In these contexts , all of which are general statements, you will find other means of generalization. What are they?

1. Whales eat plankton, don’t they?

2. Dogs never bite cats, but cats often scratch dogs.

3. Tractors have replaced horses on modern farms.

4. An aeroplane uses a lot of energy.

5. A good secretary can pick and choose in the job market.

6. Architects design buildings.

7. Do you know who invented paper?

8. I hate television.

9. Coffee leaves a stain.

10. Money cannot buy happiness.

15

Most of the Direct Objects in these sentences are Count Nouns normally used with A/AN or THE. Why do you think they are used without any articles here?

1. We are going to move house.

2. His sister keeps house for him.

3. When did you leave school?

4. I don’t have to leave home until 7.30.

5. They didn’t have to change trains.

6. Lots of money changed hands.

7. The driver lost control of the car.

8. She’s lost weight.

9. I don’t make friends very easy.

10. He refused to make way for anyone.

11. Don’t talk nonsense!

12. Now you’re talking sense.

16

Section A shows the normal use of article with the names of meals. In the other sections you will find some specific cases. Read all the sentences carefully and make your conclusions about the rule and the exceptions.

A.

1. I’m skipping breakfast this morning.

2. When do you have lunch?

3. Come on! We’re holding dinner for you.

4. Do you serve afternoon tea?

5. I’ll go and make supper.

B.

1. He was a big man and needed a big breakfast.

2. I ate a late lunch.

3. They had a quiet dinner together.

C.

1. Is the Prime Minister giving a lunch?

2. They held a literary luncheon in his honour.

3. Mrs. Thatcher attended a dinner at the Mansion House last night.

4. Throwing a cocktail party is more fun than having a dinner for six.

D.

1. He makes the breakfast every morning.

2. I’ve got to make the supper for the kids.

3. Mum’s making the tea at the moment.

17

Fill the gaps with appropriate articles where necessary.

1. Would you like … copy of … recipe?

2. I fixed … leak in … roof.

3. Kenya provides … example of … trend.

4. I grow … roses from … cuttings.

5. You’re defending … case for … right reason.

6. She answered … advertisement for … full-time home help.

7. Did you use … pepper to flavor … dish?

8. Nancy concocted … red wine sauce to go with … pheasants.

9. Keep … notebook in … kitchen for … shopping lists.

10. She cut … cake and gave me … piece.

11. He examined … cut and applied … plaster.

12. Choose … drink and press … red button here.

13. Tom bought … new sweater to replace … old one he lost.

14. While he was checking … figures, he noticed … mistake.

15. I never use … cream … to make … sauce.

16. He wore … glasses and … false beard.

17. They gathered … berries, … nuts and … fruit for … food.

18. We are collecting … money for … blind.

19. She cleaned … carpet with … special detergent.

20. Combine … ingredients in … pan.

21. I’ll open … post after … breakfast.

• Prepositional Phrases as Attributes

18

Join the parts with the correct preposition.

A.

1. He has little concern	a) a domestic help.
I can see no cause	Brown bread.
3. I’ve found a sure cure …	c) others.
4. She answered an advertisement	d) rejoicing.
I don’t share your liking	insomnia.

1	2	3	4	5

B.

1. Students have free access	a) earlier authorities.
Alcohol causes damage	b) reference books.
3. He bears a strong resemblance …	c) hard study.
4. I share your aversion	d) his grandfather.
5. The book contains references	e) the liver.

1	2	3	4	5

C.

1. Can you see any difference	a) logic.
2. I’ve got faith	b) colour?
3. Every word confirms his pride …	c) his orchestra.
4. The figures show a reduction	d) exports.
5. He has designed some exercises	e) human nature.

1	2	3	4	5

D.

1. The government announced its decision	a) the People’s Party.
2. The book includes advice	b) drug abuse.
3. The local paper ran a feature …	c) major issues.
4. They lifted the ban	d) the future of the railways.
5. The two sides stressed their agreement	e) play materials and toys.

1	2	3	4	5

E.

1. Let me take a guess	a) change.
2. I took your hint	b) its name.
3. They hamper his attempts …	c) my impudence.
4. They don’t control attendance	d) his confession.
5. She couldn’t conceal her embarrassment	e) evening classes.

1	2	3	4	5

F.

1. I resent your suspicion	a) trifles.
2. He developed a complex	b) the accident.
3. He made some predictions …	c) my motives.
4. Don’t make so much fuss	d) the outcome of the election.
5. He omitted a few details	e) his sexuality.

1	2	3	4	5

19

Make the correct choice of the preposition.

1. a) They must remove the underlying cause for/of ill health.

b) They must have some gross cause for/of distress.

2. a) He showed a professional concern for/over accuracy.

b) He voiced growing concern for/over the waste of public money.

3. a) She had a bad memory for/of dates.

b) She cherished the memory for/of the happy day.

4. a) The boy has no fear for/of animals.

b) The boy has an unaccountable fear for/of his own safety.

