Катастрофы и живучесть

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[2.21-2.25]. B KaqeCTBe HpKHX rrpHMepOB MeMeHHO pa3BHBalOIIIHXCH KaTaCTpo<p THrra «TpeH):(» MO)I(HO rrpHBeCTH COCTOHHHH CJIe)],YIOIIIHx co­ opy)l(eHHH: rrOJIoraH )l(eJIe306eTOHHaH 060JIOqKa nOKpbITIDI (66 x 36 M) H3

68 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo<!>bl ~ )f(~BY"leCTb ...

C60pHbIX pe6pHCTbIX IIJIHT (5,5 X 3 M) H<l.U 3LlaHHeM llIKOJIbI qmrypHoro KaTaHlUI C onaCHbIMH LlHarOHaJIbHbIMH TpeIIIHHaMH B yrJIOBblX 30Hax OT LleMcTBIDI maBHbIX paCnJTHBalOIIIHX yCHJIHM, a TaKJICe onopHoe )l(e­ JIe306eToHHoe KOJIb:QO C onaCHbIMH nOnepeqHblMH TpeIIIHHaMH nOLl CTpeJIbqaTbIM MeTaJIJIHqeCKHM KYTIOJIOM B 3LlaHHH cnopTHBHoro LlBOP­ ua. IloLlP06Hee 0 npHqHHaX YKa3aHHbIX nOBpe)l()];eHHM, LlonYIIIeHHbIX B npouecce npOeKTHpOBaHHH, rOBopHTCH B CJIeLlyK>IIIeM maBe.

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)l,JIH KaTacTpo<pbI THna «3KCTpeMyM» xapaKTepHO xpynKoe H no­ 3TOMy BHe3anHoe pa3PYIIIeHHe no 6eToHY H3-3a nOCTeneHHoro HaKa­ IIJIHBaHHH nOBpe)l()];eHHM LlO KOJIJIanca. MeLlJIeHHO pa3BHBalOIIIaHCH KaTacTpo<pa THna «3KCTpeMyM» nporH03HpyeTcH LlOBOJIbHO TPYLlHO. IlpeLlcKa3yeMocTb 3TOro THna KaTaCTpo<pbI CJIa6aH H qaCTO CJIyqaMHaH.

.LVrn aHaJIH3a npeLlCKa3aHIDI TaKOrO cneUH<pnqeCKOrO COCTOHHHH aBTOp LlaHHoM MOHorpa<pHH pa3pa60TaJI H npeMaraeT MeTOLlHKY )l(HByqecTH L\AA H3rn6aeMbIx 3JIeMeHTOB [2.26-2.30].

BBeLleHHe nOHHTHH «KpHTepHM )l(HByqeCTH» B npoeKTHpOBaHHe H 06CJIeLlOBaHHe BO BpeMH 3KCTIJIYaTaUHH n03BOJIHT H36e)l(aTb KaTaCTpO­ <pbI THna «3KCTpeMYM» Lla)l(e eCJIH OTCYTCTByeT CTpOHTeJIbHaH HCTOpHH 06beKTa HJIH eCTb arpeCCHBHaH cpeLla [2.29]. B KaqeCTBe npHMepa MO)l(­

HO npHBecTH nOBpe)l()];eHHbIe )l(eJIe306eToHHbIe MOHOJIHTHbIe H c60p­ HbIe nepeKpbITHH B onycKHoM KOJIOLlue CTaHUHH nepBoro nOLlbeMa H B a3poTeHKax KaHaJIH3aUHOHHoM HaCOCHOM CTaHUHI1: (CM. m. 4). CpOK CJIy)I(6bI B yCJIOBHHX He6JIarOnpHHTHoro HanpH)I(eHHOrO COCTOHHHH 11 arpeccHBHoM cpeLlbI pe3KO COKpaIIIaeTCH npOTHB HopMaTHBHoro. IlPHMHTHBHbIe KOHCTpYKTI1:BHbIe MeponpIDITIDI H BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIe pa60TbI no peHOBaUHH TaKHX KOHCTpyKUHM CBH3aHbI npe)l()];e Bcero C YCl1JIeHHeM nOBpe)l()];eHHOM 30HbI H3rn6aeMbIx 3JIeMeHTOB.

H<l.UBHraIOIIIaHCH KaTacTpo<t>a mna «3KCTpeMYM» MO)l(eT 6bITb BbI3Ba­ Ha, HanpHMep, onaCHbIM HanpH)l(eHHbIM COCTOHHHeM BbICOKHX 6aJIOK npOJIeTOM LlO 15 M H BbICOTOM CeqeHIDI LlO 4 M B nOKpbITHH <POMe 3LlaHIDI UHpKa. YLlapHO-BOJIHOBOe B03LleMCTBHe OT 6JIH3KO pacnOJIO)l(eHHoro HC­ TOqHHKa B3pbIBa (npH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe MeTpo) BbI3BaJIO HaKJIOHHbIe Tpe­ IIIHHbI paCKpbITHeM OT 0, 1LlO 1MM B TOHKOM CTeHKe 6aJIOK, He 3aTpOHYB C)I(aTbIe H paCTHHYTbIe nOHca. 3Ta H<l.UBHraIOIIIaHCH KaTaCTpO<pa 6bma 06Hapy)l(eHa c~aMHO,BO BpeMH OCMOTpa qepLlaqHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM aHaJIH3 YH3BHMocm BPM JIH Mor qeMHH6YLlb nOMO%.

K KaTaCTpO<paM THna «3KCTpeMYM» MO)KHO TaKJICe OTHeCTH COMHH­ TeJIbHOe COCTOHHHe onopHbIX qaCTeM MOCTOBbIX 6aJIOK, HanpHMep, qepe3 peKH AHHeHcKaH Paccoxa H I1cToK-BarpaH. MaJIbIe IIJIOIII<l.UKH CMHTIDI H<l.U onopHbIMH qaCTHMH, LlOnYIIIeHHbIe BO BpeMH HH3KOKaqe­ CTBeHHoro MOHTa)l(a, npHBeJIH K onaCHbIM BepTHKaJIbHbIM TpeIIIHHaM OT maBHbIX paCTHrHBalOIIIHX HanpH)I(eHHM. 3TOT BHLl nOBpe)l()];eHHH He npHBOLlHT K 3aMeTHoMy npOBHcaHHIO 6aJIOK H n03TOMY OTHOCHTCH K CJIa60M npeLlcKa3yeMocTH (CM. m. 4).

KaTaCTpo<pbI mna «CPbIB» npOHCXOMT H3-3a TOro, qTO He BbITIOJIHH­ IOTCH Tpe60BaHIDI nepBOM rpynnbI npeLleJIbHbIX COCTOHHHM, T. e. Tpe60­ BaHIDI no HeCYIIIeM cnoc06HOCTH (npOqHOCTH, YCTOMqHBOCTH H BbIHOC­ JIHBOCTH). IlOCKOJIbKY pa3pYIIIeHHe npOHCXOLlHT BHe3anHO, XpynKO no 6eTOHY, 6e3 npeLlBapHTeJIbHoro npOBHcaHIDI KOHCTpYKUHM, TO HH<pOP­ MaUHOHHoro npeLlBeCTHHKa KaTaCTpO<pbI He CYIIIeCTByeT. KaTaCTpO<py THna «CPbIB» npeLlCKa3aTb HeJIb3H. HenpeLlcKa3yeMocTb 06bHCHHeTCH TeM, qTO KOHCTpYKUHH MO)l(eT ycnelliHo pa60TaTb HeCKOJIbKO JIeT nOLl HopMaTHBHOM 3KCnJIyaTaUHoHHOM Harpy3KoM H pa3pYllIHTbCH nOLl paCqeTHOH, LlaJIeKOM no BeJIHqHHe OT TeOpeTHqeCKOM pa3PYIIIa1OIIIeM. TaKaH KaPTHHa CKPbITHOCTH npeLlBeCTHHKa KaTaCTpO<pbI npOHBl1JIaCb BCJIeLlCTBHe HH3KOro KaqeCTBa 6eTOHHbIX pa60T B llIBax BepXHero nOHca MeTaJIJIO)l(eJIe306eTOHHoro MOCTa qepe3 peKY IlblllIMy (CM. rJI. 5).

70 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo4>bl ~ >K~BY"leCTb...

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[2.46];

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TaKJ1M 06pa30M, 3a;:r:aQa 3KcrrepTa;:r:o CHX rrop CBO;:r:HTC5I K 06bIQ­ HOH apXJ1TeKTypHOH H HHxeHepHOM rrpOBepKe Ha ypoBHe orrbITHoro

78 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpoepbl11 >KI1ByLJeCTb ...

apXHTeKTopa, rrpoeKTHpOBmHKa HJIH HHlKeHepa-CTpOHTeJIH. Me)l()J,y TeM, 3aL\aqa CTpOHTeJIhHOrO 3KcrrepTa rro 06CJIeL\OBaHHIO OTL\eJIhHO­ ro YHHKaJIhHOrO coopYlKeHHH L\OJIlKHa 3aKJIIOqaThCSI B orrpeL\eJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBHSI rrpHHSlToH rrpHHUHrrHaJIhHOH cxeMhI CoopYlKeHHSI ero L\eHCTBHTeJIhHOH pa6OTe. Heo6xoL\HMO rrpOBepHTh, 3<!;><!;>eKTHBeH JIH HCrrOJIh30BaHHhIH BhIqHCJIHTeJIhHhIH arrrrapaT, oco6eHHO rrpH CKyL\OCTH cymecTBYIOmHX HOpM rro pacqeTY YHHKaJIhHhIX COOPYlKeHHH.

I1crrOJIh30BaHHe nOCTOHHHhIX BeL\OMCTBeHHhIX 3aBHCHMhIX 3Kcrrep­ TOB B 60ph6e C MeMeHHhIMH H 6hICTPhIMH KaTaCTpo<!;>aMH He TOJIhKO Heo6beKTHBHOe, HO H rrpOCTO 6eCrrOJIe3HOe 3aHHTHe.

LVIH 3<!;><!;>eKTHBHOH pa60ThI rro npeL\OTBpameHHIO oc06eHHO 6hICTphIX KaTaCTpO<!;> Heo6xoL\HMO peryAApHo rrpHBJIeKaThMH rrpeL\BapIlTeJIhHOH HJIH 3aKJIIOqHTeJIhHOH 3KcrrepTH3hI He3aBHCHMhIX yqeHhIx OL\HOH 6a30­ BOll. CrreUHaJIhHOCTH, HO pa3HhIX Y3KHX HarrpaBJIeHHH HJIH CrreUHaJIH­ 3aUHH: cTpoHTeJIhHoH MexaHHKH, TeopHH o60JIOqeK, TeopHH rrJIaCTHq­ HOCTH, ceHcMHqecKoH yCTOHqHBOCTH, MeTaJIJIOBeL\OB, 6eTOHOBeL\OB, CrreUHaJIHCTOB no yCTaJIOCTH H BhIHOCJIHBOCTH, XHMHKOB rro arpeccHB­ HhIM CpeL\aM. IIpH 3TOM HYlKHO HCrrOJIh30BaTh oueHKH 3arrpOeKTHhIX cTa):(HH pa60ThI coopYlKeHHSI, oco6eHHo B yCJIOBHSIX arpeccHBHhIX cpeL\.

KaK MhI YlKe roBOpHJIH, MSI rrOBhIIlleHHH Ha):(elKHoCTH H 6e30rracHo­ CTH CTpOHIUHXCSI H 3KCIIJIyaTHpyeMhIx 3L\aHHH H cooPYlKeHHH B MOCK­ Be opraHH3yeTcSI H rrpOBOL\HTCSI MOHHTopHHr HX TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOSl­ HHH [2.34]. MOHHTOPHHr HarrpSllKeHHo-L\e<!;>0pMHpoBaHHoro COCTOSlHHH o6eCrreqHBaeT CBoeBpeMeHHOCTh L\HarHOCTHKH KaK rro 3TarraM B03Be­ L\eHHSI, TaK H B rrpouecce 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH 3L\aHHSI. ECTecTBeHHo, MOHH­ TopHHr rrpeL\ycMaTpHBaeT rrpOBepKy Ha COOTBeTCTBHe rrpOeKTHhIX pe­ IlleHHH Tpe60BaHHSlM HopMaTHBHhIX L\OKyMeHTOB. MOHHTopHHr KaK CHCTeMa Ha6JIIOL\eHHH MOlKeT CBoeBpeMeHHO BhISlBHTh HeL\OrrYCTHMhIe OTKJIOHeHHSI OT rrpoeKTHhIX BeJIHqHH (rrpoBHcaHHe, paCKphITHe Tpe­ IUHH). 3TO rrOMOlKeT rrpeL\CKa3an H yCTpaHHTh B03MOlKHhIe HeraTHB­ HhIe SlBJIeHHH H MHTeJIhHhIe He6JIarOrrpHHTHhIe rrpoueCChI L\eCTpYKUHH B MaTepHaJIax. TaKHM o6pa30M, MOHHTOpHHroM 3aKJIa):(hIBaIOTCSI OCHO­ BhI rro 06HapYlKeHHIO rrpeL\BeCTHHKOB L\BYX THrrOB MeMeHHhIX KaTaCT­ po<!;> «<TpeH):(» H «3KcTpeMYM»). COL\eplKaHHe MOHHTopHHra H3JIOlKeHO B 06CTOSlTeJIhHhIX HopMax TCH 31-332-2006 [2.11].

CaMH CrreUHaJIHCThI-CTpOHTeJIH He cyMelOT peIIIHTh L\OCTaTOqHO CJIOlKHYIO rrpo6JIeMY rrOHCKa rrpeL\BeCTHHKa 6hICTpOH KaTaCTpo<!;>hI THrra «CPhIB»; 3TO rrpeporaTHBa yqeHhIX CMelKHhIX H rrapaJIeJIJIhHhIX crreUH­

CTBeHHeHillaSi 3a):(aqa rrpH rrpOeKTHpOBaHHH COOPYlKeHHSI rrOBhIIlleH­ HOH lKHByqecTH.

B rrp06JIeMe rrpen:OTBpameHHSI aBapHH H KaTacTpo<!;> KpaHHe BalKHhI He3aBHCHMOCTh 3KcrrepTH3 H rrOBhIIIIeHHe HX KaqeCTBa. 3ToH rrp06JIe­ Me rrOCBSImeHO rrHChMO fJIaBrOC3KcrrepTH3hI POCCHH (NQ 24-10-3/1281 OT 28.05.2004), B KOTOpOM rOBopHTCSI 0 rrOBhIIIIeHHH KaqeCTBa paCqeTHhIX

80 I CM. CKopo6oraTOS IKaTaCTpocj>bl H>KHSY4eCTb ...

060CHOBaHMH npoeKTHbIX peweHMH CTpOMTeJIbHbIX KOHCTPYK~MH: « ... qT06bI ocyrneCTBJIHTb paCqeTbI He MeHee qeM no .uBYM cepTM<pM~M­

pOBaHHbIM He3aBMCMMO pa3pa60TaHHbIM M npOBepeHHbIM B npaKTMKe nporpaMMHbIM KOMnJIeKCaM, He06xo.uMMO npOBo.uMTb conOCTaBMTeJIb­

HbIH aHaJIM3 nOJIyqeHHbIx pe3YJIbTaTOB» [2.48] CnpaBeL(JIMBO

OTMeqeHO, qTO npM ocyrnecTBJIeHMM 3TMX peKOMeH,Ua~MH He peweHbI BonpOCbI BepM<pMKa~MMnporpaMMHbIX KOMnJIeKCOB M nOBbIweHMH KBaJIM<pMKa~MMpaCqeTqMKOB no MHTepnpeTa~MMpe3YJIbTaTOB BbIqMC­ JIeHMH. ,LJ;aJIee OTMeqaeTCH, qTO HLlPO paCqeTHOrO nporpaMMHoro KOM­ nJIeKCa opMeHTMpOBaHO Ha onpe.ueJIeHMe napaMeTpOB HanpIDKeHHO­

.ue<popMMpOBaHHoro COCTOHHMH, a 3Ta <PyHKIIMH npMH~MnMaJIbHOHe HopMMpyeMa. 3.ueCb MHTepeCHO BcnOMHMTb, qrO B eBponeHCKMX HOpMax

[2.19] MMeIOTCH HOBbIe orpaHMqMTeJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI K HanpIDKeHMIO M BeJI~MHaM OTHOCMTeJIbHbIX .ue<popMa~MHMaTepMaJIOB KOHCTp~MH.

3TM OrpaHMqMTeJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI CJIYJKaT cepbe3HbIMM peKOMeH,Ua­

~MHMM no nOBbIweHMIO Ha.ue)l(}{OCTM KOHCTP~MH M no npe.uOTBpa­ meHMIO aBapMH M KaTaCTpO<p.

He3aBMCMMOCTb 3KcnepTM3 M B03MO)l(HOCTb conOCTaBMTeJIbHO­ ro aHaJIM3a pa3JIMqHbIX BbPIMCJIeHMH MO)l(eT 6bITb opraHM30BaHa npM KOMnOHOBKe Mo.ueJIM COOPYJKeHMH. Mo.ueJIb COOpYJKeHMH COJIM,UHO 06­ CYJK,UaeTCH B pa60Te [2.49]. QT06bI He MCnOJIb30BaTb TepMMH «Mo.ueJIb» Hea.ueKBaTHO, aBTopbI [2.49] npeL(JIaraIOT MCnOJIb30BaTb CJIe.uYIOmYIO nOHHTMHHYIO MepapXMIO: <pM3MqeCKaH Mo.ueJIb, paCqeTHaH Mo.ueJIb M Ma­ TeMaTMqeCKaH Mo.ueJIb. l-I3BecTHo, qTO .uJIH CJIO)l(HOrO YHMKaJIbHOrO coopYJKeHMH MO)l(}{O npeL(JIO)I(MTb He O.uHy <pM3MqeCKYIO Mo.ueJIb. 3TO Bb130BeT HeCKOJIbKO BapMaHTOB paCqeTHOH MaTeMaTMqeCKOH Mo.ueJIM. 06ecneqeHHOCTb B 6e30naCHOCTM npM npOeKTMpOBaHMM npM 3TOM Kap­

.uMHaJIbHO nOBbICMTCH, oc06eHHO B COqeTaHMM C MeTo.uMKoH 3anpoeKT­ HOro MJlM 3anpe.ueJIbHOrO npOeKTMpOBaHMH [2.50].

BblBOAbl Kpa3AeJlY 2.3

CTeneHb 3<p<peKTMBHoCTM OT.ueJIbHbIX BbIWenepeqMCJIeHHbIX pe­ KOMeH,Ua~MHK TMnaM KaTacTpo<p yCTaHoBMTb MO)l(}{O TOJIbKO yCJIOB­ HO - Me)l(L(y MeL(JIeHHbIMM KaTaCTpo<paMM TMna «TpeH,U» M «3KCTpeMYM» rpaHM~bI paCnJIbIBqaTbI.

BTOpaH, TpeTbH M qeTBepTaH peKOMeH,Ua~MM06eCneqMBaIOT npe.uOT­ BpaweHMe KaTacTpo<pbI TMna «TpeH,U» M qaCTMqHO TMna «3KCTpeMYM».

qeTBepTaH, nHTaH, wecTaH, ce.ubMaH M .ueCHTaH peKOMeH,Ua~MM nOBbI­

waIOT BepoHTHoCTb npe.uoTBpameHMH KaTaCTpo<p TMna «3KcTpeMYM». DepBaH, .ueBHTaH, O.uMHHa.u~aTaH,.uBeHa.u~aTaHM TpMHa.u~aTaH pe­

KOMeH,Ua~MMCHM)I(aIOT BepoHTHoCTb nOHBJIeHMH 6bICTpOH KaTaCTpo<pbI

nma «CPbIB».

PacwMpeHMe M yrOqHeHMe npeL(JIaraeMOH KJIaCcM<pMKa~MMTeXHO­ reHHbIX cTpOMTeJIbHbIX KaTaCTpo<p HBJlHeTCH npe.uMeToM .uaJIbHeHWMx MCCJIe.uoBaHMH (CM. rJI. 3-5 HacToHmeH MOHOrpa<pMM).

2.4.COOTHoweHllle Me>KAY TlllnaMIII KaTacTpo<l> III OTKa3aMIII no rOCT 27751-88

B aBTOpMTeTHOM faCT [2.51] MHoro BHMMaHMH y.ueJIeHO OTKa3aM, BJIMHIOmMM Ha Ha.ue)l(}{OCTb M 6e30TKa3HOCTb. O.uHaKO MHoroqMCJIeH­ HbIe TepMMHbI, xapaKTepM3yIOmMe MX npMqMHbI, pa3p03HeHbI M He KJIaCCM<pM~MpOBaHbIC TOqKM 3peHMH MX npe.uCKa3yeMocTM MJlM <paKTa Henpe.uCKa3yeMOCTM. TaKMe OTKa3bI MMeIOT 06mee Ha3HaqeHMe M npe.u­ Ha3HaqeHbI, B qaCTHOCTM, L(JIH 06JIaCTM MawMHOCTpoeHMH. ECJIM B3HTb

60JIee y3KYIO 06JIaCTb .ueHTeJIbHOCTM - CTpOMTeJIbCTBO, TO nOHBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(}{OCTb XOTH 6bI yCJIOBHOH MX KJIaCCM<pMKa~MM C TOqKM 3peHMH TMnOB KaTaCTpo<p.

DOnbITaeMCH KJIaCCM<pM~MpOBaTb3TM OTKa3bI C TOqKM 3peHMH MeL(JIeHHbIX «<TpeH,U» M «3KCTpeMYM» ) M 6bICTpOH «<CPbIB» ) KaTaCTpO<p. Ho BHaqaJIe onpe.ueJIMMCH C 06mMMM nOHHTMHMM no faCT [2.51]:

OTKa3 (failure) - C06bITMe, 3aKJIIOqaIOweeCH B HapyweHMM pa60To­ cnoc06HOro COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa; nOBpe)l()l.eHMe (damage) - C06bITMe, 3aKJIIOqaIOmeeCH B HapyrneHMM McnpaBHoro COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa npM coxpaHeHMM ero pa60Tocnoc06Horo COCTOHHMH; KPMTMqHOCTb OTKa3a (failure criticality) - COBOKYllHOCTb npM3HaKOB, xapaKTepM3YIOWMX no­ CJIe.uCTBMH OTKa3a. DOCJIe.uHee nOHHTMe CBH3aHO OrqaCTM co CTeneHbIO npe.ucKa3yeMocTM, fJIaBHbIM CMMnTOMOM npM onpe.ueJIeHMM TMna KaTa­ cTpo<p. KpMTepMM OTKa30B CJIe.uyeT OTJIMqaTb OT KpMTepMeB nOBpe)l()l.e­ HMH [2.51]. HanoMHMM, qTO no.u KpMTepMeM nOBpe)l()l.eHMH nOHMMaIOT

npM3HaKM HeMcnpaBHoro, HO pa60Tocnoc06Horo COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa. 3TO nOJIO)KeHMe MO)I(HO conOCTaBMTb C HaJI~MeM TpemMH B )KeJIe306e­

TOHHOH 6aJIKe, .uocTMfIIIeH npe.ueJIbHOH BeJIMqMHbI paCKpbITMH M3 HOpM.

82 1 CM. Ct<opo60raTOB IKaTaCTpo<jlbl iii >KIiIByyeCTb ...

lIoIDITHe «KPHTHqHOCTb OTKa30B» paccMoTPHM rrO,ll,p06HeH. fOCT BBeJI rrOH5ITHe «KPHTHqHOCTh» ,ll,JI5I TOro, qT06bI KJIaCcH<pHUHpOBaTh OT­

Ka3bI rro TIDKeCTH HX rrOCJIe,ll,cTBHH. lIo,ll,06Ha51 KJIaCcH<pHKaUIDI CO,ll,ep­ )I(lfTC5I B Me)l(,ll,yHapO,ll,HbIX,ll,oKYMeHTax, MCO, M3K H EOKK, a TaIOKe B OTeqeCTBeHHoH HopMaTHBHO-TeXHHqeCKOH ,ll,oKYMeHTaUHH Ha 06beK­ TbI CeJIbCKOX0351HcTBeHHoro MaIIIHHOcTPoeHIDI. lIpH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH OTKa30B MOryr 6hITh HCrrOJIb30BaHhI HeCKOJIhKO KaTeropHH OTKa30B.

B Me)l(,ll,)'Hap0,ll,HbIX ,ll,oKYMeHTax MCO, M3K, EOKK yqTeHbI KpHTH­ qeCKHe (critical) H HeKpHTHqeCKHe (non-critical) OTKa3hI. lIocJIe,ll,HHe OTKa3bI rrO,ll,pa3,ll,eJI5lIOT Ha cYIUecTBeHHhIe (major) H HecYIUecTBeHHhIe

(minor). CrrpaBe,ll,JIHBO H rrpaBoMepHo OTMeqaeTC5I, qTO rpaHHUhI Me)l()Jy KareropH5IMH OTKa30B YCJIOBHhI. lIpHMeHHTeJIbHo K CJIO)l(JlhIM CTPOH­ TeJIhHhIM coopYllCeHH5IM HHTepeCHO 3aMeqaHHe, qTO «HeCYIUecTBeHHhIH OTKa3 06beKTa», BXO,ll,5lIUerO B COCTaB 60JIee OTBeTCTBeHHoro 06beKTa, MO)l(eT paccMaTPHBaThC5I KaK CYIUeCTBeHHhIH HJIH ,ll,a)I(e KpHTHqeCKHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rrOCJIe,ll,CTBHH OTKa3a CJIO)l(Jloro 06beKTa.

B pe3YJIbTaTe aHaJIH3a rroIDITHH H TepMHHOB [2.51] MO)I(JIO rrpe,ll,rro­ JIO)l(lfTh, qTO Me,ll,JIeHHa51 KaTacTPo<pa THrra «TPeH,ll,» corJIacyeTcH C OTKa­

3aMH THrra «51BHbIH OTKa3» H «rrOCTerreHHbIH OTKa3»

«<gradualfailure»). 51BHbIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, 06Hap~BaeMhIHBH3YaJIhHO HJIH IIITaTHhIMH MeTO,ll,aMH H Cpe,ll,CTBaMH KOHTPOJI5I H ,ll,HarHOCTHKH.

lIOCTerreHHhIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, B03HHKaIOIUHH B pe3YJIhTaTe rro­ CTerreHHoro H3MeHeHH5I BeJIHqHH O,ll,HOro HJIH HeCKOJIhKHX rrapaMeT­ POB 06beKTa. 3Ta xapaKTepHCTHKa MO)l(eT 6hITh rrepeHeceHa K Hapac­ TaHHIO rrpom60B H pacKphITHIO TPeIUHH B )I(eJIe306eTOHe, T. e. K THrry «TPeH,ll,» .

Me,ll,JIeHHaH KaTaCTPO<pa THrra (<3KcTPeMYM» cOfJIacyeTc5I C OTKa3aMH THrra «,ll,erpaUHOHHhIH OTKa3» ( «wear outfailure» «againgfailure» ) H «pe­ CypCHbIH OTKa3» «<marginalfailure») ..nerpaUHOHHhIH OTKaJ 06yCJIOBJIeH eCTeCTBeHHhIMH rrpoueccaMH CTapeHH5I H H3HaIIIHBaHH5I, qTO MO)l(eT 6bITb a,ll,eKBaTHO rrepepaCTaHHIO MHKpOTpeIUHH B Me30- H MaKpOTpe­ IUHHbI B 6eTOHe. qTO KaCaeTC5I KOPP03HH H yCTaJIOCTH, TO 3TO MO)l(eT 6bITb OTHeceHO K CKpbITOMy OTKa3Y B )I(eJIe306eTOHe.

PecypCHhIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, B pe3YJIhTaTe KOTOpOro 06beKT ,ll,OCTHra­ eT rrpe,ll,eJIbHOrO COCT05lHIDI. O,ll,HaKO 3TO rrOIDITHe CB5I3aHO C rrOIDITHeM «OCTaTOqHbIH pecypc» «<residual li/e») , ,ll,JI5I KOTOpOro MO)I(JIO XOT5I 6hI rHrrOTeTHqeCKH rrO,ll,CqHTaTb Hapa60TKy, T. e. rrp0,ll,OJI)I(HTeJIhHOCTh pa60ThI.

Ka3aMH THrra «CKPhIThIH OTKa3» «<latentfailure») H «KOHCTPYKTHBHhIH OTKa3» «<design ailure»). CKPhITbIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, He 06Hap~BaeMbIH

BIf3YaJIbHO HJIH IIITaTHhIMH MeTO,ll,aMH H cpe,ll,CTBaMH KOHTpOJI51 H ,ll,H­ arHOCTHpOBaHH5I. B )I(eJIe306eTOHe 3TOT OTKa3 06HapYllCHTb Tpy,ll,HO, ero MO)I(JIO 06Hapy)I(HTh He3aBHCHMOH 3KcrrepTH30H HJIH CIIJIOIIIHhIM ceHCMOMeTPmeCKHM rrp03ByqHBaHHeM. KOHCTPYKTHBHbIH OTKa3 - OT­ Ka3, CBH3aHHhIH C OIIIH6KaMH rrpH rrpOeKTHpOBaHHH, KOTOphIH Tpy,ll,HO 06Hap~Th, TaK KaK MHOme ro,ll,bI KOHCTPYKUH5I MO)l(eT 3KCIIJIYaTH­ pOBaTbC5I rrpH rrOHH)I(eHHbIX 3KCIIJIYaTaUHOHHhIX Harpy3Kax.

MCrrOJIb30BaHHe rrOH5ITHH H TepMHHOB H3 ,ll,pymx OTPaCJIeH HaYKH

If TeXHHKH (CM. fOCT rro Ha,ll,e)I(JIOCTH crroc06CTBOBaJIO 60­

JIee qeTKHM <pOpMyJIHpOBKaM B 06JIaCTH CTPOHTeJIhCTBa, XOT5I H rroTPe­ 60BaJIO rr05lCHeHHH H YTOqHeHHH rrpH C03,ll,aHHH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH Tex­ HoreHHhIX cTPoHTeJIhHhIX KaTacTPo<p.

BblBOAbl K rJlaBe 2

1. lIpe,ll,JIo)l(eHHa51 KJIaCcH<pHKaUIDI TeXHoreHHbIX CTPOHTeJIhHhIX Ka­ TacTP0<p,ll,JI5I )I(eJIe306eTOHHhIX COOpYllCeHHH, pa3pa60TaHHa51 Ha OCHOBe KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH rrpHpO,ll,HbIX reOJIOfHqeCKHX KaTaCTPo<p, BKJIIOqaIOIUeH

THrrhI «TPeH,ll,», (<3KCTPeMYM» H «CPhIB», OKa3aJIaCb 60JIee 06beKTHBHOH

If rrpe,ll,MeTHOH,ll,JI5I HCKYCCTBeHHhIX COOPYllCeHHH, qeM,ll,JI5I rrpHpO,ll,HhIX HBJIeHHH.

2. Orrpe,ll,eJI5lIOIUHMH <paKTOpaMH rrpH COCTaBJIeHHH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH TeXHoreHHhIX KaTaCTPo<p 6bIJIH rrpHH5ITbI CTerreHh rrpe,ll,cKa3yeMocTH, CBoHcTBa MaTepHaJIa rrpH pa60Te B KOHCTpyKUH5IX, CYIUecTByIOIUHe HopMaTHBHhIe CTa,ll,HH rrpe,ll,eJIhHbIX COCT05lHHH, a TaIOKe POJIb qeJIOBeKa

(qeJIOBeqeCKHH <paKTop) B rrp05lBJIeHHH KaTacTP0<phI.

MCrrOJIh30BaHHe rroIDITHH H TepMHHOB H3 ,ll,pyrHX 06JIaCTeH HaYKH

TeXHHKH (CM. fOCT rro Ha,ll,e)I(JIOCTH crroc06cTByeT 60JIee

qeTKHM <pOPMYJIHpOBKaM H3 06JIaCTH CTPOHTeJIhCTBa, HO TPe6yeT rr05lc­ HeHHH H YTOqHeHHH rrpH rrOCTPoeHHH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH TeXHoreHHbIX CTPOHTeJIhHhIX KaTacTpo<p.

3. lIo,ll,TBep)l(,ll,eHHe rrpe,ll,JIO)l(eHHOH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH KaTacTpo<p «TPeH,ll,», «3KCTPeMYM» H «CPhIB» rrpe,ll,CTaBJIeHa Ha rrpHMepax KpyrrHhIX KaTacTPo<p (CM. rJI. 3,4 H 5).

84 1 CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpoepbl VI >KVlSY4eCTb ...

4. B ,UaHHoH MOHorpaqHUI:, rrpe'uCTaBJUIIOrn;eH HayqHo-TeXHWIeCK}'lO

pa6ory, He paCCMaTpHBaIOTClI rro,Upo6HO opraHH3aUHoHHble, COUH­ aJIbHble H IOpHJJ:I1'IeCKHe acrreKTbI (OTHOClIrn;HeClI H corrpOBO)l()l,alOrn;He

KaTaCTpoepbI «TpeH,U» H «CpbIB»), He Hecyrn;He HayqHo-TexHl1'-leCKoro

OTTeHKa.

5. IIpe,UoTBparn;eHHe KaTacTpoep THrra «3KCTpeMyM» 60JIee Bcero

3aBHCHT OT pellIeHH1I HayqHo-TeXHHqeCKHX rrp06JIeM H B MeHbllIeH CTe­ rreHH - OT opraHH3aUHOHHbIX, COUHaJIbHbIX H IOpHJJ:WIeCKHX epaKTOpOB, rrpHcynmx ,UpyrHM THrraM KaTaCTpoep. IIo3ToMY H3 Bcero KOMrrJIeKCa rrp06JIeM rro rrpe,UOTBparn;eHHIO KaTaCTpoep B ,UaHHoH MOHorpaepHH rrpH­ HHMaeTClI rrp06JIeMa yfJIy6JIeHHlI B rr03HaHHH CBOHCTB HeCrrJIOllIHbIX rropHCTbIX HeO,UHopO,UHbIX TBep,UbIX MaTepHaJIOB - 6eTOHa H rpaHHTa, TaK KA yCHJIHlI aBTopa cocpe,UOTOQHBaIOTClI Ha pa3pa6oTKe TeopHH

KaTacTpoep THrra «3KCTpeMYM» (CM. fJI.

6. Pa3pa6oTKa TeopHH KaTaCTpoepbI rro THrry «3KCTpeMYM» Heo6xo­

,UHMa, B rrepBYlO OQepe,Ub, MlI paCQeTa HeTHrrOBblX KpyrrHopa3MepHbIX MaCCHBHbIX rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX HJIH rrponDKeHHbIX KOHCTpyKUHH, JJ:JI1I

KOTOpbIX ern;e He orrpe,UeJIeHbI 3aKOHbI H He HaKOIIJIeHbI CTaTHCTWIeCKHe oueHKH pcrrpe,UeJIeHH1I CBOHCTB MaTepHaJIa rrpH rrOCTpOeHHH MeTO,UHKH Ha,Ue)I(JIOCTH. .

Ib1TepaTypa KrllaBe 2

2.1. Aeapuu u KamacmporjJbl. IlpeoynpeJICoeHue u AUKeuoau,UJl no­

2.2. Ky3Heu,oe B. H., IlucapeHKo B. CP., POOKUH M. B. K np06AeMe KAaCcurjJuKau,uu KamacmporjJ: napaMempu3au,UJI e030eucmeuu u yllJ,ep6a II Fe03KoA02UJ1. - 1998. - Ng 1. - C. 16-29.

2.3.IIIneme r. HaOeJICHOCmb HecyllJ,UX cmpoumeAbHblX KOHcmpyK­ u,uu. - M.: Cmpouu30am, 1974. - 288c.

2.4.EemoHHble u JlCeAe306emoHHbie KOHcmpyKu,uu. OCHoeHbie nOAOJICe­

HUJl. CHuIl 52-01-2003. - M: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -

2.5. EemoHHbte u JlCeAe306emOHHbie KOHcmpyKu,uu 6e3 npeoeapumeAb­ H020 HanpJlJICeHUJI apMamypbl. Ceoo npaeWl no npoeKmupoeaHUIO u cmpou­ meAbcmey CIl 52-101-2003. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2005. -

2.6. IlpeoeapumeAbHo HanpJlJICeHHble JlCeAe306emoHHble KOHcmpyK­ u,uu. Ceoo npaeWl no npoeKmupoeaHUIO u cmpoumeAbcmey. CIl 52-102­ 2004. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -

2.7. Ha2pY3Ku u e03oeucmeUJI. CHuIl 2.01.07-85*. - M.: MUHcmpou Poccuu, 1996. - 43 c.

2.8.FOCT 27751-88 (CT C3B 384-87). HaOeJICHOCmb cmpoumeAb­ HblX KOHcmpyKu,uu u oCHoeaHuu. OCHoeHble nOAOJICeHUJI pac'lema c U3Me­ HeHUJIMU om 21.12.93; Ng 18-54.

2.9.IlpaeWla 06cAeooeaHuJl HecyllJ,UX cmpoumeAbHblX KOHcmpyKu,uu

30aHuu u coopyJICeHuu. C800 npa8W1 CIl 13-102-2003. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -

2.10. HHJlCeHepHaJI 3allJ,Uma meppumopuu, 30aHuu u coopyJICeHuu om onaCHblX 2eOA02U'leCKUX npou,eCC08. OCH08Hbie nOAOJICeHUJI npoeKmup08a­ HUJl. CHuIl 2.01.15-90. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 1991. - 32c.

2.11. TCH 31-332-2006. )/(Wlble u 06llJ,eCm8eHHble 30aHUJI. - CaHKm­ JIemep6yp2: Ilpa8umeAbcm80 CaHKm-Ilemep6yp2a, 2006. - 56 c.

2.12. MFCH 3.01-01. )/(uAble 30aHUJI. - M.: Ilpa8umeAbcm80 MOCK8bl, 2001. - 52 c.

2.13.MFCH 4.19. MH020rjJyHKU,UOH(JJlbHble 8blcomHble 30aHUJI U KOM­ nAeKCbl. - M.: Ilpa8umeJIbcm80 MOCK8bl, 2005.

2.14.PeKoMeHoau,uu no 3allJ,ume JlCWlblX 30aHuu cmeHoeblX KOHcm­

pYKmU8HbIXcucmeM npu '1pe38bl'lauHblXcumyau,UJIX. - M.: MHHHT3Il, 3AO CTAJ(HO. - 2000.

2.15. PeKoMeHoau,uu no 3allJ,Ume JlCWlblX KapKaCHblX 30aHuu npu '1pe3­ 8bl'laUHblX cumyau,UJIX. - M.: MHHHT3Il, 2002.

2.16.Iloc06ue K MFCH 3.01-96. )/(Wlble 30aHUJlI MHHHT3II.­ M.: FYIl «HHAIk>, 1997.

2.17.MFCH 5.01-94*. CmOJlHKU Ae2KoebIX a8moM06W1eu.

2.18.EN 1991-1-2002. Eurcode 1. Actions on Structures. E8poneucKue HOpMbl. E8pOKOO 1. B03oeucm8UJ1 Ha KOHcmpyKu,uu.

2.19. Pr EN 1992-1-1. Eurocode 2. Design ofconcrete structures - Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings. Supersedes (3aMeHJlem) ENV 1992-1-1, ENV 1992-1-3, ENV ENV ENV 1992-1-6 and ENV 1992-3. IlpoeKmup08aHue 6emoHHbix (JlCeAe30­ 6emoHHbix KOHcmpyKu,uu. 06llJ,ue npa8W1a u npa8W1a OAJI 30aHuu. April 2003.,225pp.).

2.20. EN 1990-2002. Eurocode O. Basis ofstructural design (OCH08bl npoeKmup08aHUJl KOHcmpYKu,uu).