Insert the appropriate modal of obligation.

1. All applicants … take an entrance exam.

2. All hunters … get a license in this country.

3. Paseengers … cross the line by the footbridge.

4. Candidates … get the signatures of eight assenters.

5. Visitors … remain silent.

6. Parents … accompany their children at all times, unless the child is in a supervised group.

7. A witness … tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.

8. A member … wear a uniform.

9. To become a member you … pay a contribution.

10. Every company … by law submit accounts annually.

39

Divide the sentences into two groups: in some of them MUST means Certainty based on Logical Deduction; in the others – Obligation.

1. The receptionist must have a complete knowledge of the hotel.

2. Mary must have some problem: she keeps crying.

3. You must remember him well.

4. You must forget her and find another woman.

5. The rest you must know.

6. You must have air.

7. Please, you must have an envelope somewhere.

8. She must be enjoying her holiday now.

9. Well, you must lose some weight then.

10. But you must have a very special reason.

40

What other verbs of obligation (SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAVE TO, BE TO, NEED TO) can you use in each of the sentences? Comment on the shades of modal meaning.

1. I must/… water the plants.

2. Please, Aunt Louise, you must/… help me.

3. She must/… get as much walking practice as possible.

4. One must/… have opinions.

5. We must/… raise living standards.

6. He must/… marry Selina and raise a family.

7. I must/… make some calls first.

8. Everyone must/… have certain goals in life.

9. I must/… go and get some sleep.

10. You must/… practice patience, my lady.

11. First she must/… make an appointment.

12. Now listen to me, Constance, you must/… phone your mother.

13. They must/… wear white fist protectors of an approved type.

14. You must/… fasten your seat belt.

15. He must/… resolve the matter with Lady Maude.

41

Mark the sentences as A (Planned and Scheduled Events) or В (Notices and Instructions).

1. The exit is not to be used by general public.

2. The Queen is to visit Japan next year.

3. The band Disraeli Gears are to make an appearance on Radio One this week.

4. The form is to be returned in three weeks.

5. These tablets are to be taken 4 times a day before meals.

6. Аftеr dinner they are to attend a piano recital.

7. The concert is to mark the 75th Anniversary year of the composer's death.

8. Three people are to sue health authorities after con­tracting the HIV virus in local hospitals.

9. You are to use the stairs in case of fire, you are not to use the elevator.

10. A new series of trendy Toby jugs are to be launched in time for Christmas.

11. I was soon to leave home for the first time.

12. You are to do your homework before you watch TV.

13. The plan has so angered local people that town councilors are to fight the proposal.

14. One is not to use confidential information for these purposes.

15. Tell her she is to make written notes on the subject.

42

Omit the infinitives to feel the meaning of NEED better. Why do you think you can omit these verbs?

1. A primary school teacher needs to have a lot of patience.

2. One needs to have a visa to go to the US.

3. Tom needed to take all those medicines.

4. I need to have more exercise.

5. She needs to get a new pair of trousers.

6. I wonder if we need to take our sleeping bags.

7. You don’t need to take your umbrella. It’s going to be fine today.

8. We won’t need to take our tennis rackets. They’ll lend us one.

9. She didn’t need to call a taxi; I took her to the station.

10. You don’t need to wear glasses all the time.

43

"NEEDN'T or MUSTN'T?" Translate the sentences into English using either of the Modals above. Encircle the sentences which allow the affirmative version (МЫ ДОЛЖНЫ...)

МЫ НЕ ДОЛЖНЫ МЫ НЕ ДОЛЖНЫ

1. пропускать собрание 2. присутствовать на собрании 3. его убеждать 4. ему доверять 5. предупреждать его 6. просить у него разрешения 7. тратить все деньги 8. отвечать на все вопросы 9. включать музыку после 11 МЫ НЕ ДОЛЖНЫ 10. возвращать книгу до понедельника 11. платить за вход 12. парковать здесь машину 13. выходить из аудитории до конца экзамена 14.заказывать билет заранее 15. носить форму постоянно 16. ничего трогать 17. ничего бояться 18. оставлять за собой грязную посуду 19. вытирать посуду 20. есть в течение 2-х часов

44

Translate the sen­tences expressing Probability into Russian.