5. a) We have a keen appreciation for/of the danger.

b) We ought to show our real appreciation for/of his efforts.

6. a) He made a faint attempt at/on a joke.

b) He made an attempt at/on his wife’s life.

7. a) The report contains the outlook for/on food and energy prices.

b) The book reveals the author’s outlook for/on life.

8. a) You are making good progress towards/with your English.

b) We have made some progress towards/with ending the civil war.

9. a) Do you have sympathy for/with that viewpoint?

b) Don’t you feel sympathy for/with the poor widow?

10. a) We received about a dozen applications for/to the post.

b) We made an application for/to the court.

11. a) The magazine had the usual hints of/on fashion and cookery.

b) Her smile held a tiny hint of/on a challenge.

• Tense Forms of the Verb

20

Does the Russian language mark the difference between a) and b) in its grammatical forms? Translate into Russian.

A.

1. a) Burning oil produces carbon dioxide.

b) Burning oil has produced carbon dioxide.

2. a) The treatment clears the sinuses.

b) The treatment has cleared the sinuses.

3. a) She cooks the chicken the way I like it.

b) She’s cooked the chicken the way I like it.

B.

1. a) He reads the Guardian.

b) He’s reading the Guardian.

2. a) She watches television with the cat on her lap.

b) She’s watching television with the cat on her lap.

3. a) The plane carries 30 passengers.

b) The plane is carrying 30 passengers.

C.

1. a) His family controlled the Times for more than a century.

b) His family has controlled the Times for more than a century.

2. a) Henry borrowed some of my records.

b) Henry’s borrowed some of my records.

3. a) Did anyone call an ambulance?

b) Has anyone called an ambulance?

D.

1. a) They painted the outside of the house.

b) They were painting the outside of the house.

2. a) He read the contract carefully.

b) He was reading the contract carefully.

3. a) She wore an enormous hat.

b) She was wearing an enormous hat.

E.

1. a) I’m not eating anything today.

b) I haven’t eaten anything today.

2. a) They’re building a new ring-road round the city.

b) They’ve built a new ring-road round the city.

3. a) She’s making a good progress with her German.

b) She’s made a good progress with her German.

21

Match the two parts of each remark.

A.

1. Why are you limping?	a) Have I said something wrong?
2. Why are you looking so miserable?	b) Have you lost something?
3. Why are you looking at me like that?	c) Have you forgotten something?
4. Why are you back so soon?	d) Has anything upset you?
5. Why are you searching the drawer?	e) Have you hurt your foot?

1	2	3	4	5

B.

1. The car looks very clean.			a) Has anyone seen him?
2. I really need my bicycle today.			b) Has Dad repaired it?
3. The headmaster wants to see Tom.			c) Have you dyed it or what?
4. Your hair seems darker than usual.			d) Has she done her homework?
5. Polly’s playing in the garden.			e) Have you washed it?
1	2	3		4	5

22

Translate the sentences into English.

2. Не видел мою собаку? Нигде её не найду.

3. Ты помыла голову? Волосы прямо блестят.

4. Ты завтракал? Хочешь тостов?

5. Ты закончила готовить? Или надо помочь?

6. Ты что, потерял зажигалку? Она на кухне.

7. Всю книгу прочла? Ну и как она тебе?

8. Не нашёл ключи? Что же нам теперь делать?

9. Сделал английский? Хочешь, проверю?

10. Вы уже начали свой проект? О чём он?

11. Они назначили точную дату? Какую?

23

Choose an appropriate adverbial for each sentence.

already, before, lately, ever, still, yet, so far, until now, for ages, in my whole life

1. They … haven’t paid me.

2. … I haven't really appreciated it.

2. Peterborough haven’t played their third round game … .

3. I haven't ridden a horse ... .

4. We haven't seen any good films ... .

5. I haven't met anyone so attractive … !

6. I've seen it all … !

7. The team has won three games … this season.

8. Have you taken your holiday ... ?

1. Have you ... met Professor Hawkins?

2. Have you … smoked a pipe?

3. Have you faced a class of children ... ?

24

Use the correct verb form: Present Perfect or Present Perfect Progressive.

1. How many coffees (you – drink) today?

2. How many cigarettes (you-smoke) so far this morning?

3. How long (you – smoke) a pipe?

4. For how long (you – write) books?

5. How many books (you – write)?

6. How long (you –play) tennis?

7. How many games (you –play)?

8. How long (you – read) this book?

9. How many pages (you – read)?

10. How long (you – know) the applicant?

11. How long you – study English?

12. How long (you –save) money?

13. How much money (you – raise)?

14. How many matches (team – win) this season?

15. How long (engine – lose) oil?

25

Complete the past account of the event with a description of the present situation.

Model: Bill cut his hair. Now he’s grown it again.

1. Last year Kevin bought a car. (sell)

2. The police arrested the man. (release)

3. Some time ago I lost my purse. (find)

4. I failed my driving test twice. (pass)

5. I needed a new pair of jeans. (buy)

6. We booked a holiday in Spain. (cancel)

7. He borrowed my best suit ages ago. (return)

8. They addressed the problem several times. (solve)

9. My sister was seriously ill for quite some time. (resume studies)

10. I received the electricity bill last Thursday. (pay)

11. Only a couple of months ago she was really fat. (lose weight)

12. We were able to save some money. (spend)

13. There was a nasty stain on the carpet. (clean)

14. Two windows were broken. (repair)

15. The building was badly damaged. (restore)

26

Discuss the difference in meaning between a) and b), in each pair of sentences.

A.

1. a) For generations, Nepal has produced the world's greatest soldiers.

b) For generations, Sparta produced Greece's greatest soldiers.

2. a) Has Neil Simon written many plays?

b) Did John Galsworthy write any plays?

3. a) England have lost 6 games and won 10 this season.

b) England lost 6 games and won 10 last season.

4. a) I haven't done anything special this weekend.

b) 1 didn't do anything special last weekend.

5. a) I haven't seen John today.

b) 1 didn't see John yesterday.

6. a) I haven't seen John today.

b) I didn't see John at school today.

7. a) Have you eaten your breakfast?

b) Did you eat your breakfast this morning?

8. a) Have you walked the dog?

b) Did you walk the dog this morning?

9. a) John has painted a picture of his sister.

b) John painted this picture.

10. a) He has chaired the University's economics department for 10 years now.

b) He chaired the University's economics department for 10 years.

B.

1. a) Peter has injured his leg.

b) Peter injured his leg.

2. a) The postman hasn’t delivered any letters today.

b) The postman didn’t deliver any letters today.

3. a) Now where have I put my glasses?

b) Now where did I put my glasses?

4. a) Have you seen Ann this morning?

b) Did you see Ann this morning?

5. a) Have you visited the Gauguin exhibition?

b) Did you visit the Gauguin exhibition?

6. a) Have you seen much of the city?

b) Did you see much of the city?

7. a) He has lived a good life.

d) He lived a good life.

8. a) She has spent her whole life in India.

b) She spent her whole life in India.

9. a) Have you found your notebook?

b) Did you find your notebook?

10. a) What have you done at school today?

b) What did you do at school today?

27

Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I'm skipping breakfast this morning.

2. You're ruining your health.

3. What are you having?

4. Are you being served?

5. What's eating you?

6. You're defending the wrong cause for the right reason.

7. Tony's reading French at Warwick University.

8. You may take that book, but I'm keeping this one.

9. You're asking too much.

10. Are you seeing somebody else?

11. I'm leaving my job.

12. My books are collecting dust.

28

Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я на диете — я не ем бекон.

2. В этом сезоне Том не играет в футбол.

3. Полиция расследует это ограбление.

4. Та собака опять идёт за нами.

5. Зачем ты берёшь такси?

6. А кто сейчас с малышом?

7. Во сколько ты встречаешься с Анной?

8. Как ты думаешь, он говорит правду?

29

What verb forms are acceptable in the following contexts?

1. I – to leave – my job in two days time.

2. I – to start – a new job next Monday.

3. She – to take – an examination tomorrow.

4. Mrs. Smith – to hold – a party tomorrow evening.

5. We – to visit – the British Museum this Saturday.

6. First we – to visit – the Eiffel Tower and then – we – to have – a trip on the Seine.

7. Scotland – to play – France next week.

8. He – to leave – school next summer.

9. We – not to have – a holiday next year. It’ll be too difficult with the new baby.

10. I’m so tired! Thank goodness I – to have – a holiday fairly shortly.

11. What you – to do – tonight?

12. What time you – to meet Ann?

30

Choose the title for each category of sentences with WILL:

• Assertions of faith (predictions)

• Formal plans (≠ personal intentions)

• Unplanned events (spontaneous decisions)

• Characteristic behavior (habits and natural way of things)

A. …….

1. Two bodies of different mass will reach the ground at the same moment.

2. Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals.

3. Pigs will eat anything.

4. The ticket machine won’t accept 20 p. pieces.

5. New MPs will attend most sittings.

6. You’ll always have your own way.

B. …….

1. We’ll never lose an election in this constituency.

2. I’ll love you forever.

3. You’ll hate the party.

4. I don’t expect she will phone you again.

5. I think Spain will win the next World Cup.

6. The new power station will damage the environment.

C. …….

1. I think I’ll open the post after breakfast.

2. Don’t worry! I’ll make some inquiries and call you back.

3. OK, I’ll cancel those seats.

4. All right, we’ll have a competition.

5. Never mind. I’ll finish the job anyway.

6. Fine! I’ll see you tomorrow then.

D. …….

1. On that day 12 European countries will welcome their new banknotes and coins.

2. Starting tomorrow we will declare a hunger strike.

3. The court will start hearings next week.

4. He will inherit the money at the age of 25.

5. The new theatre will admit 400 people.

6. When will you know your examination results?

31