to

WHO drinking water standards

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Unit 4

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У

Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment

and Sludge Disposal

“Between earth and earth's atmosphere,

the amount of water remains constant;

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there is never a drop more, never a drop less.

This is a story of circular infinity, of aБplanet birthing itself.”

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LINDA HOGAN

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о

VOCABULARY WORK

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и

1. Read the following international words and guess their meaning.

Mind the stressed syllables. Prove that these words are international

ones.

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о

Model: problem ['prɔbləm] – проблема, задача, вопрос

е

agent ['eɪʤ(ə)nt]

parasitic [ˌpærə'sɪtɪk]

apartment [ə'pɑːtmənt]

parking ['pɑːkɪŋ]

Р

п['beɪsn]

basin

pathogen ['pæθəʤən]

channel ['ʧæn(ə)l]

pharmaceuticals

cosmetics [kɔz'metɪks]

[ˌfɑːmə'sjuːtɪk(ə)lz]

detergent [dɪ'tɜːʤ(ə)nt]

recycle [ˌriː'saɪk(ə)l]

establishment [ɪs'tæblɪʃmənt]

residence ['rezɪd(ə)ns]

fraction ['frækʃ(ə)n]

risk [rɪsk]

fragment ['frægmənt]

sanitary ['sænɪt(ə)rɪ]

73

institution [ˌɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n]

sedimentation [ˌsedɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n]

laboratory [lə'bɔrət(ə)rɪ]

separator ['sep(ə)reɪtə]

machine [mə'ʃiːn]

service ['sɜːvɪs]

manufacturing [ˌmænjə'fækʧ(ə)rɪŋ]

specific [spə'sɪfɪk]

material [mə'tɪərɪəl]

storm [stɔːm]

microbe ['maɪkrəub]

technical ['teknɪk(ə)l]

nutrient ['njuːtrɪənt]

toilet ['tɔɪlət]

2. Translate the following words and phrases and memorize them.

У

NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

Т

black water [blackwa-

effluent

sewage [waste-

ter]

impurity

water] treatment

discharge

industrial sewage [ef-

plant

Н

disposal

fluent]

sewer

domestic [sanitary /

remainder

й

Бstorm sewage

residential / house-

runoff

sullage

hold] sewage

sewage

waste

grey water [graywater

sewage [waste-

wastewater [waste

/ gray water]

water] treatmentи

water ]

VERBS AND VERBAL PHRASES

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to contain

to dispose of

to recycle

to convey

to flush

to release

to cope with

о

to remove

to handle with

to create

т

to require

to maintain

to discharge

to pick up

to water

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ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES

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coarse

о

identifiable

sanitary

domestic

putrescible

untreated

raw

used

household

п

3. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

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1. animal waste

a. серая вода (бытовые сточные воды,

Р

[black-

которые не включают смывы от туа-

2. black water

water]

летов)

3. commercial

estab-

b. вихревой сепаратор [водоотделитель]

74

lishment

c. водоочистная

станция, станция водо-

4. dissolved

and

sus-

очистки; станция очистки сточных вод

pended impurities

d. коммунально-бытовые сточные воды

5. domestic

[sanitary,

e.

ливневые воды, сточные воды ливне-

residential,

house-

вой канализации, атмосферные сточ-

hold] sewage

ные воды

6. grey

water

[gray-

f.

неочищенные [необработанные] сточ-

water / gray water /

ные воды

sullage]

g. отходы животноводства

Н

7. human waste

h. подверженные гниению [разложениюУ]

8. industrial

sewage

вещества

[effluent]

i.

продукты жизнедеятельностиТчеловека

9. process waste

j.

производственные [технические] отхо-

10. putrescible materials

ды

й

11. raw sewage

k. промышленные [производственные]

12. storm

sewage

[wa-

сточные воды

Б

ter]

l.

растворенные

взвешенные примеси

торговое

13. vortex separator

m.

предприятие

14. wastewater treatment

n. чё ная вода (сточные воды бытового

о

plant

и п иомышленного происхождения,

включающие смывы от туалетов,

т

и

пр д вольственные производственные

ходы и др.)

з

READING PRACTICE

о

п

4. Read the text. Using a dictionary, translate it in writing.

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Text A. Sewage. Types of Sewage

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putrescible organic materials and plant nutrients, but domestic sewage is

Н

also very likely to contain pathogens (disease-causing microbes, bacteria,

viruses) and parasitic worms. In addition to humanБwastes, raw sewage

contains such substances as metals, dissolved gases, dirt particles, food

fragments, oil and grease, soaps, detergents, bleaches, other cleaning

й

agents, solvents, paint, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

и

р

о

т

Sanitary sewage can be divided into two types: grey water (sullage,

и

or wastewater from kitchen and bathroom sinks, baths, showers, washing

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machines, dishwashers, and laundry) and black water (wastewater from

toilets). Black water is a health risk if not treated properly because it con-

о

tains human waste. Grey water is a lesser health risk. The separation of

п

household waste into grey water and black water is becoming more

е

Р

Storm sewage, or storm wa-

ter, is runoff from precipitation

that collects in a system of pipes

У

or open channels. As rainfall runs

over rooftops, roads, parking lots

and the surface of the ground, it

Н

may pick up various contami-

Т

nants including

suspended and

dissolved solids,

soil particles

and other sediment, heavy met-

als, organic materials and com-

й

pounds, animal waste, and oil

Pict. 13. БA Canadian harbor

and grease. Some level of treat-

ment is required before storm

fouled with sewage

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water is discharged directly into

waterways. Examples of treatment processes include sedimentation ba-

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sins, wetlands, or vortex separators forиremoving coarse solids.

т

COMPREHENSION CHECK

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з

5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false accord-

о

ing to the text.

1. There are three types of sewage: domestic sewage, sanitary sewage,

е

and industrial sewage.

2. Wastewater is treated in the underground pipes.

Р

6. Answer the following questions.

1.

What is wastewater?

2.

Why does sewage need to be made safe before sending it back into

the environment?

У

3.

Where is sewage usually treated?

Т

4.

What is the main purpose of sewage treatment?

5.

What types of sewage are there? What are the sources of these types

of sewage?

Н

6.

What substances and impurities does domestic sewage contain?

7.

What is the classification of sanitary sewage?Б

8.

What does the nature of chemical compounds in industrial effluent

depend on?

й

9.

Why is some level of storm sewage treatment required before storm

water is discharged into waterways?и

р

7. Choose the right variant according to the text.

о

1. Wastewater is created … . (several answers possible)

A. by residences

т

B. by industrial enterprises

и

C. by commercial establishments

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D. by pathogens (disease-causing microbes, bacteria and viruses)

2. Household wastewater is also called … .

о

A. residential or domestic wastewater

B.пstorm sewage

C. industrial effluent

е

D. sullage

3. Grey water is … than black water.

РA. more dangerous

6. Sanitary sewage may contain … . (several answers possible)

й

A. putrescible organic materials and plant nutrients

B. pathogens (disease-causing microbes, bacteriaБand viruses) and

parasitic worms

р

С. human wastes

D. metals, dissolved gases, dirt particles, food fragments, oil and

grease, cleaning agents, solvents,

иpaint, pharmaceuticals, and cosmet-

ics

т

и

LANGUAGE FOCUSо

з

о

8. Translate the following pairs of derivatives and memorize them.

Verb – Noun

е

to dispose – disposal

to recycle – recycling

to environ – environment

to separate – separator / separation

to establishп– establishment

to serve – service

to flush – flushing

to sew – sewer / sewage / sewerage

to maintain – maintenance

to solve – solvent / solution

to manufacture – manufacturing

to vary – variety

Рto precipitate – precipitation

to weigh – weight

Noun – Adjective

commerce – commercial

pathogen – pathogenic

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