Exercise 16. Read the story, translate the questions given below into English and answer them.

A Box of Chocolates.

Mrs Helen Gray is going to New York City to see her first granddaughter. Helen is riding the bus from Houston, Texas, to New York, New York. She prefers to fly, but the bus is more economical.

The bus ride is long, but there are interesting things to see. The bus stops in many cities. The passengers get off to buy food in the bus stations. Most of the time Helen buys a sandwich and a cup of coffee. She always buys picture post cards to send to her friends in Houston.

Today the bus driver says, “We are coming into Chicago, Illinois. We’re staying there one hour. If anyone is hungry there is a restaurant in the station.”

Helen is very hungry. She buys a chicken sandwich and an orange and coffee. Then she buys a small box of chocolate candy from a candy machine. These candies are called Hershey’s Kisses. Helen likes them.

Helen sits at a table and eats her lunch. There are too many people in the restaurant. A man comes to Helen’s table. He is a very big man. He has two sandwiches, two oranges and two soft drinks but he has no place to sit.

He asks Helen, “Is it OK if I sit here?”

“Yes, it’s OK,” she says. But she is thinking, “Oh, why don’t you sit at another table? I don’t like your face or your expression. You don’t look like a good person. You look like a criminal.”

The man eats his sandwiches. He doesn’t look at Helen. She doesn’t look at him. She remembers that she wants to buy picture post cards and goes to get them. When she comes back the big man is eating a chocolate out of a little box of Hershey’s Kisses.

Helen is furious. He is eating her candy. She wants to say something to him but she is afraid. He is so big and she is so small. She is very angry, though, so she takes the box of candy away from him, removes the silver paper from one candy and puts it in her mouth. The man looks at Helen. He is surprised. Then he pulls the box away from her, eats the last candy and throws the box away. He stands up.

“Lady,” he says, “I think you are sick. I think you are mentally sick.”

He walks away.

Helen is still very angry when it is time to get on the bus. She thinks, “I’m right. The man is a criminal. I think he is mentally sick and he is dangerous.”

She opens her purse to look at the post cards. There, under the cards, is a little box of Hershey’s Kisses.

1. Зачем Хелен едет в Нью - Йорк?

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2. Почему она не летит самолетом?

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3. Что она посылает своим друзьям в Хьюстон?

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4. Что она покупает в автомате?

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5. Кто подходит к ней, когда она сидит за столом?

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6. Почему мужчина спрашивает Хелен, можно ли ему сесть за ее столик?

__________________________________________________________________________ 7. Что она думает об этом человеке?

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8. Что видит Хелен, когда она возвращается за столик?

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9. Где она обнаруживает коробку конфет?

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Unit 2. Past Simple and Past Continuous

Past Simple

Образование PastSimple

PastSimpleправильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления к инфинитиву окончания–ed. У неправильных глаголов вторая основная форма образуется другими способами (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов). Окончание–edпроизносится по-разному, в зависимости от характера предшествующего звука.

Окончание –edпроизносится:

A)послевсех гласныхизвонких согласных(кромеd) как [d]:played[pleid],dived[daivd]

При образованииPastSimpleправильных глаголов необходимо соблюдать следующие правила:

to try – tried, to fry – fried, to marry – married

Если перед yстоит гласная, то изменений не происходит:toplay–played,tostay–stayed,toobey-obeyed

to stop – stopped, to spot – spotted, to nag – nagged

to com'mit – com'mitted, to pre'fer – pre'ferred, to sub'mit – sub'mitted

Но: to de'velop – de'veloped, to 'border – 'bordered

Если глагол оканчивается на l, то она удваивается независимо от того, падает ударение на последний слог или нет:

to 'travel – 'travelled, to 'cancel – 'cancelled, to 'signal – 'signalled

В американском варианте английского языка конечная l удваивается только в том случае, когда ударение падает на последний слог:

ex'pel–ex'pelled

Но: 'signal– 'signaled

Вопросительная формаPastSimpleкак правильных, так и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глаголаtodo(вPastSimpledid) и смыслового глагола без частицыto:

He asked He spoke.

.

Did he ask? Didhespeak?

Отрицательная форма образуется также с помощью вспомогательного глаголаdidи отрицательной частицыnot:

I did not (didn’t) ask.

I did not (didn’t) speak.

Употребление Past Simple

I first visited London 5 years ago.

We didn’t go out last night. We stayed at home and watched TV.

То, что действие произошло в прошлом, может подразумеваться или следовать из контекста при упоминании места совершения действия:

I slept very badly.

I saw him in the office (when I was there this morning).

Did the postman bring any letters? (the postman calls at a given time in the day)

I smoked 40 cigarettes a day till I gave up.

When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day.

I got up, switched off the radio and sat down again.

He found his lighter, lit a cigarette and began to read the letter.

We stayed in the garden for a long time.

She spoke for over an hour.

You often mentioned her in your letters.

Every day I went to the seaside.

Обычный, повторяющийся характер действий в прошлом передается при помощи сочетаний used to + Infinitiveиwould + Infinitive(употреблениеwould+Infinitiveхарактерно для литературного стиля)

Сочетание used toпереводится на русский язык словами:обычно, бывало, иметь обыкновение.

He used to come to us on Sundays.

He would come to us on Sundays.

Иногда usedto+Infinitiveможет характеризовать лицо или предмет в прошлом (часто с глаголамиto be, to live, to know). В этом случае сочетание переводится словамираньше, когда-то и т.д.

He used to be an army officer.

There used to be a cinema in this street.

Сочетание would+Infinitiveв этом значении употребляться не может.

Used to употребляется только в прошедшем времени. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются при помощи вспомогательного глаголаdid:Did you use tosmoke?I didn’t use to smoke. He used to live in Liverpool, didn’t he? Отрицательная форма может также образовываться при помощи наречияnever:Inever used tosmoke.

Exercise 1. Use the prompts to make sentences:

Example:

Prompt: to Brighton last Saturday

Response: I went to Brighton last Saturday.

I didn’t go to Brighton last Saturday.

Did you go to Brighton last Saturday?

Prompts:

Exercise 2. Ask a question about the words in bold type.

Exercise 3. Put either “would” or “used to” in the spaces. In some cases both are possible.

Exercise 4.TranslateintoEnglish.

1. Мы все получили большое удовольствие от прогулки.

2. У меня было много работы, но мне удалось все закончить вчера вечером.

3. Вы провели прошлые выходные на даче? К сожалению, на прошлой неделе мне пришлось уехать в командировку в Москву.

4. Когда билеты были дешевле, я обычно летал самолетом, а теперь мне приходится ездить на поезде.

5. Кто выиграл чемпионат мира по футболу в прошлом году?

6. Когда я учился в школе, я, бывало, ходил в бассейн два раза в неделю, но сейчас у меня нет времени.

7. Он задал мне несколько вопросов, но я ответил только на два из них.

8. Я позвонил в ваш офис и поговорил с вашим заместителем.

9. Президент выступал почти сорок минут.

10. Когда ты в последний раз ходил в кино?

11. Мы приехали заранее, купили билеты и посидели немного в баре.

12. Сколько времени вы провели в Лондоне?

13. Мы позвонили им, как только узнали о происшествии.

14. Где и когда вы впервые встретились?

15. Кому вы отдали кошелек?

16. В конце июня мы сдали последний экзамен, а после этого у нас была практика.

17. Кто повлиял на твое решение стать юристом?

18. Ты ведь вчера никому не рассказал об аварии, не так ли?

19. Почему ты не связался со мной (togetintouchwith), когда приезжал в командировку?

Exercise 5. Think of the title of the story and put fifteen questions to it.

A German company held negotiations in Moscow trying to sell some 100 million worth of manufacturing equipment to a Russian State corporation. Negotiations went smoothly but differences remained. So Martin Bayer himself, the CEO of the German Company, decided to come to Moscow to head the talks. Besides caring about his business, the CEO wanted to go to Russia to hunt bears.

Martin Bayer was one of the greatest hunters of our time (and the Russians knew about it). He went to safari more than one hundred times and hunted lions, rhinos and crocodiles. He hunted polar bears in the North Pole and tigers in the rain forests of India. But he never hunted Russian bears.

So the Russians decided to organize a bear hunt for Mr. Bayer to sweeten the talks. This wasn’t a simple task. Some people in the west still believe that one may find and see bears everywhere in Russian cities just like we may see squirrels in our back yards. This is not true. The closest place one may find bears in the wild is maybe 2,500 miles away from Moscow. Nonetheless, the Russians found a solution quickly. The businessmen went to Moscow Circus and for $2,000 bought a very old bear. This bear used to amuse and amaze audiences in many countries for 30 years, but got and looked too old, had bald spots, and was retired.

“Be careful, the Russian bears are very aggressive, ferocious and strong,” they told Mr. Bayer. “If compared to the Russian bears, your African lions are nothing more than harmless cats.”

They brought the bear to a conservation forest 50 miles from Moscow and left it there. They also told Mr. Bayer that bears were plentiful in that forest and that they attacked cattle and even people in the surrounding villages.

Meanwhile, an 18-year old female drove through the forest on a motorcycle and suddenly saw a bear (the last time people saw bears in those places was 200 years ago). She was frightened, fell, left her helmet and her motorcycle and ran away.

Mr. Bayer was excited and ready to hunt. This could become the pinnacle of his extraordinary hunting experience. The next moment he saw a bear in a helmet driving a motorcycle through the forest in front of him. The bear had a happy expression on his face as he was doing something he used to do before: circling on a motorcycle …

Mr. Bayer lives in a private institution near Hamburg happily ever after and the German company sold manufacturing equipment to Iraq instead of Russia.

Past Continuous

Образование Past Continuous

Past Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в Past Simple (was, were) и причастия I смыслового глагола.

I was driving

We were working

She was talking

They were leaving

Вопросительная форма PastContinuousначинается с вспомогательного глаголаto beв соответствующем лице и числе (was, were), за которым следует подлежащее и причастиеIсмыслового глагола, а затем остальные члены предложения:

Was she talking?

Were they talking?

Отрицательная формаобразуется при помощи частицыnot, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I was not (wasn’t) driving.

They were not (weren’t) working.

Употребление Past Continuous.

Past Continuous употребляется:

а) обстоятельством времени:

At three o’clock yesterday afternoon I was watching a chat show.

- What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?

- I was having dinner at a restaurant.

b) другим действием вPastSimple:

We were walking in the park when it started raining.

The phone rang when I was leaving.

He was working on his thesis in summer.

At that time I was reading for my exam in English.

Past Continuous, наряду с Past Simple, может употребляться с такими выражениями как all day long, all day yesterday, the whole evening/morning, all that year, etc. При употребленииPastContinuousподчеркивается процесс совершения действия, а при употребленииPastSimple– факт его совершения.

I lived in the country in 1972.

I was living in the country in 1972.

It was raining hard all day.

It rained hard all day.

He was working in the garden all weekend.

He worked in the garden all weekend.

PastContinuous, как правило, не употребляется для передачи длительных действий, если в предложении имеется обстоятельство времени, указывающее на их продолжительность.

We waited for a long time.

I looked at him thoughtfully for a moment.

For two years he studied history at Bristol University and then dropped out.

The airport was full of people. Some were sleeping, some were shopping, others were reading. Everyone was waiting for the news of the delayed plane.

Harvey looked up from his page and stared out of the window. All around him, the others were working hard. Ian was writing steadily, Mindy was frowning over a difficult problem, and Ingrid was running her hands through her hair and chewing the end of the pencil.

When Sue was at school, she was always loosing things.

My mum was always nagging me about mess in my room.

Exercise 5. Put verbs in brackets into either the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

21. After I (find) the wallet full of money, I immediately (go) to the police and (hand) it in. 22. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (not be) there. She (study) at the library for her final examination in French. 23. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) television. That's all she ever does! 24. When I (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone, several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) methods to improve customer service. 25. I (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends. 26. It's strange that you (call) because I (think, just) about you. 27. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) and (try) to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man who (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana. 28. Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) there when the Berlin Wall came down.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

14. Я заглянул в кафе. Они пили кофе и разговаривали.

15. Почему ты к ней все время придирался (tofindfaultwith).

Exercise 7. Complete the text below with the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the verbs in brackets.

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) ......... .She said she (call) .......... me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) ........... for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) ..........to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ........... a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.