Случаи, когда правило согласования времён не соблюдается

Правило согласования времён не соблюдается, когда речь идёт об общепризнанном факте, об общепризнанной истине или о действии обычном, привычном, характерном, о чём-то, что правильно для рассматриваемого промежутка времени.

The teacher told us that the sky represents an ever-changing picture.

Преподаватель сказал нам, что небо представляет собой быстро меняющуюся картину.

It was stressed in the report that there is no change in the security rules as they have operated for many years.

В докладе подчёркивалось, что нет никаких изменений в правилах обеспечения безопасности, и они остаются такими же, какими были в течение многих лет.

Exercise 107. Choose the correct answer.

1. I knew that Mercury (be) the closest planet to the sun, but I didn’t feel like answering the question.

A was B is C had been

2. Mike hoped that his friend (help) him with the car.

A would help B will help C helped

3. We didn’t know the score, but we were sure their team (lose) the game.

A has lost B had lost C lost

4. Yesterday Tom heard that his aunt (be ill) for five days.

A was ill B has been ill C had been ill

5. The children were afraid of making any noise – Mom (sleep).

A was sleeping B slept C had been sleeping

6. He gave all his money to me because he (trust) me.

A would trust B trusted C had trusted

7. We were told that Andrew (go) to enter that college.

A is going B went C was going

8. The police found out that Bob Slant (live) in London’s suburb at that time.

A had been living B lives C lived

9. My parents decided that we (celebrate) my birthday on Saturday.

A would celebrate B shall celebrate C celebrated

10. The pupil wasn’t able to do the translation because he (not/know) some special terms.

A hadn’t known B didn’t know C doesn’t know

11. Ann hasn’t been informed that the lecture (not/take place) on Friday.

A hasn’t taken place B wouldn’t take place C won’t take place

12. He said he (stay) at the «Ritz» Hotel.

A is staying B was staying C will be staying

13. They realized that they (lose) their way in the dark.

A lost B were losing C had lost

14. He says he (work) at school two years ago.

A works B worked C has been working

15. I asked my sister to tell me what she (see) at the museum.

A has seen B had seen C saw

16. I was sure she (post) the letter.

A had posted B has posted C posted

17. My friend asked me who (play) the piano in the sitting-room.

A was playing B is playing C has been playing

18. I knew that he (be) a very clever man.

A was B is C has been

19. I want to know what he (buy) for her birthday.

A had bought B has bought C bought

20. He said that he (spend) a fortnight in the Caucasus.

A has spent B had spent C spent

21. He thought I (sing) an Italian song.

A sang B was singing C had been singing

22. She said that she (read) a book for a long time.

A read B was reading C had been reading

Exercise 108. Use the required tense forms in the following sentences.

1. She scarcely realized what (happen). Oh, Jane! I didn’t think you (be) so unkind. 3. As we (drive), her eyes (stare) rigidly out of the car window. 4. Darkness (fall) when we finally (return) to the hotel. 5. I (sit) there for about ten minutes, pretending to read, when someone (sit) down at my table. 6. She (look) up at him from where she (sit). Her make up things (lie) in front of her. She (do) her face. 7. I thought he (come) in time. 8. I finally said that I (not/ wish) to hear any more about the subject. 9. Mark remembered that he (leave) the cab at the hotel. 10. We have heard that he (be) very clever. 11. My wife told me that in an hour she (go) for a walk. 12. He said he (leave) tomorrow morning. 13. She says she already (find) the book. 14. When I went into the office next morning I already (formulate) my plan. 15. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (be) wrong. 16. I asked my neighbour if he ever (travel) by air before. 17. The policeman asked George where he (run) so early. 18. I knew they (wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 19. He says that he (know) the laws of the country. 20. He could not understand why people (not/want) to take water from that well. 21. The teacher told us that there (be) 26 letters in the English alphabet. 22. One day the boy asked his father how long elephants (live). 23. He told us how he (live) in the North. We were quite astonished when he said that the sun never (rise) in winter and never (set) in summer. 24. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (feel) and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday morning.

Exercise 109. Translate the sentences.

