English_book_2nd_year_FEA (1)

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Ever since Volta first produced a source of continuous current, men of science have been forming theories on this subject. For some time they could see no real difference between the newly discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charges. Then the famous French scientist Ampere /after whom the unit of current was named /determined the difference between the current and the static charges. In addition to it, Ampere gave the current direction: he supposed the current to flow from the positive pole of the source round the circuit and back again to the negative pole.

We consider Ampere to be right in his first statement but he was certainly wrong in the second, as to the direction of the current. The student is certain to remember that the flow of current is in a direction opposite to what he thought.

Let us turn our attention now to the electric current itself. The current, which flows along wires, consists of moving elec-

trons. What can we say about the electron? We know the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge. We also know that this charge is negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current.

In addition to travelling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements.

Some liquids, such as melted metals, for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be d.c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time /i. e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal/.

The letters a.c. stands for alternating current. The current

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chair is Yandulsky A.S.

The annual enrolment of students is 25 persons. The curriculum includes the subjects of general education and special subjects.

First of all, Mathematical problems of energetics, algorythmization and programming of energetica1 tasks, bases and means of transference of information, electrical systems simulation, relaying and automation of electrical systems dispatching.

To give the students of this speciality all-round education in the field of electrical engineering other chairs of the Department are engaged in their training. All tee students of the chair take an active part in scientific research work. More than 200 specialists have graduated from the KPI.

After graduation young specialists work at informative computation centres of power systems and power complexes, at scientific research institutions and institutes of the Academy of Sciences and other fields of national economy.

New words and expressions from the text: 1. Electric power – електрична система

2. design process – процес розрахунку

3. ernergetical mode – енергетичний режим

4. a relaying device – пристррій релейного захисту

5. antifailure automation – протиаварійна автоматика

6. annual enrolment –щоричне прийняття

7. curriculum – учбовий план

8. subjects of general education – загальноосвітні предмети

9. mathematical problems – математичні задачі

Answer the following questions:

1. When was the chair of electrical systems founder?

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special - speciality - specialist - especially; to operate operation - operator.,

to create creator creation - creative - creatively; to research researcher - research;

to construct - constructor - construction - constructive,

to produce - producer - production - productive - productivity; to carry - to carry out - to carry on;

to develop - development;

to direct - director - direction - directly – directive;

Cybernetics of electrical systems

"Cybernetics of electrical systems “ is the youngest speciality at the Power Engineering Department of the Kiev Polytechnical Institute.

The chair was founded in 1965 and was headed by Professor Cizila E.P. At first it was called "The chair of relaying and automation of electric power systems. In 1975 it was renamed into "The chair of automation of electric power systems”. Up to 1978 there were two specialities: the first - automation of industry and distribution of electric energy and the second-cybernetics of electrical systems. Since 1979 there remained the latter that is "Cybernetics of electrical systems”.

The word "cybernetics" has originated from a Greek ward meaning “control”. Cybernetics was defined by Wiener as "the science of control and communication, in the animal and machine". Cybernetics provides effective methods for the study and control of systems that are intrinsically extremely complex, one of the functions of cybernetics is to study the new techniques that are needed in order to enable the scientists to cope with the increasingly complex problems.

At present the chair works at the problems of algorythmization of the tasks of power energetics, collection, handling and transference of information for the operative control of the design processes of energetical mode, working out relaying devices and antifailure automation. The teaching staff of the chair consists of highly qualified specialists of which 10 are candidates of technical sciences and two professors.Now the head of the

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under consideration flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one . The a.c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second. One of the great advantages of a.c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.

Although there are numerous cases when d.c. is required, at least 90 percent of electrical energy to be generated at present is a.c. In fact, it finds wide application for lighting, heating, industrial and some other purposes.

One cannot help mentioning here that Yablochkov, Russian scientist and inventor, was the first to apply a.c. in practice.

EXERCISES

1. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I-IV.

Model a/: The current is known to consist of moving electrons.

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round specialists for all branches of our economy to secure reliable operation of insulation of highvoltage transmission lines, transformers and electrical apparatus and so on.

10. partial discharge – частковий розряд

11. method of recording effects – методика реєстрації вплив у

Answer the following questions:

1. When was the first School of High Voltage Technique founded?

2. What problems do the High Voltage scientists work at?

3. When was the chair of High Voltage Technique founded in the KPI.

4. What is the main task of the chair?

5. What scientific research have the specialists of the chair carried on?

6. Where do the graduates of the chair introduce the latest achievements of science on electricity?

7. In what fields of national economy do the graduates of the chair work?

8. Why do the students of the speciality "High Voltage Technique" take active pert in student scientific societies?

9. Is the teaching staff of the chair doing its best to train allround specialists?

Translate the following groups of words: to found - founder - foundation;

to install – installation;

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Technique'' was founded at first in 1954 on the basis of the chair of "Electrical Networks and Electric Systems” at the Power Engineering Department.

But in 1969 it became the leading and independent chair at the Power Engineering Department. Since that time it has developed rapidly. The main task of the chair is training electricalengineers who can introduce the latest achievements of science on electricity into intensively developing branches of industry such as high voltage transforming and construction of electrical apparatus.

The teaching staff of the chair along with the improvement of curriculum and training specialists carries on great scientific research in designs, construction and maintenance of high voltage insulating installations. Thus at the chair headed by Prof. Brzhesitsky V.A.a new device for measuring electrophysical polarity characteristics of multilayer dielectrics was designed and constructed. Then automatic devices for analysis of high sensitive gases liberating during transformer operation as well as a new method of recording partial discharges effects on high voltage insulation were developed and greeted at the chair.

At present the chair is working at the problem of creation of a new powerful accelerator of hydrogen ions for thermonuclear synthesis. Graduates of this speciality are qualified electrical engineers who are working in different fields of our industry and national economy on the whole. Many of them are working in heavy industry, at the academic and branch scientific research institutions, they are also serving in the Army as technical specialists.

For example, the engineers and scientific personnel of the Zaporozhsky transformer plant which is the largest in the country and Europe are graduates of the chair.

In addition to the fundamental training in their speciality the students must have profound knowledge in some branches of applied physics and physical chemistry. They must be able to carry on scientific research to work in design construction and technological manufacture of many articles. That is why they take an active part in student scientific societies where they begin to do independent research work.

The teaching staff of the chair is doing its best to train all-

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1.Щоб отримати постійний струм, необхідно мати его джерело. 2.Пірометр застосовується до вимірювання температури гарячих матеріалів. 3. Людина навчилася озщеплювати атом для того, щоб отримувати велику кількість енергії. 4. Вчені намагаються роз'вязати проблему, пов'язану з новими явищами в галузі електроники. 5. Громовідвід – це металевий пристрій для захисту будинків від блискавки. 6. В ті часи було дуже небезпечно проводити досліди з атмосферною електрикою. 7. Намагнітити предмет - це означає розташувати його в полі магніту.

III. Form six sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I and II.

IV. Answer the following questions.

1. Who first produced a source of continuous current? 2. After whom was the unit of current named? 3. Who determined the difference between the current and the static charges? 4. What did Ampere suppose? 5. What can you say about an electron? 6. What charges do you know? 7. When does a wire carry an electric current? 8. Do liquids conduct current? 9. What can you say about the electrolytes? 10. What do you call d.c.? 11. What is the advantage of a.c.? 12. Where is a.c. used? 13. Who first applied a.c.

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V. Ask your groupmates the following questions. Let him/her answer them:

1. if electricity is a form of energy. 2. if there are two types of electricity. 3. if alternating voltage can be increased and decreased. 4. if Franklin made an important contribution to the science of electricity. 5.if Ampere determined the difference between the current and the static charges. 6.if the electric current can flow through liquids and through gases. 7.if the electrolytes change greatly when the current passes through then. 8. if a negatively charged electron will move to the positive and of the wire.

VI. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your groupmates to answer them.

VII. Find the wrong statements and correct them.

1. Electrons flow from the positively charged terminal of battery to the negatively charged terminal. 2. Ampere supposed the current to flow from the negative pole to the positive one. 3.Static electricity is used for practical purposes. 4. Static electricity is not very high in voltage and it is easy to control it. 5. To show that the charges are unlike and opposite Franklin decided to call the charge on the rubber positive and that on the glass negative. 6. Galvanic thought that electricity was generated because of the contact of the two dissimilar metals used. 7. Volta took great interest in atmospheric electricity and began to carry on experiments. 8. The direct current used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles a second.

VIII. Explain why

1. static electricity cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water to run electric trains and so on. 2. voltage is increased an decreased. 3. the unit of electric pressure is called the volt 4.students mast learn English. 5. Ampere was wrong as to the current direction. 6. the current Is said to flow from the positive end of the wire to its negative end.

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2. When was the chair of Central Power Plants founded?

3. What scientists were among the first to contribute to it's formation and further development?

4. How many specialists have graduated from KPI since the formation of the chair?

5. What role did they play in different periods of our country?

6. Why did our government pay great attention to the development of power energetics?

7. Why did our country need more and more energy?

8. Where does the generation of electric energy for the network take place?

9. What problems is the scientific activity of the chair connected with?

10. To what problems were the scientific works of the chair mainly directed during the last decade?

11. What subjects does the curriculum of the speciality "central Power Plants" include?

12. Who is the head of the chair ''Central Power Plants" at present?

13. What contribution did the chair make to the training of specialists for the developing countries?

14. In what work do the students take part?

High Voltage Technique

The history of the speciality “High Voltage Technique” is connected with the electrification of developed countries and the wide production of electrical apparatus in the first of the 20th century.

In 1930 Prof. Smurovikh founded the first Soviet school of High Voltage Technique which laid the foundation of the speciality. The work and traditions of this school followed by many other schools of this kind which were opened in many cities of Ukraine. These schools worked at the problems connected with the intensive development of energetic system of Ukraine and providing special physical experiments.

At the Kiev Polytechnical Institute the chair of “High Voltage

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The chair has made great contribution to the training of specialists for developing countries of Asia, Latin America and other European countries.

The students of this speciality take an active part in the scientific research work of the chair. Students scientific paper are presented for participation in the competitions. Some of them receive the diplomas of the first and second degree and the diplomas of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Words and word combinations from the text 1. to be founded – бути заснованим

2. a number of - ряд

3. to contribute to – внесок /у науку/ 4. to make contribution to - внесок

5. to do one’s best – робити все можливе 6. to provide with - забеспечувати

7. to squire knowledge – набувати знання

8. to graduate from – кінчати вищій учбовий заклад

9. to pay a role – грати роль

10. from the very first years – з самих перших літ 11. to play great attention to –звертати увагу

12. along with – поряд з чимось

13. to set a task – ставити завдання

14. to take place – відбуватися

15. consumption – споживання

16. to amount – складати

17. to be connected with - бути зв’язаним

18. methods and means of controling – методи і засоби управління

19. power plant’s mode of operation – режим роботи електростанцій

20. to take part – брати участь

21. to effect an economy – дати економію

22. curriculum – учбовий план

Exercises

Exercises I. Answer the following questions:

1. What speciality is one of the oldest among the specialities of the KPI?

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IX. Define the following terms:

battery, alternating current, direct current, static electricity, electric current, wire, laboratory, terminal, electron.

X. Give a short summary of the Text.

UNIT 3.

Grammar. The Infinitive /Revision/

CLASS EXERCISES

I. Choose the sentences with a/ the Subjective Infinitive Construction: b/ the Objective Infinitive Construction. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. The current is known to flow when the circuit is closed. 2. To stop the current flow is to break the circuit in some point. 3. To stop the current flow you must open the circuit. 4. A fuse is expected to melt and break the circuit. 5. Much more heat is required for the water to boil in the kettle than for the needle to become white-hot. 6. Various switches are used to open or to close a circuit. 8. We know the circuit to be a path of an electric current. 9. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault. 10. The overloading of the line is likely to produce a short circuit. 11. Electromotive force is necessary for the current to flow along the circuit. 12. Ampere supposed the current to flow from the positive pole of the source to the negative pole.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

The electric circuit is the subject to be dealt with in the present article. But what does the above term really mean? We know the circuit to be a complete path, which carries the current from the source of supply to the load and then carries it again from the load back to the source.

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The purpose of the electrical source is to produce the necessary electromotive force required for the flow of current through the circuit.

The path along which the electrons travel must be complete otherwise no electric power can be supplied from the source to the load. Thus we close the circuit when we switch on our electric lamp.

If the circuit is broken or, as we generally say, "open" anywhere, the current is known to stop everywhere. Hence, we break the circuit when we switch off our electrical devices. Generally speaking the current may pass through solid conductors, liquids, gases, vacuum, or any combination of these. It may flow in its turn over transmission lines from the power stations through transformers, cables and switches, through lamps, heaters, motors and so on.

There are various kinds of electric circuits such as: open circuits, closed circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits.

To understand the difference between the following circuit connection is not difficult at all. When electrical devices are connected so that the current flows from one device to another, they are said to be connected in series. Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit, as there is only a single path along which it may flow. The electrical bell circuit is considered to be a typical example of a series circuit. The parallel circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through one path, and part through another. The lamps in your room and your house are genera1ly connected in parallel.

Now we shall turn our attention to the short circuit sometimes called "the short". The short circuit is produced when the current is allowed to return to the source of supply without control and without doing the work that we want it to do. The short circuit often results from cable fault or wire fault. Under certain conditions, the short circuit may cause fire because the current flows where it was not supposed to flow. If the current flow is too great a fuse is to be used as a safety device to

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Central Power Plants

The Chair of Central Power Plants is one of the oldest in the Kiev Polytechnical Institute. It was founded in 1930 and was one of the first in the country.

A number of famous Ukrainian scientists greatly contributed to the formation end further development, of the chair. Among them were professors Domansky B.I., Greben I.I., Orlovsky A.B. and in recent years Kalnibolotsky M.L.

At present the teaching staff of the chair consists of highly qualified teachers who do their best to provide our students with an all-round scientific and technical education.

The curriculum of the speciality "Central Power Plants" includes many special subjects which give the possibility to acquire a wide knowledge in this field.

More then 3000 highly qualified engineers of this speciality have graduated from the KPI since 1930.

They played an important role and made great contribution in the period of restoration and development of national economy.

As a result of rising standards of civilisation and growing industrial application of the electric current along increasing economic and cultural levels of our people our country needed more and more energy.

The generation of electric energy for the network takes place at the power plants, the basis of which constitute powerful and superpowerful thermal (ThPS) atomic (APS) and hydro (HPS) power stations.

The scientific activity of the chair is connected with working out the theory, methods and means of controlling the energetical projects.

During the last decade the scientific works of the chair were directed mainly to the problems of optimal control of power plants mode of operation, the creation of highly effective algorithms and the programmes for the analysis of transient processes in energetical projects.

Among the graduates of the chair there are many well-known people not only in our country but abroad as well.

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work in student scientific societies?

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stop the current flow.

The fuse must be placed in every circuit where there is a danger of overloading the line. Then all the current to be sent will pass through the fuse.

When a short circuit or an overload causes more current to flow than the carring capacity of the wire, the wire becomes hot and sets fire to the insulation. If the flow of current is greater than the carring capacity of the fuse, the fuse melts and opens the circuit.

A simple electric circuit is illustrated in Fig.l. In this figure a 4-cell battery has been used, the switch being in an open position. If the switch is in a closed position, the current will flow around the circuit in the direction shown by the arrows.

Fig.1. A simple electric circuits.

EXERCISES

1.Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given below as, as well, as well as

1. It is necessary to remember the term “circuit” … it is impossible to work with electricity without circuits. 2. A short circuit may cause wire fault ... cable fault. 3. Travelling thro -

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II. Translate the following questions and answer them:

1.Do you want to translate this article? 2. Do you want me to translate this article? 3. Do you know this scientist? 4. Do you

Did you hear my report? 6. Did you hear my friend make a report? 7. Did you see our teacher? 8. Did you see our teacher enter the room?

III. Ask your group mate the following questions. Let him/her answer them.

1. if a circuit is a complete path. 2. if there are different kinds of circuit. 3. if the current can pass through liquids.

4. if we open the circuit when we switch on the light. 5. if the lamps in the room are connected in series. 6. if the fuse is a safety device. 7. if the fuse must be pieced in every circuit. 8. if the current flows when the circuit is closed.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What is discussed in the present article? 2. What do we call an electric circuit? 3. What kinds of circuits do you know?

4. When is a "short" produced? 5. What does a short circuit often result from? 6. What safety device is used in the circuit when the current is too great? 7. What do we mean by the term "short circuit"? 8. What does the term "closed circuit" mean? 9. Why does the current flow when the circuit is closed? 10. What do you call a fuse? 11. Dose the current flow when the switch is in the open position?

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chair. Thus in l972 such a speciality as cybernetics of systems joined the chair of automation of electrical systems and in 1974 the speciality of electric supply of national economy joined the faculty of mining electric mechanics. During its existence the chair has worked in 2 main directions. On the one hand it is the improvement of educational process and on the other hand - the development of material basis for scientific research.

The teaching staff which consists of highly qualified instructors, lecturers, professors do their best to train all-round qualified specialists. Many books and scientific monograms have been written and published by the teachers of the chair.

The scientific research on the actual problem of energetics is being carried out at our chair. It was one of the first, which began using computers for calculations of electric networks – this tendency is continued until now.

More than 200 highly qualified specialists who work in the fields of construction, design and operation of systems of power supply of national economy have been trained at the chair.

Among graduates of this chair we can find academicians and doctors of science, state prize winners and well-known state leaders as well as the common honest workers who by their labour contribute much to economic and military might of our Motherland.

Training future electrical engineers is a matter of great importance.

The students are lectured on compulsory course, special course and optional one. They are to attend lectures, seminars and to do their laboratory assignments under supervision of highly qualified teaching personnel. The students also have to present their essays on different aspects of speciality. They have to read special literature in different foreign languages to acquire the latest information on their speciality.

Many students do independent research work in student scientific societies. I am completely captivated by this speciality. It is very important for the development of all branches of national economy.

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My Speciality

(Electrical Networks and Electrical Systems)

The 20th century was the age of rapid engineering progress and of amazing scientific discoveries. And all the modern miracles of scientific end engineering progress became possible due to electricity. Electric current plays an important part in everyday life as well as in industry and agriculture.

At present nobody can imagine our civilization without electricity.

Great progress has been made in electric engineering since Volta constructed the first continuous source of electric current. The scientists in electrical engineering have contributed much to all branches of modern technology.

I am a student of the KPI of power engineering department. Our department is one of the oldest in our Institute. It trains specialists in Electrical Networks and Electric Systems, Central Power Plants, High Voltage Technique, Cybernetics of electrical systems. The Speciality on Electrical Networks and Electric Systems is one of the oldest at the Kiev Polytechnical Institute. In 1924 only 3 persons who were engaged in this speciality graduated from the Institute. One of them defended his diploma on electrical networks and the others - on power stations. It was the first graduation of specialists in this speciality.

The first head of the chair was Professor G.M. Gorodetsky who got education at the Higher Technical School in Dermstand (now FRG).

In 1955 Professor V.G. Kholmsky a famous Soviet specialist in science of electricity headed the chair. He made great contribution to the development of the computation theory of electric systems and electrical networks.

After his death in 1975 the chair was headed by the Assistant Professor V.N. Sulejmanov.

The chair has been developed rapidly and the number of graduates has been increased constantly, reaching 120 - 140 persons a year. In 1960 - 1970 the chair trained specialists on such specialities as networks and systems, electric power supply of industrial enterprises and agriculture, cybernetics of electrical systems.

Twice the administration of the Institute intended to divide

the

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V.Speak on the difference between:

1. Closed circuits and open circuits. 2. Series circuits and parallel circuits. 3. Fuses and switches.

VI. Retell Text "Electric Circuit".

VII. Find the wrong statement and correct it in several sentences: 1. The wires carrying the current are connected to earth.

2. Water provides a path for the current to flow. 3. The electric power can serve us well if it is used wisely.

UNIT 4

Grammar. The Attribute. Attributive Clauses.

CLASS EXERCISES

I. a/ Apply suitable attributes to the following nouns. Model: electric charge

wire, engineering, conductor, difference, opposition matrial, line, insulator, light, cord

b/ Form sentences using the above nouns qualified by adjec-

tives.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the attribute and attributive clauses:

1. The methods of solving the problem were discussed at the lesson. 2. The problem solved opened up new possibilities of nuclear energy application. 3. The devices Ukraine produces are known all over the world. 4. The data obtained helped the students in their research work. 5. The measuring instruments we use in the laboratory were produced in Ukraine. 6. The power generated was supplied to a number of factories. 7. The teacher spoke about the device to be tested and the motor to be started. 8. The material the conductors are made of must with-

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