Водоснабжение и водоотведение

design, construction and operation of water supply systems. These sys-

tems include various facilities providing acquisition, treatment and de-

livery of water in demanded quantities and of adequate quality to water

consumers.

У

So, a water supply system is a complex of engineering structures car-

rying out the supply of water including acquisition of water from a varie-

Н

ty of natural water sources, its treatment, transmission, storage, and dis-

tribution to the water consumers.

The study of the course in water-supply engineering is basedТon the

knowledge of a number of general technical and specialized disciplines:

1. hydrology, hydrogeology (groundwater

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hydrology), hydrotechnics (hydraulic engi-

Б

neering) and drilling technology;

2. water chemistry and hydrobiology;

3. hydraulics;

р

4. building disciplines.

о

Sewage disposal (also called wasteиdispos-

al) is a complex of sanitary activities as well as a complex of engineering

т

structures and facilities intended for the collection of wastewater, its dis-

и

posal outside the city limits or industrial enterprises, its delivery to

wastewater treatment plants, as well as its treatment, sanitation and disin-

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fection before recycling or discharge into a body of water.

о

A. Answer the following questions.

е

1. What is engineering?

2. What are the proper Russian equivalents for “engineering”?

3. Whatпare the main branches of engineering?

4. Civil engineering is the oldest of the main branches of engineering,

isn’t it?

5. Who do civil engineers cooperate with to design and erect all types

Рof buildings?

the course in water-supply engineering based on?

У

13. What is sewage disposal?

B. Choose the right variant according to the text.

1. Water-supply engineering is … .

Т

a. a complex of complicated engineering tasks connected with design,

Н

b. a complex of activities concerned with the supply of water to its

various consumers

Б

с. a complex of sanitary activities intended for the collection and

treatment of sewage

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d. a complex of engineering structures and facilities intended for the

collection and treatment of wastewaterи

2. Water supply systems include various facilities providing …. .

(several answers possible)

р

a. acquisition of water from a variety of natural water sources

b. treatment of water

о

т

c. design, construction and operation of water supply systems

d. delivery of water to water consumers

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3. The study of the course in water-supply engineering is based on

з

the knowledge of the following general technical and specialized dis-

о

еп

16. Read the following text and speak on every type of municipal wa-

ter consumption.

Text С. Municipal Water Consumption and Its TypesУ

“Water has become a highly preciousТresource.

There are some places where a barrel of water

costs more than a barrel of oil.”

Н

LLOYD AXWORTHY, Foreign Minister of Canada

Б

In designing any water supply system specialists determine the re-

quired quantity and quality of water supplied. For solving this problem it

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is necessary to take into account all the potential water consumers and

find out their requirements for the quantityиand quality of the water de-

livered.

р

Water is used by various consumers and is required for a wide variety

of purposes.

о

Water consumption (also called “water requirement / water demand

т

/ water use”) is the use of water delivered to satisfy particular needs of a

community. Water consumption is characterized by several types (cate-

и

gories) of demands, including domestic, public, commercial, and indus-

trial uses.

з

Domestic water demand includes water for drinking, cooking, wash-

о

ing up dishes, cleaning, laundering (washing), bathing, car washing, yard

and gardenпwatering, carrying away wastes, and other household func-

tions.

е

Public water demand includes water for fire protection, street clean-

ing, and use in schools, hospitals and other public buildings.

РCommercial and industrial water demands include water for shops,

У

Т

Н

Б

й

и

р

Pict. 4. Types of Water Use

т

There is usually a wide variation in total water demand among differ-

ent communities. This variationоdepends on population, geographic loca-

з

tion, climate, the extent of local commercial and industrial activity, and

the cost of water.

Water use or demandиis expressed numerically by average daily con-

п

sumption per capita (per person). For example, in the United States the

average demand is approximately 100 gallons* (380 litres) per capita per

е

day for domesticоand public needs. Overall, the average total demand is

about 180 gallons per capita per day, when commercial and industrial

Р

water.

У

Civil and environmental engineers must carefully study each commu-

nity's water use patterns in order to design efficient pumpingТand distri-

bution systems.

Н

___

*a gallon is a unit of volume for liquid and dry measure; US equiva-

lent to 3.79 litres; UK equivalent to 4.55 litres

Б

17. Read the following text and say what natural sources of water

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are and what requirements they must satisfy.

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Text D. Natural Water Sources and Their Use for Water Supply

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Purposes

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“When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.”

т

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)

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The choice of a water source is one of the most responsible tasks in

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designing a water supply system. The source determines to a considera-

ble degree the type of the water supply system itself, the necessity of

о

certain facilities and, therefore, the cost of its construction and mainte-

nance.п

A water supply source must satisfy the following requirements:

е

a. it must provide the acquisition of adequate quantities of water with a

glance of a prospective increase in water consumption;

Рb. it must provide continuity of water supply;

Natural sources of water include:

surface sources (oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams,

tanks and ponds);

underground sources (ground water, artesian [confined] water,

shallow wells, deep wells and springs).

Т

Natural sources such as rivers, lakes, impounding reservoirs, etc. are

sources of surface water. Water is withdrawn from them through in-

takes. The simplest intakes are pipes extending from the shore intoУdeep

water.

Water obtained from subsurface sources, such as sands and gravels

and porous or fractured rocks, is called ground water. The flow of

ground water takes place in river valleys and, in someНareas, along the

й

seacoast in water-bearing strata known as aquifers. Groundwater is ac-

cessed through a bore.

Б

For the community’s needs groundwater is more suitable. However,

р

for the supply of water to large inhabited localities groundwater sources

are often insufficient, and acquisition of a considerable quantity of water

from them is unprofitable.

о

и

For the supplying of big cities and industrial enterprises with water,

т

therefore, surface sources of fresh water are mainly used.

и

Sources of Drinking Water. Drinking water is water intended pri-

marily for human consumption, either directly, as supplied from the tap,

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or indirectly, in beverages or food prepared with water. It should contain

о

no harmful concentrations of chemicals or pathogenic microorganisms,

and ideally it should be aesthetically pleasing in regard to appearance,

taste and odour.

е

Drinking water comes from both surface and groundwater sources.

Surface water (rainfall and its runoff into streams and rivers) normally

Р

У

Т

Н

Б

й

и

т

р

Pict. 5. Sources of Drinking Water

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FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIESо

з

о

18. Read the texts of Unit 1 again and make notes under the follow-

ing headings. Then use your notes to talk about Water on the Earth

and Water-Supply Engineering.

е

1. Significance of water for life.

Р

2.пWater properties and characteristics.

3.

The hydrologic cycle.

4.

Engineering. Water-supply engineering and sewage disposal.

Unit 2

У

Water Supply Systems

“Children of a culture born in a water-rich environment,Т

we have never really learned how important water is to us.

We understand it, but we do not respect it.”

Н

WILLIAM ASHWORTH, Nor Any Drop to Drink, 1982

Б

VOCABULARY WORK

й

1. Read the following internationalиwords and guess their meaning.

Mind the stressed syllables. Prove that these words are international

ones.

р

о

Model: engineering [ˌenʤɪ'nɪərɪŋ] - прикладной (о науке); техни-

т

машиностроение;

ческий, инженерный; нженерное искусство;

инженерия; инжиниринг; строительство; техника, аппаратура;

и

проектир вание; к нструирование; разработка

з

activity [æk'tɪvətɪ]

neutralize ['njuːtr(ə)laɪz]

о

operate ['ɔp(ə)reɪt]

adequate ['ædɪkwət]

adsorptionп[æd'sɔːpʃ(ə)n]

osmosis [ɔz'məusɪs]

aeration [eə'reɪʃ(ə)n]

pressure ['preʃə]

е

problem ['prɔbləm]

coagulation [kəuˌægjə'leɪʃ(ə)n]

collection [kə'lekʃ(ə)n]

process ['prəuses]

Р

provision [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n]

combination [ˌkɔmbɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]

complex ['kɔmpleks]

pump [pʌmp]

component [kəm'pəunənt]

realize ['rɪəlaɪz]

27

conservation [ˌkɔnsə'veɪʃ(ə)n]

region ['riːʤ(ə)n]

convert [kən'vɜːt]

reservoir ['rezəvwɑː]

definition [ˌdefɪ'nɪʃ(ə)n]

resource [rɪ'sɔːs]

disinfection [ˌdɪsɪn'fekʃ(ə)n]

reverse [rɪ'vɜːs]

distance ['dɪst(ə)ns]

sedimentation [ˌsedɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n]

distillation [ˌdɪstɪ'leɪʃ(ə)n]

serious ['sɪərɪəs]

У

distribution [ˌdɪstrɪ'bjuːʃ(ə)n]

standard ['stændəd]

economy [ɪ'kɔnəmɪ]

structure ['strʌkʧə]

equivalent [ɪ'kwɪv(ə)lənt]

system ['sɪstəm]

Н

factor ['fæktə]

tank [tæŋk]

filtration [fɪl'treɪʃ(ə)n]

term [tɜːm]

flocculation [ˌflɔkjə'leɪ ʃ(ə)n]

transmission [trænz'mɪʃТ(ə)n],

flotation [fləu'teɪʃ(ə)n]

[træns'-]

geographic [ʤɪə'græfɪk]

transport 1. v [træn'spɔːt]

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hydraulic [haɪ'drɔːlɪk]

2. n ['trænspɔːt]

hydrologic [ˌhaıdrəˈlɒdʒık]

transportationБ[ˌtrænspɔː'teɪʃ(ə)n]

industrial [ɪn'dʌstrɪəl]

underground 1. adv [ˌʌndə'graund]

р

method ['meθəd]

2. n, adj ['ʌndəgraund]

modern ['mɔd(ə)n]

о

variety [və'raɪətɪ]

natural ['næʧ(ə)r(ə)l]

и

т

2. Translate the following words and phrases and memorize them.

и

з

NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

abundance

reservoir

water purification plant

о

appurtenance

shortage

water resources

arrangement

storage tank

water storage

delivery

sufficiency [availability]

water storage facility

е

distribution pipe

of water

water supply

maintenance

supply

water

supply

system

Р

occurrenceп water

acquisition

[col-

[network]

pipeline

lection]

water

transmission

plumbing fixtures

water conservation

[transportation]

pollutant

water consumer

water

treatment

[purifi-

purpose

water distribution

cation]

quality

water

distribution

sys-

water treatment facility

quantity

tem

water use

28

VERBS AND VERBAL PHRASES

to accomplish

to carry out

to provide

to be aimed at

to deliver

to refer to

to be intended for

to include

to remove

to be situated

to increase

to require

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES

У

additional

elaborate

satisfactory

adequate

engineered

sufficient

Т

available

palatable

suitable

Н

conventional

pure

treated

domestic

purified

wholesome

3. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

й

1.

adequate quantity

a.

адсорбция активированным уг-

2.

adequate supply

лем

Б

3.

carbon adsorption

b.

внутренние озера или реки

р

4.

complex of activities

c.

воспользоваться чем-л., исполь-

5.

complex of

engineering

зовать в своих интересах, с вы-

structures

о

игодой для себя

6.

deferrization

and fluori-

d.

достаточное количество

dation

т

e.

достаточный запас

и

f.

инженерная задача

7.

engineering task

8.

firefighting equipment

g.

комплекс

инженерных соору-

з

жений

9.

industrial enterprise

о

h.

населенный пункт

10.

inland lakes or rivers

11.

natural water source

i.

нежелательная примесь

12.

populated locality

j.

обезжелезивание и

фторирова-

е

ние (воды)

13.

reverse osmosis

14.

soil moisture

k.

обратный осмос

15.

toпtake advantage of

l.

почвенная

влага;

влажность

16.

undesirable impurity

(почво)грунта

Р17.

water softening

m.

природный источник воды