1. Я думал, что ты занят. 2. Мы надеялись, что вы умеете плавать. 3. Том спросил, сколько раз в неделю мы занимаемся английским. 4. Врач сказал, что я должен остаться дома. 5. Она сказала, что любит исторические романы. 6. Я не знал, что он живёт на этой улице. 7. Он решил, что его товарищи всё ещё играют в шахматы. 8. Она сказала, что они обычно встают в 8 часов. 9. Ты знал, что он уехал за город? 10. Мать сказала, что они уже пообедали. 11. Генри спросил меня, где я достал эту книгу. 12. Он позвонил на вокзал и узнал, что поезд уже ушёл. 13. Она думала, что он уже закончил институт. 14. Том сказал, что видел этот фильм. 15. Мы сказали, что вернёмся через час. 16. Он полагал, что они будут работать вместе. 17. Мы сказали им, что не будем их ждать. 18. Она сказала, что была очень занята и давно не была в театре. 19. Я знал, что он чувствует, что я недоволен результатами его опытов. 20. Наш гид сказал, что автобус только что пришёл и отправится в Глазго через час. 21. Учитель сказал, что мы должны повторить все правила, если хотим сдать экзамены хорошо. 22. Она думала, что завтра будет хорошая погода. 23. Я знаю, что вам нечего бояться. 24. Я дам вам ответ, когда поговорю с отцом. 24. У меня было впечатление, что он находится там уже некоторое время. 25. Кстати, Тед знает, что моя сестра приезжает завтра? 26. Я думал, что вы позвоните мне, когда получите телеграмму. 27. Он пообещал, что поговорит с профессором, если увидит его в институте. 28. Он знал, о чём она думала. 29. Он не знал, что мы знаем друг друга с детства. 30. Она говорила, что книга ей нравится.

PASSIVE VOICE

В английском языке имеется два залога действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice).

Глагол употребляется в действительном залоге, если подлежащим в предложении является лицо или предмет, производящие действие:

John cooked the dinner last night.

Джон приготовил обед вчера.

Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим:

The dinner was cooked by John last night.

Вчера обед был приготовлен Джоном.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола. В страдательном залоге употребляются следующие времена:

	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Simple	am is told are	was told were	shall be will told	should be would told
Continuous	am is being are told	was being were told	___________	_____________
Perfect	have been has told	had been told	shall have will been told	should have would been told
Perfect Continuous	____________	____________	____________	_______________

*При изменении глагола из действительного залога в страдательный меняется вся конструкция предложения. При изменении предложения из активной формы в пассивную, дополнение предложения в активной форме становится подлежащим предложения в пассивной форме; глагол действительного залога становится глаголом страдательного залога, а подлежащее предложения в активной форме становится предложным дополнением, которое вводится предлогом by или вовсе опускается:

Active	Passive
The boy fed the horse.	The horse was fed by the boy.
Lena is washing the towel.	The towel is being washed by Lena.
They have told Steve about it.	Steve has been told about it.
We shall dig the ground with a spade.	The ground will be dug with a spade (by us).

*Предлог by употребляется в страдательном залоге перед дополнением, если речь идёт о лице или предмете, совершающем действие; предлог with в страдательном залоге так же, как и в действительном залоге, перед дополнением означает орудие или инструмент, посредством которого совершается действие:

Tolstoy’s works are read by millions.

The road was illuminated by the moon.

The house is surrounded by a fence.

The snake was killed by the hunter with a stone.

The soup is eaten with a spoon.

Exercise 110. Change the sentences from Active to Passive Voice.

1. We received this letter after his departure. 2. Have the dogs ever attacked you? 3. Bees gather honey from the flowers. 4. The storm drove the ship against the rock. 5. Who discovered the circulation of the blood? 6. The man is selling ice-cream but he is not selling chocolate ice-cream. 7. The little boy showed us the way. (2 cases) 8. They offered her some interesting work. (2 cases) 9. The doctor ordered her a long rest. (2 cases) 10. They often speak about him. 11. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 12. We have been looking for you. 13. We shall insist upon strict discipline. 14. They teach pupils English and French at this school.

Exercise 111. Open the brackets, using the verbs in Present, Past или Future Simple, active or passive.

1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. We (to invite) to a concert last Sunday. 12. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 13. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703. 14. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) there. 15. Water (cover) most of the Earth’s surface. 16. Most of the Earth’s surface (cover) by water. 17. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening. 18. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday. 19. The boat (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody (rescue). 20. Ron’s parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring) up by their grandparents. 21. I was born in London but I (grow) up in the north of England. 22. While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel room. 23. Why Sue (resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it? 24. Why Bill (sack) from his job? What did he do wrong? 25. The company is not independent. It (own) by a much larger company. 26. I saw as accident last night. Somebody (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure) so the ambulance (not/need).

Exercise 112. Translate into English using the Present Simple Active, the Present Simple Passive, the Past Simple Active, the Past Simple Passive, the Future Simple Active, the Future Simple Passive.

1. Я часто посылаю письма друзьям. 2. Меня часто посылают на юг. 3. Мне дают сок каждое утро. 4. Каждое утро я даю кошке молоко. 5. Вчера я попросил учителя помочь мне. 6. Вчера меня попросили помочь однокласснику. 7. Завтра я принесу новый фильм. 8. Завтра принесут новый фильм. 9. Книги А. Кристи читают с большим интересом. 10. Когда в вашей семье пьют чай? 11. Почему эти правила всегда забывают? 12. Когда ты разбил чашку? 13. Когда разбили чашку? 14. Телеграмма будет отправлена сейчас же. 15. Когда пошлют письмо? 16. Как будут делать эту работу? 17. Когда проверят контрольную работу? 18. Почему вы всегда забываете эти правила? 19. Эти письма принесли утром. 20. Где живут ваши друзья?

Exercise 113. Change the sentences using Prepositional Passive Constructions.

Example: We often speak about her. – She is often spoken about.

1. We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 3. The teacher sent for the pupil’s parents. 4. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 5. The neighbor asked for the telegram. 6. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 7. The young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 8. Nobody lived in that old house. 9. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject. 10. Nobody slept in the bed. 11. Our teacher often refers to this example. 12. The dean approved of the timetable. 13. The aunt looked after the children well. 14. They agreed upon the date of the conference. 15. We have just sent for the doctor.

Exercise 114. Give the corresponding passive constructions.

1. I bought potatoes yesterday. 2. We shall bring the books tomorrow. 3. They are repairing the clock now. 4. I have translated the whole text. 5. They broke the window last week. 6. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 7. They haven’t brought back my skates. 8. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 9. He stole a lot of money from the shop. 10. They will stage this play at the beginning of the next season. 11. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees. 12. They are building a new concert hall in our street. 13. The students greeted the famous lecturer warmly. 14. When I fell ill, my mother sent for the doctor. 15. He will give my brother English lessons. 16. A friend of his has shown me an interesting magazine. 17. They are building a bridge over the river. 18. We turn on the light when it is dark. 19. Has the secretary typed the letters? – No, she is typing them now. 20. We were looking at the man with surprise.

Exercise 115. Choose the correct answer.

1. The day before yesterday we (invite) to the restaurant by Tom Jenkins.

A are invited B were invited C invited

2. Look! The bridge (repair).

A is being repaired B is been repaired C has being repaired

3. The letter and the parcel (post) tomorrow.

A will be post B will have been posted C will be posted

4. Margaret (know) to be a very industrious person.

A has been known B is known C is been known

5. In Greece the Olympic Games (hold) once in four years.

A were held B are being held C are held

6. The problem (study) for three years, but they haven’t got any results.

A has been studied B has being studied C was studied

7. This book (republish) by the end of September.

A would been republished B will have been republished

C will be republished

8. The doctor said that Tommy’s leg (X-rayed) the following day.

A will be X-rayed B would be X-rayed

C will have been X-rayed

9. A police car came when the injured man (carry off) the road.

A was being carried off B was been carrying off

C has been carried off

10. I (bear) in a small Russian town not far from Samara.

A was borne B am born C was born

11. Dad phoned us and asked if our luggage (already/ pack).

A was already being packed B had already been packed

C was packed

12. The children (teach) Italian.

A taught B were taught C has been taught

13. This problem (discuss) at the conference.

A will discuss B will be discussed C would be discussed

14. The president (interview) on French TV.

A interviewed B had been interviewed C was interviewed

15. Teachers (give) a new pay rise by the government.

A have given B has given C have been given

16. Walt Disney (create) the cartoon character of Mickey Mouse.

A created B was created C was being created

17. The firm (make) dresses for twenty years.

A has been making B has made C has been made

18. He said that he (take) the watch to a watchmaker’s.

A had taken B had been taken C has taken

19. Many new houses (build) this year.

A has been built B have built C have been built

20. The house (build) a few years ago.

A built B was built C has been built

Exercise 116. Choose the correct answer.

1. The contract ____________ at the board meeting now.

A is discussed C was discussed

B is being discussed D was being discussed

2. Wait a minute! The document _____________ by the secretary at the moment.

A is typed C has been typed

B was typed D is being typed

3. The papers ___________ by the Managing Director yet. He is on business trip.

A weren’t signed C aren’t signed

B haven’t been signed D weren’t being signed

4. She __________ the Head of the Information Systems Department two months ago.

A is appointed C is being appointed

B was appointed D has been appointed

5. Recently a new generation of TV sets ___________ in Japan.

A is being launched C has been launched

B was being launched D had been launched

6. At present our company __________ .

A is reorganized C is being reorganized

B has reorganized D has been reorganized

7. The mail ____________ yet.

A isn’t received C isn’t being received

B wasn’t received D hasn’t been received

8. From Monday English classes _____________ in the Training Centre.

A are held C are being held

B will be held D have been held

9. We _____________ to send the documents by Friday.

A were asked C were being asked

B have been asked D had been asked

10. At last a new government _____________ after a long governmental crisis.

A is formed C is being formed

B was formed D has been formed

11. My car _____________ at the moment. Sorry, I can’t give you a lift to the station.

A is serviced C is being serviced

B has been serviced D has being serviced

12. All the teaching material _____________ after the classes start.

A are provided C will be provided

B will have been provided D provided have been

Exercise 117. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form.

cause damage hold include invite make overtake show translate write

2. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

3. Cheese ___________ from milk.

4. The roof of the building __________ in a storm a few days ago.

5. There’s no need to leave a tip. Service _____________ in the bill.

6. You __________ to the wedding. Why didn’t you go?

7. A cinema is a place where films ___________.

8. In the United States, elections for President ___________ every four years.

9. Originally the book ____________ in Spain and a few years ago it ____________ into English.

10. We were driving along quite fast but we _____________ by lots of cars.

Exercise 118. Translate into English.

1. Её отправили в больницу два дня назад. 2. Это сочинение было написано на прошлой неделе. 3. За доктором часто посылают. 4. Телеграмму послали поздно

вечером, и он получит её только утром. 5. Эту статью должна прочитать вся группа. 6. Это упражнение можно написать карандашом. 7. В будущем году построят много школ. 8. Когда мама пришла, обед был уже сварен. 9. Этот перевод будет закончен через несколько дней. 10. Эта картина была написана в XVI веке. 11. Когда были посажены эти яблони? 12. Когда читали новый рассказ, кто-то постучал в дверь. 13. Вас уже пригласили на вечер? 14. Книги уже принесли из библиотеки? 15. Меня ждут? 16. Этот кинотеатр был построен до того, как мы приехали сюда.17 Тебя ищут. Иди домой. 18. Почему над ним всегда смеются? 19. Лекции этого знаменитого профессора всегда слушают с большим вниманием. 20. Этот мост ещё строится. Он строился, когда я увидел его в первый раз. 21. Когда я приду домой, обед будут готовить. 22. Много вкусных блюд готовят из овощей и фруктов. 23. Этот город был основан в 11 веке. 24. Мы не сможем поехать за город в воскресенье: наша машина в ремонте. 25. Не входите в зал: его проветривают. 26. Вы пришли вовремя. Этот вопрос как раз сейчас обсуждают. 27. Этот матч показывали вчера по телевизору в 7 часов.

Have something done

Study this example situation:

The roof of Jill’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job. Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn’t repair it herself.

• We use have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us.

Compare:

Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)

Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

Study these examples:

Did Ann make her dress herself or did she have it made?

“Are you going to repair the car yourself?” “No, I’m going to have it repaired.”

Be careful with word order.

The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object (the roof/your hair etc.):

Have + object + past participle

Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.

Where did you have your hair cut yesterday?

Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?

Julia has just had central heating installed in her house.

We are having the house painted at the moment.

How often do you have your car serviced?

I think you should have that coat cleaned soon.

I don’t like having my photograph taken.

• You can also say ‘get something done’ instead of ‘have something done’ (mainly in formal spoken English).

When are you going to get the roof repaired? ( = have the roof repaired)

I think you should get your hair cut.

• Sometimes have something done has a different meaning.

For example: Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.

Of course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money.

‘They had all their money stolen’ means only: ‘All their money was stolen from them.’

With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:

George had his nose broken in a fight.

Have you ever had your passport stolen?

Exercise 119.

A. Why did you do these things? Answer using ‘have something done’. Use one of these verbs: cut clean repair service.

1. Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced.

2. Why did you take jacket to the cleaner’s? To ______________________________

3. Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? _____________________________

4. Why did you go to the hairdresser? ______________________________________

B. Write sentences in the way shown.

1. Jill didn’t repair the roof herself. She had it repaired.

2. I didn’t cut my hair myself. I ____________________________________________

3. They didn’t paint the house themselves. They ______________________________

4. Sue didn’t make the curtains herself. She __________________________________

5. Jim didn’t repair his car himself. He ______________________________________

6. She didn’t make the dress herself. She ____________________________________

C. Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use the structure ‘have something done’.

1. We are having the house painted (the house/paint) at the moment.

2. I lost my key. I’ll have to __________________________ (another key/make).

3. When was the last time you _________________________ (your hair/cut)?

4. You look different. ___________________________ (your hair/cut)?

5. _________________________ (you/a newspaper/deliver) to your house or do you go to the shop to buy one?

6. – What are those workmen doing in your garden? – Oh, we ________________ (a swimming pool/build).

7. – Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday? – I’m afraid I _________________ (not/the film/developed) yet.

8. This coat is dirty. I must ___________________ (it/clean).

9. If you want to wear earrings, why don’t you _______________ (your ears/pierce)?

D. Now you have to use ‘have something’ done with its second meaning.

1. George’s nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George? He had his nose broken in a fight.

2. Sarah’s bag was stolen on a train. What happened to Sarah? She _______________

3. Fred’s hat was blown off in the wind. What happened to Fred? _________________

4. Diane’s passport was taken away from her by the police. What happened to Diane?

5. Jim’s wallet was stolen by a thief. What happened to Jim? ____________________

Exercise 120. Translate into English using the pattern to have smth done.

Example: Я делаю причёску в парикмахерской каждую пятницу. – I have my hair done every Friday.

1. Вам надо отгладить и почистить костюм. 2. Мне надо сфотографироваться. 3. Здесь можно отдать в чистку плащ? 4. Вам не починят кран до понедельника. 5. Где вы шили это платье? 6. У него украли документы в прошлом году. 7. Ей выкрасили кухню в светло-зелёный цвет. 8. Она сшила себе новое пальто. 9. Мне нужно сделать причёску. 10. Здесь вы можете почистить пальто.

It is said that … He is said to …. (be) supposed to …

• Study this example situation:

Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but: It is said that he is 108 years old. or He is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: 'People say that he is 108 years old.'

You can use these structures with a number of other verbs, especially: thought believed considered reported known expected alleged understood

Compare the two structures:

Cathy works very hard.

It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or She is said to work 16 hours a day.

The police are looking for a missing boy.

It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. or The boy is believed to be wearing white pullover and blue jeans.

The strike started three weeks ago.

It is expected that it will end soon. or The strike is expected to end soon.

A friend of mine has been arrested.

It is alleged that he kicked a policeman. or He is alleged to have kicked a policeman.

Those two houses belong to the same family.

It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. or There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.

These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident:

It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. or Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.

• (Be) supposed to

Sometimes it is supposed to... = it is said to...:

Let’s go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good. (= it is said to be very good).

Why was he arrested?' 'He's supposed to have kicked a policeman.' (= he is said to have kicked a policeman)

But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. 'Something is supposed to happen' = it is planned, arranged or expected. Often this is different from what really happens:

I’d better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8.15. (= I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her).

The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. (= the train was expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable)

You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

You’re not supposed to do something = it is not allowed or advisable to do it

You’re not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.

Mr. Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work. (= his doctors have advised him not to...)

Exercise 121. Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word in your sentence.

1. It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike is expected to end soon.

2. It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is ___________

3. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. The thieves _____

4. It is reported that many people are homeless after floods. Many people __________

5. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall. The prisoner __________

6. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. The man ________

7. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire. The building __________

8. It is said that the company is losing a lot of money. The company ___________________

9. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company ____________

10. It is expected that the company will lose money this year. The company ____________

Exercise 122.

A. People say a lot of things about Arthur. For example:

1. Arthur eats spiders.

2. He is very rich.

3. He writes poetry.

4. He has 12 children.

5. He robbed the bank a long time ago.

Nobody knows for sure whether these things are true or not. Write sentences about Arthur using ‘be supposed to’.

1. Arthur is supposed to eat spiders.

2. He ______________________________________

3. _________________________________________

4. _________________________________________

5. _________________________________________

B. Now you have to use ‘be supposed to’ with its other meaning. In each example what happens is different from what is supposed to happen.

Use ‘be supposed to’ + one of these verbs: arrive, be, block, come, park, phone, start. Some of the sentences are negative.

1. You are not supposed to park here. It's private parking only.

2. The train _______________ at 11.30, but it was an hour late.

3. What are the children doing at home? They ______________ at school at this time.

4. We _____________ work a 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30.

5. This door is a fire exit. You ____________________ it.

6. Oh, dear! I ________________ Ann but I completely forgot.

7. They arrived very early – at 2 o’clock. They ______________ until 3.30.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

При переводе повествовательного предложения из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:

1. Глагол to say как сказуемое главного предложения при наличии косвенного дополнения заменяется соответствующей формой глагола to tell или употребляется без дополнения, указывающего на лицо:

He said to me, “The novel is very interesting.”

He told me that the novel was very interesting.

Или: He said that the novel was very interesting.

2. Личные и притяжательные местоимения придаточного предложения соответственно смыслу могут меняться:

He said, “I was ill last summer.”

He said (that) he had been ill last summer.

She repeated, “I work in a textile mill.”

She repeated (that) she worked in a textile mill.

3. Ряд слов, обозначающих время действия или место действия, близкое говорящему, при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную меняется на слова, обозначающие время или место действия более отдалённое:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
This/these	That/those
Here	There
Now	Then
Tonight, today, this week / month / year	That night, that day, that week / month /year
Tomorrow, next week / month / year	The day after, the following day, the next week / month / year
Yesterday, last night / week / month / year	The day before, the previous night / week / month / year
Two days / months / years / etc., ago	Two days / months / years etc., before

4. Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времён, то время глагола прямой речи меняется в соответствии с правилами согласования времён:

Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous

изменяется на Past Simple изменяется на Past Continuous изменяется на Past Perfect изменяется на Past Perfect изменяется на Past Perfect Continuous или остаётся без изменений остаётся без изменений остаётся без изменений изменяется на Future Simple in the Past изменяется на Future Continuous in the Past изменяется на Future Perfect in the Past изменяется на Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

Перевод в косвенную речь повествовательных предложений

При обращении прямой речи в косвенную образуется сложноподчинённое предложение. Главное присоединяется к придаточному при помощи союза that, который может быть опущен.

She said, “Mike will come at 6 o’clock.” – She said (that) Mike would come at 6 o’clock.

My sister said, “I have already seen this film.” – She said that she had already seen that film.

He said to his friend, “I am busy.” – He told his friend that he was busy.

Exercise 123. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Masha said: “I usually spend my holiday in the south.” 2. She said: “I spent my holiday in the Crimea last year.” 3. He said: “I am going to a rest-home tomorrow.” 4. Ann said to us: “They haven’t come yet.” 5. She said to us: “They arrived in St. Petersburg yesterday.” 6. Nick said: “I have never been to London. I think I shall go there next year.” 7. He said: “They are leaving next Monday.” 8. The clerk said to them: “You can leave the key with the maid upstairs.” 9. Oleg said: “My room is on the second floor.” 10. He said: “I am sure she will ring me up when she is back in St. Petersburg.” 11. Misha said: “I saw them at my parents’ house last year.” 12. “I don’t go to this shop very often,” she said. 13. Tom said: “I have already had breakfast, so I am not hungry.” 14. “I am going to the theatre tonight,” he said to me. 15. Mike said: “I spoke to Mr. Brown this morning.” 16. He said to her: “I shall do it if I have time.” 17. The teacher said to the class: “We shall discuss this subject tomorrow.” 18. “You are an excellent cook. Everything is very tasty,” said my guest to me.

Exercise 124. Translate into English.

Он сказал, что

она прекрасно знает английский. они ходят в театр раз в неделю. его родители не понимают его. Том работает сейчас в библиотеке. мама готовит ужин. он потерял ключ. родители вернулись из отпуска. никогда не был в Америке. он навестит её в субботу. они встретятся на следующей неделе. отец будет встречать его на вокзале. родители будут в это время смотреть фильм по телевидению. он не закончит работу к этому времени. он починит мой телевизор к концу недели. он был уверен в этом. он написал им письмо на прошлой неделе. поезд пришёл вовремя. никто не встретил его на станции. они знали друг друга два месяца, когда поженились.