Английский для бакалавров

Обратите внимание !

а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный

глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.

б) При образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Запомните основные случаи употребленияPresent Perfect Tense:

1.Действие совершилось, и результат его связан с настоящим; время не указано.

Science and education have become inseparable.

Наука и образование стали неразрывны.

2.Действие совершилось, в предложениях употребляются наречия неопределенного времени: already – уже, just – только что, ever –

когда-либо, never – никогда, lately – недавно, recently – в последнее время, (not) yet – еще не.

Обратите внимание: наречия неопределенного времени ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами, наречие yet – в конце предложения.

They have already translated this article, you may take it.

Они уже перевели эту статью, вы можете взять ее. He has not published the results of his work yet.

Он еще не опубликовал результаты своей работы. Заметьте, наречие yet употребляется только в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.

3.Действие совершилось, а указанный период времени не истек. В предложениях используются обстоятельства типа: this week (month, year, summer) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году, летом); today – сегодня.

She has entered the institute this year.

Она поступила в институт в этом году.

4.Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи. В предложениях употреблены предлоги since – с, for – в течение.

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I haven’t seen you for ages.

Я не видел тебя целую вечность.

I have known him since childhood.

Я знаю его с детства.

Запомните! Предлог for употребляется, когда речь идет о периоде времени:

for two days – два дня (в течении двух дней); for a week – неделю;

предлог since употребляется, когда обозначается начало периода времени:

since Monday – с понедельника; since childhood – с детства.

5. После превосходной степени прилагательных.

What a boring film! It is the most boring film I’ve seen.

6. С выражениями:

This is the first (the second) time ...

It is the first (the second) time ... etc.

This is the first time I have driven a car.

Я веду машину в первый раз.

Правила перевода.

Помните!

1. Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое только что (уже или недавно) закончилось, сказуемое переводится

глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида: I have already posted the letter.

Я уже отправил письмо.

She has been to England twice.

Она была в Англии дважды.

2.Если в предложении говорится о действии, которое еще продолжается в настоящий момент, сказуемое следует перевести глаголом в настоящем времени:

We have been married for 20 years.

Мы женаты 20 лет.

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Сравните употребление двух времен:

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2. Функции that (The Functions of that)

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3. Словообразование. Суффиксы существительных

(Word-building. The suffixes of nouns)

а) Суффиксы -er, -or образуют имена существительные, обозначающие

б) Суффикс -ian указывает на национальную принадлежность или профессию:

Russian – русский historian – историк

в) Суффикс -ist обозначает принадлежность к политическому или научному направлению, а также профессию:

artist – художник specialist – специалист physicist – физик

г) Суффиксы, образующие существительные, обозначающие отвлеченные понятия:

-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion. organization – организация compression – сжатие explosion – взрыв

-ment

government – правительство achievement – достижение

-ure

lecture – лекция pressure – давление

-ance, -ence

dependence – зависимость resistance – сопротивление

-ness (образует существительные от прилагательных) kindness – доброта

-hood

childhood – детство

-ship

friendship – дружба

-th

long – длинный; length – длина wide – широкий; width – ширина

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-dom

kingdom – королевство freedom – свобода

-ism

capitalism – капитализм

E x e r c i s e s

I.Write three forms of the verbs:

to be, to become, to begin, to break, to bring, to buy, to come, to catch, to

choose, to do, to drink, to drive, to draw, to eat, to fall, to feel, to forget, to give, to go, to grow, to hear, to keep, to know, to leave, to lose, to make, to pay, to read, to rise, to run, to see, to send, to show, to sit, to sleep, to stand, to strike, to take, to teach, to think, to wake, to write.

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III.Make up sentences. Use the Present Perfect Tense. Model: He - /to send/ a telegram.

He has just sent a telegram.

1.John - /to come/ home.

2.Jim - /to go/ to Canada.

3.We - /to arrive/.

4.I - /to see/ him.

5.They - /to have/ lunch.

6.She - /to book/ tickets.

7.Ann - /to phone/.

IV. Make the following sentences a) interrogative; b) negative. Model: We have been to Greece.

Have you been to England?

No, we haven’t been to England. We’ve been to Greece.

1.They have travelled a lot. 2. I have never been to London. 3. She has visited China twice. 4. This is the first time he has driven a car. 5. Tom has met many interesting people. 6. She has already translated this article. 7. Nick has just seen him.

V.Complete these questions. Let your fellow students answer them.

1.Have you seen ...? 2. Have you been to ...? 3. Have you written ...? 4. Have you visited ...? 5. Has he booked ...? 6. Has she travelled by ...? 7. Has Tom done ...?

VI. Put who-questions.

Model: They have sent a letter. Who has sent a letter?

1. I have written a letter to my friend. 2. They have eaten at a new English restaurant. 3. I have been to Italy this year. 4. We have had our lunch. 5. He has already booked tickets. 6. We have met a lot of interesting people. 7. She has studied very much this term.

VII. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1. Nora has traveled a lot. 2. She has already booked tickets. 3. She has visited China twice. 4. I have known him since my childhood. 5. They have seen this film. 6. We have just seen him. 7. He has read a lot of English books.

VIII. Fill in the blanks with “for” or “since”.

1. He has forgotten his Spanish ... he left Cuba. 2. What have you done ...

I last saw you? 3. I haven’t seen him ... ages. 4. It has rained ... Monday. 5. I have known him ... childhood. 6. I’ve known him ... years. 7. How long have

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you been here? – I’ve been here ... two months, ... last May. 8. How long have you studied Chinese? - ... five years, ... I was eighteen. 9. How long have you been in the library? – I’ve been here ... ten o’clock, ... three hours. 10. Peter is hungry because he has had nothing to eat ... five hours, ... morning. 11. They have been here ... an hour. 12. It’s been foggy ... a fortnight. 13. ... when has he been in love?

IX. Put the adverbs in the right place.

1. (ever) Have you travelled? 2. (always) She has been a bright student. 3. (never) We have seen a flying saucer. 4. (just) They have had a walk in the park. 5. (yet) Have you finished your homework? 6. (always) I have wanted to meet your parents. 7. (yet) She hasn’t sent a telegram. 8. (lately) Have you heard from Mary? 9. (long) He has studied the subject. 10. (ever) Has your sister had any troubles with her son?

X.Mary has had a day off today. Say what she has done. Use the following

word combinations:

to clean the windows, to sweep the floor, to dust the furniture, to water the flowers, to wash up the dishes, to go shopping, to buy some food, to pick up the linen from the laundry, to iron clothes, to sew some buttons on the kids’ jackets, to cook dinner, to bake a cake, to make coffee, to take the dog for a walk, to meet the children from school, to have a busy day.

XI. Make up sentences using Present Perfect:

Model: I am very tired. (to work) – I have worked hard.

1. She can speak English. (to learn) 2. He can share his impressions about the film. (to see) 3. I know the contents of the letter. (to read) 4. I like her husband. (to meet) 5. They may come to the party. (to return) 6. Ann isn’t here. (to leave) 7. I am going to wear a new blouse tonight. (to buy) 8. She knows the truth. (to tell) 9. They can tell us a lot about London. (to visit) 10. I know how to get there. (to be) 11. She looks fresh. (to have a rest) 12. I have no money. (to spend) 13. Sue is looking for her gloves. (to lose) 14. Bill can’t play football. (to break)

XII. Make up questions. Use the model.

Model: you ever /be/ to Italy?

Have you ever been to Italy?

1.you ever /be/ to South America?

2.you / read/ any English books?

3.you /live/ in this town all your life?

4.how many times / you/ be / to England?

5.What’s the most beautiful country you /ever/ visit?

6.you ever /speak/ to a famous person?

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XIII. Complete the sentences:

2.He’s (already) посмотрел этот фильм перевел третий текст встретил их на станции проводил ее нашел книгу прибыл в город потратил деньги ушел

3.She’s never работала на фирме

читала книги в оригинале спорила с ним переходила улицу на красный свет готовила обед мужу вставала рано

путешествовала вокруг света получала любовные письма видела достопримечательности Рима брала чужие вещи

4. They’ve always покупали только дешевые вещи обедали на кухне платили наличными

жили в самых роскошных отелях приглашали гостей на Рождество делали работу по дому сами читали «Таймс» гуляли в дождливую погоду

сдавали экзамены успешно любили петь громко

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путешествовала по Европе видела достопримечательности Лондона видела спектакль послала ей письмо нашла свое кольцо пробовала пирог написала книгу говорила с ним звонила ей кончила читать книгу купила билеты

XIV. Use Present Perfect or Present Indefinite:

1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2. He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob’s parents usually (to stay) in the country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain) almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evening? 6. I (to be) here ever since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (to receive) letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10. That’s the third time I (to phone) her today. 11. How long you (to know) each other? 12. I hardly (to hear) anything from her since that time. 13. It long (to be) my dream to visit Canada. 14. She (to dream) of becoming an actress. 15. Normally I (to have) breakfast at 8 in the morning. 16. I (to have) just my breakfast.

XV. Translate the first part of the sentences using Present Indefinite or Present Perfect:

1. Мы живем в Москве

2. Я изучаю английский

3. Он работает на фирме

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