Английский для бакалавров

in the field of chemistry. He invented quite a new construction material. It has very useful properties.

J U S T F O R F U N

I. Read and translate the following quotations. Comment on them.

•Knowledge is a city, to the building of which every human being brought a stone.

•Invention breeds invention. (R. Emerson)

•Imagination is more important than knowledge. (A. Einstein) II. Solve a crossword puzzle.

1. The process of emission of X-rays. 2. The scientists will give ... to this strange phenomenon. 3. Right, suitable, correct.

5. A radioactive, metallic element. 6. A fact that illustrates a general rule, a law, etc. 7. To divide into separate parts. 8. Quality, power or effect that belongs naturally to some object, substance, etc. 9. The Cheljabinsk plant produced the most ... tractors in the USSR. 10. To put one thing to another. 11. Yury Gagarin

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was the first man to fly into ... . 12. A container is a box designed to ...

something. 13. Mrs Curie discovered that some chemical substances emitted ... .

14. Something easy to understand or to do. 15. To go from one place to another. 16. Mathematics, biology, physics are ... . 17. To get something.

Unit 8

Grammar:

1.Passive Voice

2.Word-building. The suffixes of verbs.

Texts:

A. Science and Technology

B.The Telegraph

C.Thomas Alva Edison D. Coming Events

Conversation:

Great Scientists

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

1. Пассивный залог (Passive Voice)

Формы глагола в пассивном залоге (Passive Voice) выражают действие, совершаемое над подлежащим лицом или предметом, т.е. в пассивном залоге подлежащее не действует, а подвергается действию. Пассивный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.

to be asked to be taken

3апомните!

1. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от

стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание –ed

2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая III форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (III колонка).

Помните!

1. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол to be

ставится перед подлежащим. При наличии двух вспомогательных

глаголов только первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.

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2. В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после глагола to be. При наличии двух вспомогательных глаголов отрицание not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

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Особенности пассивного залога в английском языке.

Запомните! В английском языке в пассивном залоге могут

употребляться все объектные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, имеющие любое дополнение

- прямое, косвенное беспредложное и косвенное предложное.

Примечание: предлоги by и with употребляются для того, чтобы показать, кем или чем выполняется действие, выраженное сказуемым в пассивном залоге.

Обратите внимание! Категория переходности у ряда глаголов в русском

и английском языках не совпадает.

1. Некоторые глаголы, требующие беспредложного дополнения в

английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим предложного дополнения в русском языке:

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Примечание: Passive Voice подобных глаголов переводится на русский язык действительным залогом. Перевод, как правило, следует начинать с предлога.

2. Некоторые, глаголы, требующие предложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим беспредложного дополнения в

Примечание: Предлог, относящийся к данным глаголам, не переводится.

Способы перевода пассивных конструкций

1.Сказуемое в Passive Voice переводится:

а) сочетанием глагола "быть" с краткой формой причастия. Глагол

"быть" в настоящей времени не переводится. Например:

б) глаголом с окончанием -ся, -сь.

в) глаголом действительного залога (при наличии дополнения с предлогом by).

г) неопределённо-личным предложением.

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Например:

The article was discussed Статью обсуждали на конференции. at the conference.

Примечание. При наличии предлога после глагола в пассивном залоге перевод предложения начинают с этого предлога.

2. Подлежащее при сказуемом в Passive Voice переводится:

а) существительным (местоимением) в винительном падеже.

2.Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов

(Word-building. The suffixes of verbs)

Запомните следующие суффиксы глаголов:

I. Form Participle II from the following verbs:

to ask, to use, to build, to call, to found, to find, to condense, to

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reduce, to cool, to keep, to support, to award, to concern, to offer, to cut, to place, to encourage, to know, to develop, to limit, to direct, to move, to shape, to arrange, to hold, to give, to invite, to include, to design, to make, to present, to write, to derive, to reach, to take, to think, to obtain, to speak, to pay, to send.

II.Form:

a)Passive Indefinite Infinitive to see - to be seen

to ask - to be asked

b)Passive Continuous Infinitive to finish - to be being finished to write - to be being written

c)Passive Perfect Infinitive

to shape - to have been shaped to think - to have been thought

to discover, to influence, to base, to perform, to lay, to tell, to do, to give, to examine, to arrange, to provide, to elaborate, to construct, to set, to study, to complete, to replace, to offer, to undertake, to understand, to put, to accept, to investigate, to recognise, to evaluate, to need, to suggest, to study, to discuss.

III.Identify the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. The first industrial revolution took place in England. 2. Efficiency is achieved

Automation was first applied to assembly line manufacturing. 4. We rarely use

The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the use of automated programmable machines. 6. This pioneer study will involve a lot of difficulty. 7. After Dr. Robinson had finished that fundamental research he gave a complete account of the work. 8. All the things for the experiment are ready.

9.Single shaft turbine generators are being successfully constructed today.

10.The new method will come into use when suitable appliances and devices are provided. 11. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 12. Our professor is going to write a paper on the subject of powdered metals. 13. These two principles have been accepted without question by later writers on the subject. 14. The laboratory assistant has described the procedure in detail. 15. A plasma may be completely ionized in which state all the molecules are devided into ions and electrons.

IV. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.

1. Sound was amplified by a loudspeaker. 2. We shall be given new equipment. 3. The experiment had been completed by the end of the last year. 4. The lecture was being listened to with great attention. 5. Plastics are used in

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engineering. 6. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 7. This process is known as smelting. 8. The metal is heated to a high temperature. 9. Some new devices are being demonstrated now. 10. New models of computers will be suggested.

V. Put the following sentences in a) Past Indefinite Passive; b) Future Indefinite Passive. Add the necessary adverbial modifiers.

1. The engineers are given interesting problems for solving. 2. Automatic tools are used by the operator. З. He is allowed to use a computer. 4. Metals are flowed out into special containers. 5. The experiments with new devices are carried out. 6. Metal is processed in various ways. 7. Any new design of a solar power station is discussed. 8. The problem of computer development is considered by the scientists. 9. The efficiency of this device is increased. 10. The particles of nuclei are studied.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the words given below.

yesterday, at this time, tomorrow, in some days, usually, as a rule. often, already, a week ago, just, by the next month, not yet, by this time yesterday, last year, since this week, next year, never, always, from 2 to 5 o'clock yesterday.

VII. Make these sentences passive. Mind the preposition by. Model: The sun heats the air.

The air is heated by the sun.

1. Scientists will make new discoveries. 2. Magnetic field doesn’t affect the neutron. 3. For a year specialists were studying German experience in chemical industry. 4. They will be doing this work all the day tomorrow. 5. In my research work I’ll have already concerned with semiconductors. 6. Newton

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advanced the corpuscular theory of light. 7. The wave can explain the interference of light. 8. He had never thought of the possible errors before he made them. 9. They are supporting these two theories. 10. You should have read this paper by the morning session.

VIII. Make these sentences active.

Model: The article was discussed by the students. The students discussed the article.

1. This discovery is much spoken about by the scientists. 2. My report will be discussed by the students next Monday. 3. The tests have been performed by the inventor himself this day. 4. The experimental results were analyzed by Professor Boston. 5. Radioactivity was being investigated by the Curies for many years. 6. The presence of radiation had been detected by the researcher before the experiment was over. 7. The seminar on Solid State Physics was held by Russia’s Academy of Science last year. 8. The new computer program is being examined by the group of engineers. 9. Solids are characterized by strength and elasticity. 10. These data will have been obtained by him by the end of the week.

IX. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. Information... by radio. (to transmit) 2. A new kind of invisible rays ...

by Rontgen in 1895. (to discover) 3. The efficiency of this device... next year. (to increase) 4. The engineer... an interesting problem at the research institute, (to offer) 5. New machinery ... at the plant by the end of the month, (to install) 6. An unusual electric station... into operation now. (to put) 7. The explanation of this phenomenon... yet. (to give) 8. Yesterday the results of this experiment...

by the presence of some impurities. (to prove) 9. This engineer... as an authority in optical electronics. (to look upon) 10. The quality of production ... already. (to increase) 11. Many methods of making and storing electric charges ... during the 18th century. (to discover) 12 We ... just ... the tiniest motor. (to show) 13. The discovery of the electrons ... by the discovery of the proton and neutron. (to follow) 14. After the engine... we could use it. (to repair) 15. What plan... when the professor entered the lecture hall? (to discuss) 16. The performance of the new computers ... tomorrow. (to demonstrate) 17. At present the sunlight... into electrical power by special solar panels. (to convert) 18. The robots ... now. (to develop)

X.Choose the Russian equivalents for each English sentence.

1. He was sent for a new equipment. 1. Он послал за новым оборудованием. 2. За новым оборудованием послали. 3.Его послали за новым оборудованием.

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