1. You will have paid a lot of money for this painting.

2. You will have already guessed the identity of her lover.

3. Mary ought to have received my letter by now. I posted it three days ago.

4. They should have heard the news by now.

5. You must have noticed our grass at the front on your way in.

6. The manager must have been preparing the plan for months.

7. My bicycle must have been stolen.

8. I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.

9. He couldn't have foreseen such terrible days.

10. McLean must have had a good library and Mac Al­pine cannot have compiled his Gaelic dictionary without one.

11. You can't have forgotten me!

12. Mrs. Mariner can't have received your gift yet. It takes two days for the post to arrive.

45

Translate the sentences into English expressing Opinion based on Logical Deduction.

1. Наверное, я набрал неправильный номер.

2. Мы, наверное, пошли не по той дороге.

3. Вы, должно быть, прочли наши мысли.

4. Тебе это, наверно, привиделось.

5. Они, должно быть, точно знали, каким будет ре­зультат.

6. Подсознательно он, скорее всего, ожидал чего-то в этом роде.

7. Она, наверняка, получила от всего этого массу удовольствия.

8. Я, по-видимому, пропустил эту подробность.

9. Явно это ты сказал; очень похоже не тебя.

10. Думаю, ты провёл там немало времени.

11 Я, наверно, что-то уронил.

12. Вы, должно быть, давно собираете антикварные вещи.

46

Could is used in these sentences in two different meanings: Past Ability/Inability and Tentative Probability in the Present/Future. Mark the sentences accordingly.

1. He was so tall, he could touch the ceiling.

2. We found a hotel where we could spend the night.

3. A victory next Sunday could provide such an opportunity.

4. I could move that wardrobe if you helped me.

5. Use the machine carefully. Otherwise you could damage it.

6. I could rarely escape him, he wouldn’t let me alone.

7. I could never run a marathon now. I’m shattered.

8. Sorry, I couldn’t make it. I was too busy.

9. He was so drunk that he couldn’t find the front door.

10. I don’t know how she works fourteen hours a day. I couldn’t do it.

11. We couldn’t work the machine in spite of all the instructions.

12. I saw she couldn’t quite place me.

13. I could get a new job soon.

14. I could manage another holiday, I’m so tired.

15. I couldn’t manage a two-week holiday this year, only one.

47

ВОЗМОЖНО vs. МОГ, НО НЕ…

Read the sentences carefully and answer the question: Does the Speaker know what happened in reality?

1. I could have annoyed Aunt Mary.

2. I could have chosen Oxford.

3. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.

4. The electrical fault could have caused a fire.

5. Someone could have hit him and then he fell and hit himself on the fender or the bedpost.

6. You could have hurt me. The ball brushed my temple.

7. She could have missed the train.

8. She could have found a more civilized occu­pation.

9. Just for a second he could have believed her.

10. Just for once he could have believed her.

11. Either could have done the job.

• The Passive

48

Translate the sentences into Russian to see the means by which the Passive meaning is conveyed in this language.

1. The sports meeting was cancelled.

2. My proposal was not carried.

3. An important discovery has been made.

4. The message has been sent.

5. Are you being served?

6. Mr. Kelly's office is being redecorated.

7. The telephone has been disconnected.

8. The baby was being dressed.

9. Their every action and expression is recorded.

10. Most vegetables and fruit are further processed.

11 . The shipment will be delayed.

12. The evidence was fabricated.

13. I've been sacked.

14. The vase got broken, Mum.

49

The sentences in different sections of this exercise show how the Russian language represents English Passive forms. Translate them into English.

A.

1. Британское правительство возглавляет премьер-министр.

2. Это стихотворение написал Китc.

3. Меня шокировало его поведение.

4. Нас преследует вон та красная машина.

5. Насилие спровоцировала полиция.

B.

1. Ассамблея состоится в следующем году.

2. После каникул политические схватки возоб­новились.

3. В настоящее время план пересматривается.

4. Новые акции выпускаться не будут.

5. Собрания на заводе всегда поощрялись.

C.

1. Резолюция не прошла.

2. Несколько человек получили увечья.

3. Оба автомобиля получили повреждения.

4. Проект не получил одобрения.

5. В доме идёт ремонт.

D.

1. Она ждала меня; комната была приготовлена.

2. Очевидно, номер не был заказан заранее.

3. Фильм был запрещён.

4. С сожалением сообщаем, что рейс будет за­держан.

5. Возможность упущена.

6. Задержка вызвана плохими погодными ус­ловиями.

7. Закон принят во втором чтении.

8. Часть арестованных демонстрантов уже вы­пущена.

9. Боюсь, моё предложение будет отвергнуто.

10. Что будет сделано для этих людей?

Е.

1. Его везде тепло принимают.

2. Меня приняли в Открытый Университет.

3. Молоко доставляют ежедневно.

4. Этот звук часто произносят неправильно.

5. Малыша сейчас будут купать.

6. Помолвку объявят в понедельник.

7. Цену на бензин опять повысили.

8. Немедленно вызвали скорую помощь.

9. Учеников, не выполнивших задание, наказали.

10. Реформам чинили препятствия.

50

Translate the sentences into Russian. Analyze the contexts in which HAVE SOMETHING DONE is used.

1. We couldn't possibly have tackled this job ourselves, so we had it done by a local firm.

2. I went to the bank to have a check cashed.

3. She went to a doctor to have a wart removed from her chin.

4. Alice stopped at the service station to get the tank filled.

5. People still bring their shoes to his shop to have them mended.

6. The shop will have the machine installed for you.

7. We’ve had these photographs taken by a professional.

8. The girl shows such talent for swimming that her father is having her trained by professionals.

9. I’ve just paid to have the TV fixed.

10. He’s had his little Fiat overhauled three times.

11. The engine in Tom’s car couldn’t be repaired, so he had a new one fitted.

12. Surely you don’t have your shoes cleaned for you?

13. You should have your will changed.

14. He has had two of his stories published in a science fiction collection.

51

Translate the sentences into English in the Active and Passive.

1. a) Библиотекарь ведёт (run) курсы информатики.

b) Курсы информатики ведет библиотекарь.

2. a) Проф. Браун проверяет (mark) тесты по анг­лийской литературе.

b) Тесты по английской литературе проверяет проф. Браун.

3. а) Моя мать спасла (rescue) и реставрировала картину.

b) Картину спасла и отреставрировала моя мать.

4. а) Хулиганы сломали (wreck) большинство уличных телефонов в округе.

b) Большинство телефонов в округе сломали хулиганы.

5. а) Солдаты разбили (smash) ей фотокамеру.

b) Фотокамеру ей разбили солдаты.

6. а) Какой-то журналист сфабриковал (manufacture) эту новость.

b) Эту новость сфабриковал какой-то журналист.

7. а) Бунтовщики отключили (sabotage) водопроводную линию.

b) Водопроводная линия была отключена бунтовщиками.

8. а) В прошлом году личинки испортили (spoil) часть моих яблок.

b) В прошлом году часть моих яблок испорти­ли личинки.

9. а) Транснациональные компании уничтожают (destroy) огромные площади лесов ради бы­строй наживы.

b) Огромные лесные площади уничтожают транс­национальные компании ради быстрой наживы.

10. a) Телохранители подавали еду.

b) Еду подавали телохранители.

52

Translate the sentences into Russian giving special attention to the Verbs in the Passive.

A.

1. Many towns in Central Italy were ruined by the earthquake.

2. Whole villages were obliterated by fire.

3. The island was devastated by a hurricane.

4. The power station was wrecked by a gas explosion.

5. Dozens of trees were destroyed by the storm.

B.

1. The environment was further degraded by toxic waste from a nearby chemical plant.

2. The rivers have been polluted by sewage.

3. Miles of beaches have been soiled by the oil spill.

4. The land has been completely poisoned by chemicals.

5. Beautiful scenery has been disfigured by ugly advertising signs.

С.

1. The floor of the little boat was rotted by sea water.

2. The metal structure has been corroded by moisture.

3. The cabinet doors were warped by the heat.

4. The curtains were discoloured by the sun rays.