Механика.Методика решения задач
.pdfȽɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ) – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɵ ɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ F ex , ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɟɥ, ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 2):
¦miai |
maɰɦ ¦Fj |
¦Fjex ¦Fjin F ex . |
(3.6) |
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ɝɞɟ Fjex – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ j-ɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɬɨɱɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, Fjin ¦Fijin – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
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ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ j-ɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɫɢɥɵ F ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ dt, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ, – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: F d t .
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ dt ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɭ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
d P F ex dt . |
(3.7) |
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ |
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ǻP { P(t2 ) P(t1 ) ³F ex dt , |
(3.8) |
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ɝɞɟ t1 ɢ t2 – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɵ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ n ) ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ:
d P |
F ex dt , |
(3.10) |
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ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
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ǻPn { Pn (t2 ) Pn (t1 ) |
³Fnex dt . |
(3.11) |
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ɂɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫ- |
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ɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ: Fjex |
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Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, |
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ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ |
ɫɭɦɦɚ |
ɜɫɟɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ |
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ: |
¦Fjex F ex |
0 . |
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Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ:
ǻP { P(t2 ) P(t1 ) 0 . |
(3.12) |
Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
– ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ-
ɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ n ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ: F ex |
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Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɵ – ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ:
ǻPn { Pn (t2 ) Pn (t1 ) 0 . |
(3.13) |
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ. ɉɭɫɬɶ M(t)
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɢ dm dM – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ dt (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.1).
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M(t) |
dm M(t) – dm |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɢ t + dt
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t + dt:
P(t) |
M (t)ȣ(t) , |
(3.14) |
P(t d t) M (t) d m ȣ(t) d ȣ d mȣ1 (t) . |
(3.15) |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ȣ(t) |
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t, dȣ |
– ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ |
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ dt, ȣ1 – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ dt ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨ |
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P(t d t) P(t) M (t) d ȣ d m u(t) , |
(3.16) |
ɝɞɟ u(t) { ȣ1 (t) ȣ(t) – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɬɟɥɚ.
Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ M(t), ɬ.ɟ. ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ: |
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d P(t) |
M (t) |
d ȣ |
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d m |
u(t) |
F ex , |
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(3.17) |
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M (t)a(t) F ex |
d m |
u(t) |
F ex Pu(t) F ex F (t) . |
(3.18) |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ F ex – ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨ, P |
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ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, Fɪ (t) { Pu(t) – ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
3.1.2. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥɵ F ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ d r ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɚ (ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ), ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟ-
ɳɟɧɢɟ: |
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į A F d r . |
(3.19) |
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥɵ F |
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ |
ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚ:
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ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
r |
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F d r . |
(3.20) |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ r1 ɢ r2 – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɨ-
ɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɚ (ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ).
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
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Ⱥ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ F p – ɫɢɥɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ1.
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ F p,in ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ F .
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ – ɫɢɥɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ:
F (r) F (r) |
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ɝɞɟ r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɚ r r – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. 1. Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S ɜ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ O (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.2), ɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥɵ (3.21) ɩɪɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚ-
1 Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɟɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
85 |
ɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
d A |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ O
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ
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Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ.
2. ɉɚɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ.
ɉɚɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ – ɷɬɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɢɥɵ, F1 ɢ F2 , ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɥ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.3) – F1 F2 , ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ |
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86 ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ
ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
d A į A12 į A21 F12 d r2 F21 d r1 |
F12 d r2 d r1 |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵ (ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ):
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ɋɢɥɵ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɨɛɟ – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
Ȼ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ
ɇɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ F np ɫɢɥɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɟɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɋɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɩ. 2.1.2.ȼ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ- |
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ɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɟɥ, ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ2: |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ Fɩ2 Fɩ1 |
ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ |
ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ dr2 |
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Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ:
dA Fɫɤ1 dr1 Fɫɤ2 |
dr2 Fɫɤ1 dr1 Fɫɤ1 dr2 |
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ɝɞɟ ȣɨɬɧ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ (3.30) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ Fɫɤ2 Fɫɤ1
ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱥɦɨɧɬɨɧɚ–Ʉɭɥɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. (2.14) ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2).
3.1.3. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ E p – ɮɢ-
ɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 1) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 0), ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɭɥɟɦ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ:
d E p ¦Fip d ri d Ap , |
(3.31) |
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E p E1p E0p ³d E p |
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(3.32) |
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ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
(ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) E p,in ɢ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ (ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪ-
ɧɵ) E p,ex :
2 ɗɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɢɥ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɥ.
88 ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ
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d E p,in d E p,ex , |
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Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ |
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ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ: |
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Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɢ-
ɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ:
E k ¦Eik |
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Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
E E k E p . |
(3.37) |
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɢɡɦɟ- |
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
F np,in |
ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ F np,ex |
ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ3 ɫɢɥ: |
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GAnp,in GAnp,ex GAnp , |
(3.38) |
ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ |
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(3.39) |
ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ "ɬɟɨɪɟɦɨɣ" ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
3 ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɬɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ (3.34).
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ:4
ǻE { E(t2 ) E(t1) 0 ɢɥɢ E(t1) E(t2 ) . |
(3.40) |
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (3.39).
Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ.
3.1.4. ɋɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ
ɍɞɚɪ (ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ) – ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɥ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ.
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ – ɭɞɚɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɬɟɥ ɞɨ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɟɥ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ – ɭɞɚɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɹɸ-
ɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
3.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
3.2.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɦ:
1)ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ,
2)ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ,
3)ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ),
4)ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ),
5)ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ).
4 ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɮɨɪ-
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ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
3.2.2.Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
I.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
1.ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɟɠ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ.
2.ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ).
3.ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
4.ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɥ (ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
5.ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɟɥ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ).
6.ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ) ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
II.Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
1.ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
2.Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.
3.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
III. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɚɯ.
1.Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ.
2.ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɢɲɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ).
3.ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɭɧɤɬɵ I.6 – II.2 ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ.
ɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ – ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ.