doscopic salvage should be counseled about the possible need for repeat obliteration if clinical symptoms persist [15, 48, 51].

Tips and Pearls

1.Patient selection – beware of facial pain syndromes of potential nonrhinological origin. Patients with realistic expectations.

2.Preoperative antibiotics and steroids in revision inflammatory surgery.

3.Hypotensive bradycardic anesthesiae to minimize intraoperative bleeding.

4.Experienced scrub nurse familiar with endoscopic instrumentation.

5.Constant balloting of the eye during ethmoid dissection.

6.Frequent correlation with imaging and image guidance is required.

7.Blunt dissection using probes and curette.

8.Judicious use of powered instrumentation.

9.Avoid tight packing material.

10.Postoperative aggressive and meticulous debridement.

References

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–perennial  194

–seasonal  194 allergy

–inhalant  38 allergy testing  195 amino amide  74 amino ester  73 amnesia  72

anatomic objective  276 anatomic variant  203

angiotensin-converting enzyme  29 angled endoscopes  64

anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody  28 antibiotic

–culture-directed  106

–oral  147

antibiotic resistance  139 antibiotic treatment  41 antifungal agent  41 antihistamines  196 antrochoanal polyp  145 arachidonic acid pathway  37 ASA-sensitive patient  30 aspirin-desensitizing  39 aspirin-sensitive patient  21

aspirin desensitization  147 aspirin sensitivity  145, 212 asthma  145, 271

attention deficit disorder. see ADD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. see ADHD aura  218

azathioprine  29

B

bacterial biofilm  306 bacterial infection

– resistant  104 balloon catheter  49 baroreceptor reflex  73 basal lamella  86

beach-chair position  247 beclomethasone  137 benign neoplasm  338 biofilm  30, 134, 139, 306

Subject Index

D

dacryocystitis  237 dacryocystography  236 dacryolith  241 dacryoscintigraphy  237 danger zone  2, 230 delayed epistaxis  182 devices for irrigation  137

dexamethasone ophthalmic  138 diabetes insipidus  249, 297 diabetic ketoacidosis  138 diamond bur  67

diplopia

– vertical  182

disease-specific instrument  318 disfigurement  182

distorted landmark  127 diuretic therapy  176 documentation  226 Draf IIB procedure  131 drainage tube  342

E

efficacy of IGS  266 eicosanoid-pathway  38 eicosanoid release

– vitro analysis of  39 electromagnetic tracking  252 embolization  165

empty sella syndrome  175 encephalocele  290 endocrine evaluation  247 endonasal frontal sinus surgery

– results  124

endoscope irrigation system  76 endoscopic clip applier  69 endoscopic debridement  123, 134 endoscopic findings  320 endoscopic frontal sinusotomy  7

endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure  133 endoscopic surveillance  107

enophthalmos  182 enterotoxin  30 environmental factor  275 environmental fungius  153 eosinophilia

–blood  212

–tissue  212

eosinophilic infiltration  26, 101 eosinophilic inflammation  143 eosinophilic mucin  153 eosinophilic mucus  145 eosinophils  143

Subject Index

eotaxin  143 epinephrine  74 epiphora  144, 235

– functional  242 epithelialization  302, 333 essential landmark  223 esthesioneuroblastoma  290 ethmoidal infundibulum  4 ethmoid sinus surgery  101 ethmoturbinals  92

–posterior  54, 55 foramen rotundum  58 fovea ethmoidalis  57, 230 fracture

–fronto-orbital  181 Friedman

–staging system  207

frontal cell  6, 61, 282 frontal infundibulum  60 frontal recess  6, 260

–neoosteogenesis  117

–pneumatization pattern  256 frontal sinus disease

–iatrogenic  129

349

High-definition (HD) video technology  64 home-based intravenous therapy  314

350

immunoglobulin E  144 immunology  209 immunotherapy  155, 194, 195, 197

– sublingual  38

indications for computer-aided surgery  17 inferior meatal antrostomy  340

inferior orbital fissure  75 inferior turbinate

low-dose aspirin-desensitizing protocol  42 low-dose macrolides  40

lumbar drain  232 Lund-MacKay  320 Lund-Mackay scoring system  201 Lund-Mackay system  203

M

macrolide  147

magnetic resonance cisternography  169 magnetic resonance imaging  128 malignant transformation  339 malignant tumours  213

malleable probes  87 marsupialization  182, 185, 187 matrix metalloproteinase  32 maxillary sinus

–floor  54

–medial  55

–posterior wall  54

–roof  54

maxillary sinus ostium

–missed  270 maxilloturbinal  92 mechanical debridement  89 Meckel’s cave  291

medial maxillectomy  185, 190 medial rectus  225

medical complication  249 medical treatment  25

–primary goal of  25 meningeal inflammation  294 meningitis  168, 174, 249

–chemical  232

Merogel  333 Messerklinger technique  63

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus  309 methotrexate  29

methylene blue  285 microbiology of chronic

rhinosinusitis  138

Subject Index

microdebrider  66

–technology  66 microdebrider blades

–angled  66 middle turbinate

–lateralized  104

–medializing  88, 105

nonrespiratory cuboidal epithelium  276 nosocomial complication  313

O

obesity  175

obstruction of the osteomeatal complex  135 olfactory fossa  121

olfactory meningioma  173 olfactory neuroblastoma  298 Onodi cell  228

operative report  80 operative time  265

osteoplastic obliterative frontal sinus operation  122

performance error  48 pericranial tenderness  218 periorbita  225

periorbital fat herniation  128 permanent stenting  302

persistent frontal sinus obstruction  128 pharmacotherapy  193

phenotypes of CRS  26 physiologic ventilation  132 pituitary adenoma  295 pituitary apoplexy  245 pleomorphic adenoma  159 pneumatic holder  248 pneumocephalus  172, 298 polypectomy  144

Subject Index

Samter’s triad  27, 326 sarcoidosis  22 scarring  135

scar tissue  3

Schneiderian papilloma  160 SepraPack  333

septal deflection  94 septal deformity  93 septal deviation  91 septal excoriation  196 septal window  343 septectomy  132, 295 septoplasty  93

–endoscopic  94 septum

–membranous  91 seromucinous gland

–cystic degeneration  186

severely scarred frontal recess  342

–asymmetry of the  174 sloping skull base  231 smoking  19, 80

spacers  329

sphenoethmoidal recess  110, 111 sphenoethmoid cell  58, 106 sphenoethmoid recess  9 sphenoid ostium  111 sphenoidotomy  109

–large  87

sphenoid sinus

–transethmoid route  112 sphenoid sinus ostium  110

–patency  114 sphenopalatine block  74 sphenopalatine foramen  54