Computers in our life

Advantages	Disadvantages

Task 14.	Say a few words about advantages and disadvantages of using computers in our life. The information from the table above may be useful.
Task 15.	Working in groups discuss with your partners the following: What can be done with the help of computer? How do people use computer for their work or study? Where is computer used in industry?
Task 16.	Write a short essay on the topic: “Can you imagine your life without computer?”

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
	achievement	досягнення
	abacus	абака, рахівниця
	clay	глина
	to combine	поєднувати, об’єднувати
	to compare	порівнювати
	to compute	обчислювати
	daily use	повсякденне використання
	data storage system	система збереження даних
	electronic diary	електронний щоденник
	equipment	обладнання
	forerunner	попередник
	hybrid (adj.)	змішаного типу
	imagination	уява
	to improve	покращувати
	mankind	людство
	missile	ракета
	modernity	сучасність
	notes	нотатки
	numerical measurements	числові вимірювання
	nursery rhymes	колискові пісні
	scholastic	учбовий, шкільний
	steam-engine	паровий двигун
	to store	зберігати
	switch	перемикач
	violent	інтенсивний, насильницький

UNIT 4

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Task 1.

List the main components of the computer you know. Combine your list with the others in your group and discuss the function each component has.

Task 2.

Before you read the text answer the question: What do you know about software and hardware?

Task 3.

Before reading the text pay attention to the pronunciation of the letters ‘ch’:

1. change, chief, teach, choose, chain, chance, research;

2. school, character, technology, chemistry, mechanics, chronic;

3. machine, .

Task 4.	Read the text above and complete the table using the information from the text:
		name	function
hardware			to tape the information
		CPU
			to output the information from computer to paper
software

Computers are fast and efficient machines that can do in seconds what would take a person hours, days, or even months. They have become an important part of our lives.

Since the first-generation computers were designed and built in the 1940s and 50s, computers have become very sophisticated and complex machines. Computers have decreased greatly in price. Computer technology has changed the way we live and created problems. Computers have created new ways to commit fraud, and they have posed new ethical problems. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer. Computers are used more and more in business, industry, agriculture, at home.

An important use of computers is in education. It is called computer assisted instruction. It is becoming more and more popular at all levels of education from pre-school to university. There are computer games that teach 3-year-olds how to read and spell. Starting in kindergarten, computers are used in the classroom to allow students to work without a teacher on subjects ranging from mathematics to reading, and from history to English.

Many people fear the computer because they do not really understand it. “Computer literacy” is a new term used to describe a working knowledge of the computer and a familiarity with the terminology. The growth of computer technologies has eliminated many jobs. But computers create as many jobs as they take away.

So, what is a computer? A computer is a high-speed electronic machine used for word and data processing. In its simplest configuration, a computer system consists of three components. These parts are an input device (keyboard), the central processing unit (CPU), and an output device (printer). These are usually referred to as “hardware”. Software is needed to make this hardware capable of performing useful operations. Software is a collection of different types of programs that make the computer run.

The keyboard is the most common input device. Once the programs and data are typed on the terminal keyboard, they are transferred into the computer memory. The typed material appears either on paper or on a screen.

The central processing unit is the brain and the heart of the computer system.

The memory of the computer is its storage area. The capacity of the memory is measured in thousands of characters, usually referred to as kilos of bytes. Each byte can store one character. For example, if the word English were to be stored in memory, it would use seven bytes. Each letter would use one byte for a total of seven. A small system with 8 K bytes (8 kilos of bytes) has a main storage area of approximately eight thousand characters.

The control unit is the chief executive of the computer system. All the other components of the computer are directed by the control unit. It supervises all the operations in the system. The control unit gets the instructions from memory, executes them, and orders the input and output devices to perform. The memory and the control unit are parts of the central processing unit.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

універсальний комп’ютер, значно більша швидкість та точність, блок пам’яті, надсилати сигнал, обробляти дані, дослідницькі центри, широко застосовувати, блок управління, важлива частина життя, складні машини, значно подорожчати, допоміжні інструкції, “комп’ютерна грамотність”, обробка даних, контролювати операції системи.

Task 6.

Translate into Ukrainian the following English word combinations:

fast and efficient machines, first-generation, sophisticated and complex, to create, to commit fraud, to pose, to allow, to fear, computer literacy, to eliminate, data processing, in its simplest configuration, input device (keyboard), central processing unit (CPU), output device (printer), hardware, programs and data, computer memory, screen, storage area, the capacity of the memory, to store, character, byte, to supervise, vast improvements, research laboratories.

Task 7.

Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

slow, undo, unimportant, simple, increase, old, less, to forbid, decline, input, soft, disappear, the same, to give.

Task 8.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

A computer	is	the most common input device.
The central processing unit		a collection of different types of programs that make the computer run.
The keyboard		its storage area.
The memory of the computer		a high-speed electronic machine used for word and data processing.
Software		the supervisor of all the operations in the system.
The control unit		the brain and the heart of the computer system.

Task 9.

Find the odd word out in each of these short lists:

1. quick, fast, slow, rapid;

2. printer, keyboard, vacuum cleaner, scanner;

3. device, pool, tool, instrument;

4. date, information, data, fact.

Task 10.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сучасні комп’ютери це швидкі та складні машини.

2. Комп’ютери використовуються в таких сферах як промисловість, навчання, сільське господарство та ін.

3. З часом комп’ютери замінюють працівників в одній сфері, але створюють робочі місця в іншій.

4. Основна функція комп’ютера це збереження та обробка даних.

5. Ми можемо ввести дані в комп’ютер за допомогою клавіатури, а вивести за допомогою принтеру.

6. Серце комп’ютера це блок управління, який керує всіма процесами.

Task 11.

Work in pairs. Imagine that one of you wants to buy computer (buyer), and the second is well-informed about computers (seller). Make up the dialogue and dramatize it.

Task 12.	Pick up from the text all the words relating to the topic COMPUTER:
computer, to store, …

Task 13.

Write a short story on the topic: “Computer: is it good or bad?”

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	agriculture	сільське господарство
2.	central processing unit (CPU)	центральний процесор
3.	character	символ, літера, знак
4.	to commit	здійснювати
5.	control unit	блок управління
6.	to decrease	зменшувати
7.	to direct	управляти, спрямовувати
8.	efficient	результативний, ефективний
9.	to eliminate	ліквідувати, усувати
10.	to execute	виконувати
11.	familiarity	знання, ознайомленість
12.	to fear	боятися
13.	first-generation computers	комп’ютери першого покоління
14.	fraud	шахрайство
15.	hardware	технічне забезпечення
16.	input device	вхідний пристрій
17.	output device	пристрій виводу даних
18.	to perform	виконувати, здійснювати
19.	to pose	формулювати, пропонувати
20.	software	програмне забезпечення
21.	sophisticated	складний, удосконалений
22.	to spell	вимовляти (по літерах)
23.	storage area	ділянка пам’яті
24.	to store	зберігати
25.	to supervise	наглядати, спостерігати

UNIT 5		TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY PROBLEMS
Task 1.	Discuss with your partner the following questions:

1. What is environment?

2. What are the interrelations between man and nature?

Task 2.

Working in group discuss if there is any connection between economic-technological development and ecology problems and present your ideas in a few words.

Task 3.

Before reading the text pay attention to the pronunciation of the ending ‘-ed’:

1. remained, changed, increased, conquered, tried, solved, suffered, survived, dared, struggled, combined;

2. developed, worked, perished;

3. complicated, interrelated, protected, activated, effected, polluted, landed, resulted.

Task 3.

You are going to read about economic-technological development and ecology problems. Define whether the following statements based on the text are true “+” or false “-”.

3. During centuries man was trying to live in harmony with nature, but did not survive.

4. A lot of animal and plant species suffer from industrial activity of a man.

5. The main problem of environmental protection is the acid rains.

6. To solve the ecological problem we have to work on cooperation.

For millennia man had to struggle against nature in order to survive and develop. For many thousands of years man remained weak while nature was omnipotent.

However as economy developed, the scientific and technological revolution increased the correlation of forces between man and nature changed. Man gradually grew so strong that he dared to declare himself the “king of nature” and contemplated conquering and remoulding nature to his liking. In his conquer of nature man became so great that his economic achievements began to have an increasingly negative effect on nature, on the biosphere.

Road and factory constructions, industrial development take away to seven million hectares of land every year. Forest disappears at a rate of 20 hectares a minute. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 76 animal species and several hundred plant species of the Earth became extinct in the last 60 years alone.

Today animals and plants perish not so much due to their physical extermination by hunting, fishing, or open-cast mining, as due to the production of chemical and other industrial pollutants, poisoning the biosphere.

Each year the world economy ejects into the atmosphere over 200 million of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of diverse hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ash and nearly 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide. They fall back upon the Earth in the form of “acid rains”.

Expansion of man’s activities in outer space and mastering nuclear energy make the relationship between man and nature still more complicated.

In view of this nature and environment protection is one of the major ecological problems. Today it is clear that economic, social, technological and biological processes are closely interrelated. We must consider modern production as a complicated ecological — economic system. It is only a strictly scientific approach to the industrial-technological development that can solve ecological problems.

Nature and environment protection is one of the major functions of the state, reflecting concept of society’s attitude to the environment. It became a constitutional principle. The State Committee for Hydro-meteorological and Environmental Control and other Government agencies together with public organisations supervise permanently ecological conditions in the country. The majority of states support initiatives and proposals of our country on Nature Conservation. Today more and more people in various countries begin to understand that countries both far and near one another are ecologically interdependent. Therefore all nations must cooperate in solving global problems of ecology.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

боротися, вижити, розвиватись, науково-технічна революція, економічні досягнення, будівництво доріг, хімічні та промислові забруднювачі, чадний газ, відкритий космос, атомна енергія, відношення суспільства до навколишнього середовища, конституційний закон, екологічно взаємозалежні країни.

Task 5.

Translate the following English words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

in order to, to be omnipotent, the correlation of forces, to declare, conquering and remoulding nature, at a rate of, animal species, to become extinct, to perish, hunting, fishing, open-cast mining, diverse hydrocarbons, acid rain, nature and environment protection, global problems of ecology.

Task 6.

Explain the following words and word combinations in English without translation:

protection, pollutants, biosphere, ecologically interdependent, outer space.

Task 7.

Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian, paying attention to adverbs:

gradually grew, increasingly negative, closely interrelated, strictly scientific, permanently supervise, ecologically interdependent.

Task 8.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. З розвитком науки та технології людина змогла підкорити природу до своїх уподобань та потреб.

2. Щороку через людську діяльність зникають сотні гектарів лісів, багато видів рослин та тварин.

3. Промислові та хімічні забруднювачі погіршують стан навколишнього середовища.

4. Держава має створити єдину промислово-екологічну систему для контролю стану навколишнього середовища.

Task 9.

Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense:

1. Students (to spend) 3 weeks at the research laboratory last winter.

2. The environmental situation in Ukraine (to get worse).

3. State (to carry out) different laws, reflecting concept of society’s atti­tude to the environment.

4. It (to rain) all day and the roads were very wet.

5. Last spring (to be) wonderful. The sun (to shine) and the birds (to sing).

Task 10.	First, fill in the table with the necessary verb forms. Then choose five verbs and make up sentences using the past simple:
	Infinitive		Past Simple		Past Participle
	be
	become
	build
	do
	get
	go
	have
	keep
	make
	write

Task 11.	Prove the statement: At present the nature and environment protection is one of the major tasks of mankind.
Task 12.	Write a short essay on the topic: Negative effect of industrial development on nature.

Such words may be useful:

road and factory constructions, industrial development, production of chemical and other industrial pollutants, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, acid rains, take away, forest, to disappear, animal species, plant species, to perish, poisoning the biosphere, to eject, complicated ecological — economic system.

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	ash	зола, попіл
2.	conquer	підкорення, завоювання
3.	constitutional principle	конституційна норма
4.	to contemplate	розглядати, вважати
5.	correlation of forces	співвідношення сил
6.	to dare	насмілюватись
7.	to declare	проголошувати, наголошувати
8.	to disappear	зникати
9.	diverse	різноманітний
10.	environment protection	захист навколишнього середовища
11.	factory constructions	будівництво заводів
12.	industrial pollutants	промислові забруднювачі
13.	interdependent	взаємозалежність
14.	millennia	тисячоліття
15.	omnipotent	всемогутній, величезний
16.	open-cast mining	відкрита розробка
17.	to remould	змінювати, підлаштовувати
18.	to perish	гинути, зникати
19.	physical extermination	фізичне винищення
20.	plant	рослина, 2) завод
21.	to remain	залишатися
22.	scientific approach	науковий підхід
23.	to struggle	боротися
24.	to survive	вижити, продовжити існування
25.	weak	слабкий

UNIT 6		POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
Task 1.	Discuss with the partners in your group what pollution is. What can be polluted?

Task 2.

Think of the possible measures for nature protection and present your thoughts in a few words.

Task 3.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the letters ‘wh’:

1. what, when, where, why, wheel, overwhelming, while;

2. who, whose, whom, whole.

Task 4.

You are going to read about pollution in Ukraine. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-G) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).

1. Other Ukrainian cities with major chronic air pollution problems include Kyiv, Komunarsk, Makiivka and Odesa.

2. The majority of states support initiatives and proposals of our country on Nature Conservation.

3. Hundreds of small rivers supply water for three-quarters of the villages and half of Ukraine’s cities.

4. Moreover, surface runoff from industrial territories is highly contaminated.

5. As a result the sea’s salinity has increased by more than 40 per cent since the 1950s.

6. Such contamination originates from human activities that create waste products.

7. Almost all surface waters of Ukraine belong to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins.

Pollution is the contamination of the environment, including air, water, and land, with undesirable amounts of material or energy. 1. ___F___. An industrial and intensively fanned country, Ukraine contains some of the most polluted landscapes in Eastern Europe. Pollution became evident in Ukraine with industrial development in the 19th century.

Air pollution is especially severe in many of the heavily industrialized cities and towns of south-eastern Ukraine, notably in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia. Coal-using industries, such as metallurgical coke-chemical plants, steel mills, and thermal power plants are major sources of high levels of uncontrolled emissions of sulphur dioxide, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, and other harmful substances. 2. _______.

Over one-third of the emissions into the atmosphere originate from automobile transport. That source, which attains overwhelming proportions in cities with little industry, such as Uzhhorod, Yalta, Poltava and Khmelnytskiy, is aggravated by the use of leaded gasoline and inefficient engines as well as a lack of catalytic converters. 3. _______. The high population density, heavy industrial development, and relatively low freshwater endowment of those basins, and the low governmental priority placed upon environmental protection until very recently, have given rise to chronic and serious levels of water pollution throughout Ukraine.

The Dnister and the Danube are included among the most polluted bodies of water in the territory of the former Soviet Union. 4. _______. Widespread fear is growing in Ukraine that a substantial fraction of those water arteries are so polluted as to pose fatal health risks to the people who depend on them. About half of the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides applied in the fields are washed off into rivers. 5. _______. One of the areas suffering most from serious and chronic coastal water pollution is the Sea of Azov. That shallow and previously biologically rich and commercially productive body of water has experienced serious problems of industrial and municipal waste-water contamination and increased levels of salinity since the early 1970s.

A primary cause of the sea’s ecological deterioration has been the diversion for purposes of irrigation (up to 80 per cent) of fresh, but not necessarily pure, water inflow from the Don and the Kuban rivers. 6. _______. Combined with pollution that increase has resulted in a dramatic drop in fish catches (by 60—90 per cent). Despite repeated warnings and special government anti-pollution resolutions, the conditions in the Sea of Azov continue to deteriorate.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

відходи промисловості, металургійні коксохімічні заводи, сталеливарні заводи, теплова електростанція, величезні пропорції, бензинові та малоефективні двигуни, каталітичний спалювач вихлопних газів, поверхневі води, висока щільність населення, вимиватися в ріки, поверхневий стік, забруднений, підвищений рівень солоності, екологічне погіршення, зрошування.

Task 6.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

contamination of the environment, intensively fanned country, the most polluted landscape, heavily industrialized cities, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, harmful substances, automobile transport, freshwater endowment, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, anti-pollution resolutions

Task 7.

Find in the text antonyms to the following words and word combinations:

desirable, refining, profusion, to improve, destructive, poor, dirty.

Task 8.

Fill in the correct words from the list below. Use each word only once:

protection, anti-pollution, originates from, industries, to be washed off,

amounts, emissions, to pose, fanned, automobile, contaminated, power

1. undesirable __________ of material	7. originate from __________ transport
2. _______________ human activities	8. environmental _________________
3. intensively _____________ country	9. ________________ fatal health risks
4. coal-using _____________________	10. ____________________ into rivers
5. thermal __________________ plant	11. to be highly __________________
6. _____________ into the atmosphere	12. government _________ resolutions

Task 9.

Write the following numerals by words:

12, 2^nd, 135, 574234, 1111, 1985 (year), 1/6, 5, 1000000000

Task 10.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the word “pollution” mean?

2. Where does such contamination originate from?

3. What rivers are the most polluted?

4. Where are the chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides washed off?

5. Tell about the conditions in the Sea of Azov.

6. What caused a dramatic drop in fish catches in the Sea of Azov?

7. What has happened to the sea’s salinity?

Task 11.

Make up a dialogue on air pollution and dramatize it. Use the following words:

air pollution, a great number of cars, ways for solving the pollution problem, better engines for cars, electrically driven cars, more trams, parks and gardens.

Task 12.

You are going to take part in the international conference “Ecology”. Write a short report: “Ecological problems in Ukraine”.

The following information can be included in your report:

1. What is pollution?

2. What causes pollution?

3. Pollution in Ukraine. (earth surface, air, water pollution)

		Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	to attain		досягати
2.	coke-chemical plant		коксохімічний завод
3.	contamination		зараження, забруднення
4.	converter		перетворювач
5.	density		щільність
6.	deterioration		погіршення
7.	diversion		відхилення
8.	endowment		обдарування
9.	environment		навколишнє середовище
10.	evident		наявний, справжній
11.	to fan		сіяти, засівати
12.	fertilizer		добриво
13.	harmful substances		шкідливі речовини
14.	irrigation		зрошення
15.	landscape		ландшафт
16.	mill		завод, фабрика, стан
17.	notably		особливо, помітно
18.	to originate		походити, мати походження
19.	overwhelming		величезний, незліченний
20.	pollution		забруднення
21.	population density		щільність населення
22.	severe		суворий
23.	surface		поверхня
24.	thermal power plant		теплова електростанція (ТЕС)
25.	undesirable		небажаний, незручний

UNIT 7

AUTOMATION

Task 1.

Working in your group discuss what scientific and technological progress consists in. What do you know about automation?

Task 2.

Look at the following words and try to guess their meaning: automatic control, automation, automated production lines.

The following may be useful:

Methods and machines to save human labour;

Self-regulation by means of feedback;

Self-regulative mechanisms.

Task 3.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the letters ‘au’:

automation, automatic control, automated system, automobile, to launch.

Task 4.

You are going to read about automation and labour. Choose the most suitable heading from the list (A-G) for each part 1-6. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use:

A Advantages of automation

B Ukraine is highly automated country

C The principal direction of automation

D Influence of automation on social life

E Main components of automation

F Expansion of automation into all branches of production

G Role of man in the process of automated production

1. __________

It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through the automation of production. Quite recently, only some decades ago, even the words “automation”, “automatic control” seldom appeared on the pages of the press or scientific publications. In the early forties the position radically changed. Soon automatic control was recognized throughout the world to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and engineering. Today one cannot imagine technical progress without automation.

2. __________

Automation may be defined as “the accomplishment of a job by an integrated mechanism with a minimum assistance of any kind”. In fact, automation is the integration of four independent compounds which have been linked together into a single process. These integral parts of automation are: transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering.

3. __________

Emphasis should be made that automation is not a mere extension of mechanization, but a qualitatively new step in technological development. It brought about radical changes in the technological nature of the relationship between man and machine. In mechanization the function of the direct effect on the object of labour was transferred to the working mechanism. Here, man remained the principal agent of the technological process. He retained the functions of control, regulation, maintaining machines and direct intervention in production process. With the advent of automation these functions were transferred to the mechanical device. The automation of production enables man to operate machines with the help of other machines. Now machines discharge not only production but also intellectual, and in some cases even physiological functions.

4. __________

Our country has many thousands of comprehensively mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops. The mechanized and automated production lines replace or lighten the work of a tremendous number of workers. All the hydropower plants in the country have been completely automated. Every year thousands of automated control systems go into operation at agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises and organizations.

5. __________

Modern means of automation make it possible to link up in a single complex the whole technological chain: machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of a technological process, control of the whole enterprise. This has been made possible due to the extensive development and mass production of new types of computer technology, from large computers to microprocessors.

Comprehensive automation calls for material inputs and time. But the economic effect from the release of “living labour”, the intensification of production, the higher quality of output and more flexible technology make up for the inputs, while, on the social plane, it gives opportunities for creative work by both the makers of this technology and its users.

Thus, now the main trend in automation is developing not merely automatic machines, but entire technological processes and systems whose functioning excludes the direct involvement of men.

6. __________

Complex automation makes an important impact on social, economic and political areas. Automation contributes to a steady rise in the material and cultural well-being of the people, to a substantial increase in the living standards of the people. The automation helps to obliterate the frontiers separating brain work from physical labour. It creates a basis for raising the intellectual level, for the all-round and harmonious development of the individual and his unprecedented cultural flowering.

Task 5.

Find in the text equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

науково-технічний прогрес, автоматизація виробництва, автоматичне управління, незалежна галузь науки, машинобудування, виконання роботи, автоматична збірка, організація технічного контролю, основний елемент, механічний прилад, автоматизовані підприємства, гідроелектростанція, техніка зв’язку, управління технологічним процесом.

Task 6.	Make up word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
	1. harmonious	a) agent
	2. brain	b) technology
	3. working	c) chain
	4. principal	d) control
	5. computer	e) mechanism
	6. technological	f) function
	7. automatic	g) development
	8. physiological	h) work

Task 7.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, the accomplishment of a job, minimum assistance, transfer machining, automatic assembly, control engineering, principal agent, direct intervention in production process, mechanical device, mechanized and automated enterprises and workshops, production lines, agricultural, communication, trade, transport enterprises, machine designing, equipment and rigging, control of the whole enterprise, well-being of the people.

Task 8.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Науково-технічний прогрес зробив можливим перехід від механічного до автоматичного виробництва.

2. Техніка зв’язку є невід’ємною частиною автоматизації.

3. Автоматизація замінила людське втручання до програмованих машини.

4. Зараз машини виконують всю людську роботу, від розробки до кінцевого виробництва.

5. Всі гідроелектростанції управляються автоматично, без людського втручання.

6. Автоматизація виробництва дала людині можливість працювати більш креативно.

Task 9

Fill in the blanks with the, a, an where necessary:

1. ____ air is essential for life.

2. Most of ____ great inventors live and work in ____ Ukraine.

3. He gives lectures twice ____ week.

4. He traveled by ____ train.

5. There are many completely automated enterprises in ___ Kyiv.

6. Fleming discovered penicillin in ____ evening.

Task 10.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does present-day scientific and technological progress consists in?

2. How can automation be defined?

3. What are the integral parts of automation?

4. What functions are transferred to a mechanical device with the advent of automation?

5. Where are automated control systems used?

6. How do you understand the term “single complex”?

7. What is the impact of complex automation on social, economic and political spheres?

Task 11.

Make up the sentences about automation by matching the words in columns. Prepare a short review “What is Automation?” using these sentences: