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50 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo<j>bl j.1 >Kj.1BYl.leCTb ...

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([ 1.1], c. 21) TepMl1H «)I(l1BYl.leCTh') COOTBeTcTByeT Me)l()J,yHapO,ll,HoMy TepMHHy (fail-safe concept,).,LLJuI xapaKTepHCTHKH OTKa30YCTOHQHBOCTH no OTHOllIeHHIO K qeJIOBeqeCKHM 01lIl16KaM HaqaJIH ynoTpe6JI5ITh Tep­ Ml1H (fool-proofconcept,). B Me)l()J,yHapO,ll,HhIX ,ll,OKyMeHTax I1CO, M3K

l1 EOKK CoqeTaHHe CBOHCTB 6e30TKa3HocTH H peMOHTHonpHro,ll,HOCTH Ha3hIBalOT roTOBHOCThlO 06'heKTa (availability).

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BblBOAbl K rJ1aBe 1

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npe,ll,eJIhHOrO B03paCTa (npH HopMaTHBHOM cpOKe CJI)')K6hI B 70 JIeT).

2. ITepBaH H OCHOBHaH oc06eHHOCTh <peHoMeHa KaTaCTp0<phI Bee Henpe,ll,CKa3yeMocTH - npOHH3hIBaHHe HeCKOJIhKllX 3TanOB CTpOHTeJlh­

CTBa onaCHOCThlO B03HHKHOBeHHH KaTaCTpo<phl.

3. BTopa51 OCHOBHaH oc06eHHocTh <peHoMeHa KaTaCTpo<phI )I(eJle30­

6eTOHHbiX H 6eTOHHhIX KOHCTpyKUHH - OTCYTCTBHe Ha,ll,e)l(Horo npe,ll,­

llIeCTBeHHHKa LlJIH 06Hapy)l(eHHH npHTaHBllIerocH ol.lara MeLlJIeHHO Ha­ paCTalOw:ero BHe3anHoro onacHoro 51BJ1eHH5I (KpoMe rJIy6HHhI TpeW:HH npH H3m6e B YCJIOBl151X HepapXHH TpeW:HHo06pa30BaHHH H MaCIlITa6­ HOro 3<p<peKTa).

4. TpeTh51 OCHOBHa51 oc06eHHOCTb <peHoMeHa KaTacTpo<phI 06'hHC­ H5IeTC5I B03MO)I(HOCThlO 6H<pypKaUHH B npouecce HaKOnJleHHH nOBpe­ )l()J,eHHH BCJIe,ll,CTBHe HeO,ll,HOpO,ll,HOCTH B CBOHCTBax 6eTOHa.

5. Oc06eHHocTH npOqHOCTHOH HepapXHqeCKOH CTpyKTyphI 6eTO­ Ha BO BpeMH npe,ll,pa3pyllIeHHH 06yCJIOBJIHBalOT nOCTaHOBKY np06J1e­ MhI Ha,ll,e)I(HOCTH HeCnJIOIlIHhIX TBep,ll,hIX TeJI KaK CHCTeMhI BJlO)l(eHHhIX 6JIOKOB C l1CnOJlb30BaHHeM HH<popMaUHoHHoH 3HTponHH B Kal.leCTBe BepoHTHoCTHOH OCHOBhI TeopHH.

6. Onpe,ll,eJIeHHH «Ha,ll,e)I(HOCTh,), «)I(HBYl.leCTh,) H «,ll,OJIrOBeqHOCTh», npHHHTbIe B HacToHw:eH MOHorpa<pHH, corJlaCYIOTCH C OCHOBHhI­ MH nOH5ITl151MH H TepMHHaMH H3 [OCT 27002-82 no Ha,ll,e)l(HOCTH. ITO,ll, )I(HByqecThlO H3rH6aeMhlx )I(eJIe306eToHHhIX 3J1eMeHTOB CJle,ll,yeT nOHHMaTh onpe,ll,eJleHHylO CTeneHb pa3BHTHH MHKpoTpeW:HH B c)I(a­ TOH 30He 6eToHa B npouecce Harp)')KeHHH, xapaKTepl13ylOW:ylO pa60­ Tocnoc06Hoe (l1CnpaBHoe) HJlH Hepa60Tocnoc06Hoe (HeHcnpaBHoe) COCTOHHHe 3J1eMeHTOB. )],OJlrOBe4HocTb - CBOHCTBO 06'heKTa (6eToHa) COXpaH5ITh pa60Tocnoc06Hoe COCT05lHHe ,ll,0 HacTynJleHHH npe,ll,eJlbHO­ ro COCT05lHH5I (no np0,ll,OJDKHTeJIhHOCTH), YCTaHaBJll1BaeMOro CHCTeMOH TeXHl14eCKOro 06CJI)')Kl1BaHHH (HJll1 CBO,ll,OM npaBHJI) HJIH peMOHTa.

52 I

IlIllTepaTypa KrJlaBe 1

1.1. FOCT 27002-89. HaiJeJICHOCmb e meXHUKe. OCHOeHble nOHRmUJI, mepMUHbI, onpeiJefleHUJI. - M.: H3iJ-eo cmaHiJapmoe, 1990. - 36 c.

1.2. FOCT 27751-88 (CT C3B 384-87). HaiJeJICHOCmb cmpOUmeJlb­ HbiX KOHcmpyKu,uu 3iJaHuu U coopYJICeHuu. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu,

HaeopHflK H. H. Ee30nacHocmb U Ka~ecmeo e cmpOUmeJlbCmee. OCHoeHbie mepMuHbl UonpeiJeJleHUJII Y~e6. noco6. - M.: Accou,uau,ufI cmpOUmeJIbHblX eY30e. - 2002. - 335 c. (npu8eiJeH nepe~eHb HopMamu8Hou Jlumepamypbl no 6e30nacHocmu).

1.5.Ky3Heu,08 B. H., IIucapeHKo B. (/>., POiJKuH M. B. K np06J1eMe KJlaCcurPuKau,uu KamacmporP: napaMempu3au,UfI e03iJeucm8uu Uyw,ep6a II Fe03KOJlOeUfI. - 1998. - MI. - C. 16-29.

1.6.Ee30nacHocmb 8 ~pe38b/~aUHblX cumyau,ufIX. IIpupoiJHble ~pe38b1­

0. C. BepUluHuHOU - M.: KOMnaHUJI CnymHuK+, 2005. - 645 c.

1.19. Ynpa8J1eHUe 6e30nacHocmbIO e cmpOUmeJIbCm8e. IIpoeHo3upoeaHue Ucmpaxo8aHue pUCK08 a8apuu 3iJaHuu U coopyJICeHuu [MeJlb~aK08 A. fl., Fa6puH K. 3, MeJlb~aKOeE. fl.]. - lJeJlfl6uHCK, lJIIH, 1996. - 196 c.

1.20.llJeuiJeuep A. E. (/>u3u~ecKue acneKmbl npupoiJHblX Kamacm­ porP. - M.: HeiJpa, 1981. - 232 c.

1.21.(/>u3u~ecKue OCH08bl npOeH03Up08aHUJI pa3pYUleHHbIX eOpHblX no­

1.29. CUeOpCKUU B. fl. MameMamu~ecKuuannapam UHJlCeHepa: Cnpaeo~HuK. - Kue8: TexHuKa, 1975.

1.3J. Fop6u'1 JJ. r., )f(u6ooepo6 A. A. CucmeMHble yp06HU 6 <jJU3U'1eCKOU KapmUHe Mupa I HayKa U 060pOHHbiU KOMnJleKC - OCH06Hbie pecypCbl pOCCUUCKOU MooepHU3all,UU II MamepUaJlbl MeJICpe2UOHaJlbHOU Hay'1HO­ npaKmU'1eCKOU KOH<jJepeHlI,UU (25-26 anpeJlfl 20022.). - EKamepuH6yp2:

pyKlI,UU U OOJl206e'1HOCmU 6emoHa II EemoH UJlCeJle306emoH. - 1964. ­ M11. - C. 486-488.

1.33. ilflmHUlI,bLH E. H. (/)UJlOco<jJcKue np06JleMbi 6epOflmHocmHbiX

J.35. FOJlbOWmeUH P. B., MOCOJl06 A. E. MyJlbmu<jJpaKmopHafl 2eo­ MempUfl pa3pyweHufl UMacwma6Hbiu 3<jJ<jJeKm. -,H,AH P(/). - 1993. - T.

329.- C. 429-433.

1.36.E. (/)eoep. (/)paKmGJIbl. - M.: Mup, J992.

1.37.CUHep2emuKa KOMnOJumHblX MamepUaJl06 I A. H. Eo6pblwe6,

B. H. K030Ma306, JI. O. Ea6uH, B. if. COJlOMamo6. - JIunell,K I HilO OPifYC. - 1994. - J52c.

1.38. FOJlbOWmeUH P. B., MOCOJl06 A. E. TpeUl,UHbl C <jJpaKmaJlbHOU n06epXHocmblO. -,H,AH P(/). - 1991. - T. 319. - M4. - C. 840-844.

1.39. C060Jle6 TA. 1!cCJle006aHue pa3pyweHufl 6apbepo6 npUMeHU­ meJlbHO K np06JleMe np02H03a 3eMJlempflCeHuu II (/)u3U'1eCKUe OCH06bl npo2Ho3upo6aHufl pa3pyweHufl 20PHbiX nopoo npu 3eMJlempflceHuu: C6. Hay'1. mp. I iloo peo. M.A. Caoo6cKo20, TA. C060Jle6a. - M.: HayKa, J967. - C. 58-67.

1.40. MemoouKa paC'1emH020 np02H03Up06aHUfl cpOKa CJlYJIC6bl JlCe­ Jle306emoHIlbix npOJlemHblX cmpoeHuu a6mOOOpOJICHbiX Mocm06. - M.:

I 55

BCRKOU ucmUHe cyJICoeHo OOHO M2Hoee­ Hue mopJfCecmea MeJICOY 6eCKOHe'lHO­ cmblO, K020a ee He c'IumalOm He8epHOU, u 6eCKOHe'lHOCmblO, K020a ee c'IumalOm mpu8uaAbHOU.

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Pa3phIBHoH MexaHM3M rrOBpe)J()J.eHJ151 CTPYKTYPhI MaTepMaJIa 06b­ 51CH5IeTC5I, rro MHeHMIO aBTopa [2.26], rrOBopOTOM 3epeH MJIM rpyrrrrhI 3epeH rrpM rrpMJIO)l(eHMM BHeWHeH Harpy3KM, oc06eHHO rrpe,lJ,eJIhHoH. Pa3JIM4Me B a6COJIIOTHhIX BeJIMlIMHaX npOlIHOCTM MaTepMaJIOB He BJIM5IeT Ha MX rrOlITM O,lJ,MHaKOBoe HM3KJ1e OTHOCMTeJIhHhIe COOTHowe­

HM5I Me)J()J.y npOlIHOCThlO Ha paCT5I)I(eHMe M Ha C)I(aTMe !i = 0,1- 0,2 .

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3TO HM3Koe COOTHoweHMe Cyrh <PYHLlaMeHTaJIhHOe CBOHCTBO Bcex rropMCThIX HeO,lJ,HOpO,lJ,HhIX HeCrrJIOWHhIX TBep,lJ,hIX TeJI MOHO ellle He 06b5lCHeHO B HayKe, XOT5I MMeeT pewalOllIee 3Ha4eHMe rrpM rrpoeKTM­ pOBaHMM MCKYCCTBeHHhIX COOp}')KeHMH. TaKJ1M 06pa30M, Bp5l,lJ, JIM)lJl51 TeXHoreHHhIX KaTaCTpo<p Bcex COOp}')KeHMH M3 pa3HhIX MaTepMaJIOB MO)l(HO pa3pa6oTaTh e,lJ,MHylO y,lJ,06HYIO yHMBepCaJIhHylO KJIaCCM<pM­ KaUMIO (O,lJ,HaKO pa3pa6oTKa COOTBeTcTBylOllIero rrOH5ITMHHOro rrpo­ CTpaHCTBa rrOJIe3Ha B <pMJIOCO<pCKOM TIJIaHe). CKopee Bcero, pa3pa60TKa KJIaCCM<pMKaUMM KaTaCTpo<p ,lJ,OJI)l(Ha J1CXO,lJ,MTh (060CHOBbIBaThC5I) M3 BML\a MaTepMaJIa)lJl51 KOHCTPYKUMM (6eTOH, )l(eJIe306eTOH, rpaHMT, Ke­ paMMKa), rrOCKOJIbKY MX 061l1MH MexaHM3M nOBpe)l()J,eHM5I M pa3pyweHM5I pe3KO OTJIMlIaeTC5I OT MeTaJIJIMlIeCKJ1X MaTepJ1aJIOB.

HanpMMep, «C,lJ,BMroBOH» MexaHM3M Me)l()J,y KpMCTaJIJIaMJ1 xapaKTe­ peH )lJl51 MeTaJIJIOB. )J,JI5I 6eTOHa )l(e M rpaHJ1Ta - pa3phIBHOM MeXaHJ13M B nopMCTOH CTpyKType MaTepMaJIa. lIpJ1B5I3Ka K ,lJ,PYfJ1M napaMeTpaM B BM,lJ,e BeJIJ1lIJ1HhI yruep6a MJIM rrOCJIe,lJ,CTBM5I MJIJ1 K BeJIMlIMHe aMrrJIJ1­ Ty,lJ,hI B03,lJ,eHCTBJ151 [2.2] B ,lJ,aHHOM rrOCTpOeHJ1J1 He aKTyaJIbHa. lIepBa51 rpynna npe,lJ,eJIhHhIX COCT05lHMH BKJIlOlIaeT paClIeT rro HeCYllleH crro­ C06HOCTJ1 (npOlIHOCTb, yCTOHlIMBOCTb, BhIHOCJIJ1BOCTh). OHa lIaCTO

60 I

onpe)l,emIeT KaTaCTpO<py THna «CPbIB» [2.2]. BTOpasr rpynna npe)l,eJIbHbIX COCTOHHHH BKJIlOqaeT paCqeTbI Ha nOnepeqHylO TpeIUHHOCTOHKOCTb, npe)l,eJIbHOe paCKpbITHe nOnepeqHbIX TpeIUHH H HX 3aKpbITHe, a TaIOKe Ha npOrH6bI H )l,e<popMaU;HH. aHa onpe)l,emIeT, CKopee Bcem, KaTaCT­ PO<pbI THnOB «TpeH)j,» H «3KCTpeMYM') [2.2]. )],onOJIHHTeJIbHO KO BTOPOH rpynne npe)l,eJIbHbIX COCTOHHHH aBTOp HacToHIUeH MOHorpa<pHH npe)l,­ JIaraeT HOBYIO MeTO)l,HKY paCqeTa Ha npO)l,OJIbHYIO TpeIUHHoCTOHKOCTb C)I(aTOrO 6eToHa B H3rH6aeMblx KOHCTpyKU;HHX, HJIH )l(HByqecTb, on­ pe)l,eJIHIOIUYIO )l,OJIrOBeqHOCTb H3rH6aeMblx KOHCTpyKU;HH, oc06eHHo B arpeCCHBHbIX cpe)l,ax.

HeJIb3H nOJIaraTb, qTO CBO)l,bI npaBHJI [2.4-2.9] H )l,pyrHe HopMa­ THBHble CTpOHTeJIbHble )l,OKyMeHTbI COBceM He yqHTbIBalOT HJIH He yqHTbIBaJIH CJIyqaH, nO)l,06Hble KaTaCTpo<pHqeCKHM HBJIeHHHM )l,JIH HCKYCCTBeHHbIX Coopy)l(eHHH HJIH nepcneKTHBHO onaCHbIX reOJIOrH­ qeCKHX npou;eCCOB [2.10].

B HeHBHOM BH)l,e npo<pHJIaKTHKa CMHrqeHHH KaTaCTpo<pHqeCKHX HBJIeHHH npOrJIH)j,bIBaeTCH B faCT 27751-88 (CT C3B 384-87) [2.8] H B CHHn 2.01.7-85* [2.7]. C03)l,aTeJIH 3THX )l,oKYMeHTOB He060cHo­ BaHHO 3aMeHHIOT CJIOBOCOqeTaHHe «B03MO)I(HOCTb H npe)l,CKa3yeMocTb KaTaCTpo<pHqeCKHX HBJIeHHH» Ha «BBe)l,eHHe ypoBHeH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3)l,aHHH H COopy)l(eHHH, xapaKTepH3yeMblx 3KOHOMHqeCKHMH, COU;H­ aJIbHbIMH H 3KOJIOrHqeCKHMH nOCJIe)l,CTBHHMH HX OTKa30B». npH 3TOM YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH TpH ypOBHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3)l,aHHH H Coopy)l(eHHH:

1 - nOBblIIIeHHaH; 2 - HOpMaJIbHaH H 3 - nOHH)I(eHHaH. ComaCHO 3TOH rpa)l,aU;HH, HarpY30qHbIH 3<p<peKT (BHYTpeHHHe CHJIbI H nepeMeIUe­ HHH KOHCTpYKQHH H OCHOBaHHH) CJIe)l,yeTYMHO)l(aTb Ha K03<P<PHU;HeHThI H3)l,e)I(HOCTH: 'Yn = 1,2; 0,95 H 0,80 COOTBeTCTBeHHO.

)],aJIee, B faCT 27751-88 [2.8] yKaJbIBaeTCH: « ... nOBblIIIeHHbIH ypo­ BeHb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH CJIe)l,yeT npHHHMaTbMH 3)l,aHHH H Coopy)l(eHHH, OTKa3bI KOTOpbIX MorYT npHBeCTH K TH)I(eJIbIM 3KOHOMHqeCKHM, co­ U;HaJIbHbIM H 3KOJIOrHqeCKHM nOCJIe)l,CTBHHM (pe3epByapbI )l,mI He<pTH H He<pTenpo)l,yKToB BMeCTHMOCTblO 10000 M 3 H 60JIee, MarHCTpaJIbHble Tpy60npoBO)l,bI, npOH3BO)l,CTBeHHble 3)l,3HHH C npOJIeTOM 100 M H 60JIee, coopy)l(eHHH CBH3H BbICOTOH 100 M H 60JIee, a TaIOKe )l,pyrHe YHHKaJIbHble 3)l,aHHH H Coopy)l(eHHH»). TaKHM 06pa30M, 3)l,eCb npHHHTbI Te)l(e COU;H­ aJIbHble, 3 He <pH3HqeCKHe napaMeTpbI, qTO H B KJIaCCH<pHKaU;HHX npH­ P0)l,HbIX KaTaCTpO<p, T. e. no BeJIj1qHHe ymep6a H nOCJIe)l,CTBHH, a He CTe­ neHH npe)l,CKa3yeMocTH H CBOHCTBaM KOHCTpyKU;HH H HX MaTepHaJIOB.

l..{TO KacaeTCH CHHn [2.10], nOCBHIUeHHoro HIDKeHepHoH 3aIUHTe, TO OH opHeHTHpOBaH Ha npe)l,OTBpaIUeHHe HJIH, TOqHee, Ha CMHrqeHHe reo­ JIOrHqeCKHX rrpou;eCCOB, CorrYTCTBYIOIUHX CTpOHTeJIbCTBy, HO TaM He 3a­ TparHBalOTCH TeXHoreHHble KaTaCTpO<pbI HCKYCCTBeHHbIX coopy)l(eHHH.

K CO)l(aJIeHHIO, faCT 27751-88 (CT C3B 384-87) [2.8], nOCBH­ IUeHHbIH H3)l,e)I(HOCTH CTpOHTeJIbHbIX KOHCTpYKQHH H OCHOB3HHH, YC­ T3peJI, B HeM He npHHHTbI BO BHHMaHHe 6y)l,ymHe TeH)l,eHU;HH npoeK­ THpOBaHHH BbICOTHbIX 3)l,aHHH. 3apy6e)I(HbIH, HHor)l,a neqaJIbHbIH OnbIT B npoeKTHpOBaHHH BbICOTHbIX 3)l,aHHH (HanpHMep, cy)l,b6a 6aIIIeH­ «OJIH3Heu;oB», 11.09.01) BbIH~eHHO yqHTbIBaeTcH B perHOHaJIbHbIX HopMax MOCKBbI H CaHKTneTep6ypra [2.11-2.17]. COrJIaCHO aBTopH­ TeTHbIM HopMaM TCH 31-332-2006 [2.11], BblCOTHble 3)l,aHHH OTHO­ CHT K nepBoMy YPOBHIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3)l,aHHH no faCT 27751 [2.8];

3)l,eCb)l(e H rrpHBO)l,HTCH KOHKpeTHble peKOMeH)j,aU;HH no npoeKTHpoBa­ HHIO HX KapKaca (CM. paJ)l,. 2.3). B 3apy6e)I(HbIX HCTOqHHKaX TaIOKe npH­ BO)l,HTCH aKryaJIbHble CBe)l,eHHH no npoeKTHpOBaHHIO

2.2.npeAJ1araeMafi KJ1aCCM~MKa4MfI TeXHoreHHblX KaTacTpo~ no CTeneHM npeAcKa3yeMocTM

TepMHHbI npeMaraeMoH KJIaCcH<pHKaU;HH TeXHoreHHblX KaTacTpo<p 3aHMCTBOBaHbI H3 O)l,HOH KJIaCcH<pHKaU;HH npHpO)l,HbIX KaTaCTpo<p [2.2]

H BKJIlOqalOT TpH THna: «TpeH)j,», «3KCTpeMYM», «CPbIB». 3TH TepMHHbI OKaJaJIHCb HaH60JIee nO)j,XoMIUHMH H npe)l,MeTHbIMH)l,mI reXHoreHHblx, qeM )l,JIH npHpO)l,HbIX KaTaCTpo<p. Hx KJIaCCH<pHKaU;HH no npH3HaKy npe)l,CKa3yeMocTH HJIH <paKTY Henpe)l,CKa3yeMocTH H conYTCTBYIOIUHM CBOHCTBaM npe)l,CTaBJIeHa B Ta6JIHu;aX 2.1 H 2.2. HanoMHHM, qTO CTa)l,HH pa60TbI H paCqeTa H3 06eHx rpynn HopMaTHBHbIX npe)l,eJIbHbIX COCTOH­ HHH npHBH3aHbI (H )l,a)l(e BXO)l,HT KaK KOMnoHeHTbI) K TpeM yKa3aHHbIM THn3M KaTaCTpo<p.