Two forms of Xenophobia

The first is a population group present within a society that is not considered part of that society. Often they are recent immigrants, but xenophobia may be directed against a group which has been present for centuries, or became part of this society through conquest and territorial expansion. This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate hostile and violent reactions, such as mass expulsion of immigrants, pogroms or in other cases, genocide. The second form of xenophobia is primarily cultural, and the objects of the phobia are cultural elements which are considered alien.

Chauvinism, in its original and primary meaning, is an exaggerated, bellicose patriotism and a belief in national superiority and glory. A contemporary use of the term in English is in the phrase male chauvinism. Because "chauvinism" is most often heard in this context, it is often mistakenly believed to refer exclusively to "male chauvinism" such as anti-feminism and sexism.

Chauvinism as nationalism

Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept in so far as it springs directly from the old idea of the "national mission." ... A nation's mission might be interpreted precisely as bringing its light to other, less fortunate peoples that, for whatever reason, have miraculously been left by history without a national mission. As long as this concept did not develop into the ideology of chauvinism and remained in the rather vague realm of national or even nationalistic pride, it frequently resulted in a high sense of responsibility for the welfare of backward people.

3. Chose the most appropriate word for the sentences below:

1. Xenophobia comes from the Greek word meaning..

1. strength and health; b) stranger and fear; c) faith and belief.

2. Xenophobia can be exhibited in the form of culture where culture is….

1. a part of national life; b) real and routine quality; c) unreal, stereotyped, exotic quality.

3. Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the concept of the idea of

1. “national mission”; b) national idea; c) national identity.

4. Male chauvinism is a term used to describe …

1. the belief that women are superior to men; b) the belief that men are superior to women; c) the belief that white men are superior to all men on Earth.

5. Female chauvinism is a term used to describe …

1. attitude that women are superior to men; b) attitude that white women are superior to all men; c) attitude that men are superior to women.

2. are superior to all men; c) attitude that men are superior to women.

2. Using the dictionary and the Internet find the definition for discrimination. Are there any general or specific forms? What are the specific forms of discrimination? What is your personal attitude towards different forms of it? Have ever been a victim of discrimination? Are there any ways to fight against it?

3. Prove your feelings writing six sentences expressing your attitude towards:

Xenophobia, Racisms, Discrimination, Genocide, Chauvinism, Prejudice

1. _________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

4. ._________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________

4. . Define whether the following sentences are true or false. Mark each statement as T(True) or F (or False). If false, make corrections.

	T	F
Xenophobia refers to the fear and/or hatred towards foreigners or people with different nationalities, culture, ethnicity, or background.
Xenophobia always involve hatred.
Racism always means some form of anger or hatred towards people of different nationalities
4) Xenophobia may manifest itself as a feeling of fear or unease and anxiety towards “foreign” or “strange” people.
5) The fear involved in xenophobia may come from only one aspect.
6) Some people experience ill-feelings toward other cultures and nationalities because of a fear in losing their personal dignity.
7) Most of the people also are extremely suspicious of other people’s activities and personalities that they resort to either “withdrawal” from the unpleasant situation or “aggression” towards the foreign people involved.
8) Few people have an extremist type of feeling that his/her culture or background which is superior over the others with accompanying prejudice to other groups of people as inferior.
9) Xenophobia is irrational
10)Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an "uncritical exaltation of another culture" in which a culture is ascribed "an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality". 11)A xenophobic person has to genuinely think or believe at some level that the target is in fact a foreigner.
12) Racism is based on xenophobia.
13) Xenophobia can be directed simply to anyone outside a culture, not necessarily one particular race or people.
14)Xenophobia can be expressed in two forms: social and cultural.
15)Chauvinism is a strong belief in God.
16)Chauvinism is an exaggerated belief in national superiority and glory.
17) Chauvinism is an almost natural product of the national concept of the old idea of the "national mission”.
18) Male chauvinism is a term used to describe the belief that one nation is superior to another.
19) Male chauvinism refers to the maintenance of fixed beliefs and attitudes of male superiority, associated with overt or covert depreciation of women.
20) Racism in Russia appears mainly in the form of negative attitudes and actions by some Russians towards people who are not considered ethnically Russian.

Pair work. Ask your partner about his attitude towards foreigners (English speakers, for example).Does he or she fear any of them? Explain why yes or no. Does he or she know about the definition of the word, meaning “ irrational fear of foreigners”? What is hia personal idea of this phenomenon? Share your ideas with the class.

Grammar Practice

State verbs. There are certain groups of verbs that are usually only used in the Present Simple. This is because their meanings are related to states or conditions which are facts and not activities. This is a feature of the use of the Present Simple. The groups of verbs are: