COURT SYSTEM
Court system General Vocabulary and Expressions
1. law – закон, право, общее право
federal law – федеральный закон
to administer, apply, enforce a law — применять закон
to declare a law unconstitutional — объявить закон противоречащим конституции (в США)
to interpret a law — толковать закон
2. judicial branch of power (syn. judiciary) – судебная ветвь власти
judicial supervision– судебный надзор
judicative act – судебный акт
3. justice – правосудие, судья
to administer justice – свершать правосудие
4. court (syn. tribunal) – суд
hierarchy of courts – cудебная иерархия
courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) – суды первой инстанции (общей юрисдикции)
courts of second instance (appellate jurisdiction) – суды второй инстанции (юрисдикции)
courtroom – зал суда
The Constitutional Court – Конституционный Суд
to be in accordance with the constitution – быть в соответствии с конституцией
The Supreme Court – Верховный Суд
District courts – районные/окружные суды
The Supreme Arbitration Court – Верховный Арбитражный Суд
The Magistrate's Court – Суд Магистрата, Магистратский Суд, Мировой Суд
The Crown Court – суд короны
The County Court – суд графства
The High Court of Justice – Высокий суд правосудия
The Court of Appeal – Апелляционный суд
The House of Lords (9 Law Lords) – палата лордов (9 судебных лордов, лорды-судьи)
Lord Chancellor лорд-канцлер (высшее судебное должностное лицо; является председателем юридической комиссии Тайного совета [Privy Council]. Назначает мировых судей [Justice of the Peace]. Является главным советником правительства по юридическим и конституционным вопросам, а хранителем Большой государственной печати [Great Seal]
The European Court of Justice – Европейский суд правосудия
The European Court of Human Rights – Европейский суд по правам человека
5. trial – судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс; слушание дела по существу
to conduct (syn. to hold) a trial – вести судебный процесс
to send for trial — передать дело для слушания в суд
6. appeal – апелляция, апелляционная жалоба; обжалование
to file an appeal against a decision — подать апелляцию по вынесенному решению
to direct an appeal — направить апелляцию
without appeal — обжалованию не подлежит
7. case (syn. suit, legal suit, lawsuit, brief) – дело
civil, criminal and administrative cases – уголовные, гражданские и административные дела
to hear a case in court – разбирать, заслушивать дело в суде
the hearing of a case – слушанье дела
to examine a case in substance – рассматривать дело по существу
8. prosecution (ant. defence)– обвинение
9. сross-examination – перекрестный допрос
Text 1.
Rf courts and their functions
In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierarchy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower courts.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the state.
There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance (appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court, from the district court to the Supreme Court of the state may sit as a court of first instance. In almost all cases it is possible to appeal to higher court for reconsideration of the decision of the original court. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.
The Constitutional Court ensures that the laws and other normative acts passed or being considered by the supreme and local legislative branches are constitutional.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative and other cases under the jurisdiction of common courts. It exercises judicial supervision over the activities in the procedural forms envisaged by federal law and provides interpretation on the issues of court practice. It tries the most important criminal and civil cases and likewise hears appeals against the judgements and sentences of other courts.
The basic judicial body is the district court. District courts try both criminal and civil cases. It is also the duty of the district courts to protect the electorial rights of citizens. The higher courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation hear and determine cases of major importance. They are courts of appellate jurisdiction.
The Supreme Arbitration Court is the highest judicial body for settling economic disputes and other cases examined by courts of arbitration; it exercises judicial supervision over their activities in the procedural forms envisaged by federal law and provides interpretation on issues of court proceedings.
In all courts cases are tried in public. The participants in the trial (the prosecutor, the lawyers, the plaintiff, the judge, the defendant and the others) speak in the open court. The accused is guaranteed the right to defend. The press has the right to be present.
During the hearing of a case any citizen may enter the courtroom and be present during the trial from the beginning to the end. The hearing of cases in closed session is allowed only in exceptional cases. Closed sessions are only allowed if it is in the interests of both sides or for the necessity to keep state secrets. Trial without participation of both sides is not allowed. The judges are independent and they must obey the law.
Task 1. Are these statements true or false?
1. There are courts of first instance and second instance.
2. A court of first instance examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of other courts.
3. Any court, from the district court to the Supreme Court of the state, may sit as a court of first instance.
4. Higher courts hear and determine cases of major importance.
5. The basic judicial body is the Supreme Court.
Task 2. Match English words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.
a) to administer justice 1) рассматривать дело по существу
b) to bring in a sentence, a decision, a judgement 2) жалоба
c) to examine a case in substance 3) вынести приговор, решение
d) an appeal 4) отправлять правосудие
e) the power of supervision over 5) подлежать отзыву
f) to be subject to removal 6) право надзора
g) a prosecutor 7) обвиняемый
h) an accused 8) обвинитель
i) a defendant 9) ответчик
j) a victim 10) истец
k) a plaintiff 11) потерпевший
l) judicial 12) судебный
Task 3. Finish the following sentences:
1. There are courts of first ...
2. A court of first instance examines ...
3. A court of second instance examines …
4. The basic judicial body is ...
5. The highest judicial body is...
6. It has the power of supervision of ...
7. It gives interpretation ...
8. It tries the most ...
9. It hears appeals against...
Task 4. Scan the text to find the answers to the 6 "What"-questions.
1. What is the role of each court?
2. What is the function of a court of first instance?
3. What is the basic judicial body of state?
4. What is the function of a court of second instance?
5. What cases does a district court consider?
6. What are the functions of the Supreme Court?
Text 2.
Read the text