Водоснабжение и водоотведение

VERBS AND VERBAL PHRASES

to analyze

to deteriorate

to dissolve

to contain

to determine

to take into account

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES

clean

fine

organic

coarse

harmful

palatable

У

colloidal

impure

potable

crystal clear

inorganic

pure

disease-causing

microbial

suspended

Н

dissolved

non-settling

undesirable

3. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

Т

(1)

1.

aquatic health

a. (научно-)технический

прогресс

2.

composition of natural

(единое

Б

поступательное развитие

water resources

науки

техники)

3.

health of the commu-

р

b. вкуснаяйп тьевая вода

nity

c. вст ечающ йся в природе; природ-

4.

human activities

и

5.

natural

landscape

fea-

ный (о явлении)

т

tures

d. главная [основная] цель

e.

деятельность человека

6.

naturally occurring

оf. естественные особенности местно-

7.

of natural and man-

з

сти

made origin

g. здание (напр., предприятия) с при-

8.

palatable potable

wa-

легающими постройками и участком

ter

и

h. здоровье населения

9.

particular purpose

i.

конкретная цель

е

10.

premises

j.

научные подсчеты

11.

о

primary objective

k. отбор проб воды и анализ ее хими-

Р

scientificп measure-

12.

ческого состава

ments

l.

природного и искусственного про-

13.

technological progress

исхождения

14.

water

sampling

and

m. санитарное состояние водоема

analysis

n. состав

естественных

[природных]

водных ресурсов

50

1.

(undesirable) foreign

a.

(нежелательная) примесь; посторон-

matter [impurity / ma-

нее вещество

terial]

b.

в растворе

2.

coarse suspension

c.

взвешенные (твердые) частицы,

3.

colloidal state

частицы во взвешенном состоянии

4.

cyanobacteria (blue-

d.

во

взвешенном

состоянии,

green algae)

взвешенный

5.

dissolved organic mat-

e.

грубая [грубодисперсная] суспензия

Н

У

ter

f.

коллоидное состояние

6.

dissolved solids

g.

мелкие не оседающие [не отстаива-

7.

fine non-settling parti-

ющиеся] частицы

Т

cles

h.

не содержать; не иметь

8.

in solution

i.

растворенное органическое вещество

й

9.

in suspension

j.

растворённые в воде вещества; общее

10.

suspended solids [par-

количество органическихБ

и

неорга-

ли

ticles]

н ческ х соединений, содержащихся

р

11.

to be free from / of

в воде

сточных водах

k.

ц анобактер и, сине-зелёные водо-

о

осли

(группа

крупных

бактерий,

т

сп собных к

фотосинтезу,

сопро-

в ждающемуся выделением кислоро-

и

да)

з

о

READING PRACTICE

4. Read the text. Using a dictionary, translate it in writing.

е

TEXT A. Water Quality.

Р

п Water Pollution and Water Treatment

Untreated water contains a number of contaminants of natural and man-

made origin, the presence of which is undesirable or dangerous.

У

For better understanding the process and objectives of water treat-

water quality.

Н

has a microbiological and a physicochemical dimension. There are thou-

й

sands of parameters of water quality. The type and extent of water

treatment depends on the quality of the water Бsource. The better the

quality, the less treatment is needed.

р

In its purest form, water is simply H2O; that is, two atoms of hydro-

е

into the following types:

suspended solids (fine, non-settling particles of any solid);

Р

пheavy metal ions (ions of metals of relatively high density);

dissolved organic matter (compounds, chiefly of biological

origin, containing carbon);

microorganisms (microscopic organisms, esp. a bacterium, virus,

non-living water contaminants;

living water contaminants (many of which are disease-causing).

The

types of impurities found in water can be divided

into four

Т

groups: microbial, physical, chemical, and radiological.

У

Types of Impurities

Examples

Microbial (Microorganisms)

Б

Bacteria

Campylobacter, Legionella

Viruses

Hepatitis

Protozoa

Cryptosporidium, GiardiaН

Other

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

и

Physical

Colour

Iron, dissolved organic matter

р

Taste and odour

Methylйisoborneol

Appearance

Silt, suspended particles, plankton

Chemical

Naturally occurring

т

Manganese, nitrate

Agricultural

Atrazine, chlordane

Water treatment

оChlorine, fluoride

Plumbing

Lead, copper

Industrial

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, mercury

о

и Radiological

п

Naturally occurringз

Radium, uranium

е

Р

Pict. 8. Types of Impurities Found in Water

ity requirements for various water users vary greatly.

У

By analyzing water from natural sources the presence of various sub-

stances and microorganisms is determined. For obtaining the correct

characteristics of water from the given water source, water sampling and

Н

analyses should be done for a long period of time in order to take into

account seasonal changes of water quality.

Water treatment is purification of water to make it suitableТ(i.e. pota-

ble and palatable) for human consumption or for other purposes. It is any

of several physical and chemical processes (or a combination of these

й

processes) in which undesirable impurities and pollutants in water are

removed or neutralized.

Б

The primary objective of water treatment is the protection of the

р

health of the community. Palatable potable water is the water that must

be bacteriologically safe, free from toxic or harmful microorganisms,

о

chemicals or substances, as well as crystalиclear and comparatively free

of turbidity, colour, odour and taste. Excessive hardness and high con-

т

centration of dissolved solids are also undesirable, particularly for indus-

и

trial purposes. Industrial requirements may be even more stringent; many

industries provide special treatment on their own premises.

з

о

COMPREHENSION CHECK

п

е

5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false accord-

ing to the text.

1.

Factors such as the development of human society, the growth of civi-

lization and social and technological progress have resulted in the

changing of the composition of natural water resources.

Р2. There is no obvious interconnection among water quality, water pollu-

tion and water treatment.

3.

Water treatment is the presence of undesirable impurities in water.

1.

What are the main reasons for the recent changing of the composi-

tion of natural water resources?

2.

Why should we consider the nature of water pollution and the no-

tion of water quality?

У

3.

What is water pollution?

4.

What dimensions does water quality have?

5.

Is there the only one parameter of water quality?

Н

6.

What does the type and extent of water treatment depend on?

7.

What are the classifications of water pollutants?

Т

8.

What does the term “water quality” describe?

9.

Is it easy to say “this water is good/ pure” or “this water is bad/ im-

pure”? Why? Why not?

й

10.

What are the factors which must be taken into account in analyzing

water quality?

Б

11.

What is water treatment?

р

12.

What is the primary objective of water treatment?

13.

What is palatable potable water?

о

14.

Why do many industries provideиspecial water treatment on their

own premises?

т

и

7. Choose the right variant according to the text.

з

1. Water pollution is the presence of undesirable foreign matter

о

which … water quality.

A. improves

B. guarantees

е

C. deteriorates

D. controls

2. Waterпcontaminants are typically divided into suspended …, dis-

solved organic …, heavy metal …, etc.

A. solids, ions, matter

B. particles, matter, compounds

РC. solids, compounds, density

tants. (several answers possible)

й

A. neutralization

Б

B. concentration

C. consumption

р

D. removal

6. There are complex … among factors such as surface and ground

о

water, atmospheric and climaticиfactors, natural landscape fea-

tures, human activities, and aquatic health.

т

A. scientific measurements

B. purposes

и

C. requirements

з

D. interconnections

о

LANGUAGE FOCUS

п

е

8. Translate the following pairs of derivatives and memorize them.

Verb – Noun

to analyze – analysis

to fertilize – fertilizer

to classify – classification

to grow – growth

Рto combine – combination

to irrigate – irrigation

to compose – composition

to measure – measurement

to concentrate – concentration

to pollute – pollutant / pollution

57

to consume – consumption

to protect – protection

to contaminate – contaminant /

to purify – purification

contamination

to require – requirement

to develop – development

to suit – suitability

to drink – drinking

to treat – treatment

Noun – Verb

У

change – to change

result – to result

compound – to compound

sample – to sample

progress – to progress

taste – to taste

Noun – Adjective

aqua – aquatic

mechanic – mechanical

atmosphere – atmospheric

microscope – microscopicТ

bacteriology – bacteriological

nature – natural

biology – biological

organism – (in)organic

Н

chemistry – chemical

physics – physical

climate – climatic

prime – primaryБ

danger – dangerous

science – scientific

excess – excessive

society – social

harm – harmful / harmless

й

technology – technological

Noun – Adjective

и

chemical – chemical

objective – objective

complex – complex

р

о

sample – sample

human – human

solid – solid

Adjective – Noun

т

dense – density

suitable – suitability

и

hard – hardness

turbid – turbidity

present – presence

Noun – Noun

з

pest – pesticide

sample – sampling

о

Adjective – Verb

neutralп– to neutralize

Adjective – Adverb

е

particular – particularly

bacteriological – bacteriologically

comparative – comparatively

relative – relatively

Р

Verb – Participle II

to contaminate – contaminated

to pollute – polluted

to dissolve –dissolved

to suspend – suspended

58

У

9. Translate the following pairs of derivatives paying attention to the

meanings of prefixes.

Н

biological – microbiological

pure – impure

Т

connection – interconnection

purity – impurity

danger – to endanger

settling – non-settling

desirable – undesirable

soluble – dissoluble/ insoluble/

й

living – non-living

nonsoluble / unsoluble

mature – immature

suitable – unБsuitable

и

natural – unnatural

to move – to remove

р

organic – inorganic

to solve – to dissolve

organism – microorganism

о

treated – untreated

10. Transform as in the models.

т

и

Model 1 “Verb

 Noun”: to pollute water  pollution of water

To treat water, to purify water, to remove undesirable impurities, to

з

neutralize an impurity, to contaminate water resources, to divide into

о

types, to deteriorate water quality, to describe the characteristics of wa-

ter, to protect the health of the community, to provide special treatment,

to classify pollutants.

е

Model 2 “Noun  Noun”: quality of water  water quality

Treatmentпof water, purification of water, contamination of water re-

sources, pollution of a water source, removal or neutralization of impuri-

ties, properties of water, water on the surface, water in the ground, fea-

tures of landscape, life of plants and animals, characteristics of water,

Рrequirements for water quality, sampling and analyses of water.

59