Англ.яз. Задание №130 Воеводская 12

УДК378.6:811.111(075.8)

Рецензент д-р филол. наук, доцент Е. И. Варгина (СПбГУ)

Английский язык: задание № 130 для студентов всех специальностeй I курса факультета безотрывных форм обучения / сост.: Т. Б. Воеводская, Л. Я. Лапшина; СПбГАСУ. – СПб., 2012. – 48 с.

Задание предназначено для аудиторного чтения для студентов I курса факультета безотрывных форм обучения всех специальностей для развития навыковтехническогопереводасословарем.Взаданиииспользованытексты,взятые из оригинальной литературы.

Каждый урок включает тексты для устного и письменного перевода, лексические и грамматические упражнения, направленные на развитие навыков устного и письменного перевода со словарем. В конце задания имеется англорусский словарь, составленный на основе употребляющейся в задании лексики.

Санкт-Петербургскийгосударственный архитектурно-строительныйуниверситет,2012

Урок 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

ТекстA. General Principles of Construction

The building has to resist gravity and remain safe throughout its design life. Every buildingconsists of some common elements: foundations, floors, walls, roof, windows and doors, stairs and ramps, surface finishes, services.

An integrated approach is very important for the success of the building project. It is impossible to consider the choice of, for example, a window withoutconsideringitsinteractionwiththewallinwhichitistobepositioned and fixed.

Masonryloadbearingconstructioniswellestablishedinthebuildingsector. It depends on the skills of the site workers and on wet trades, for example bricklaying and plastering. Quality control depends upon the quality of the supervision on site.

In a typical load bearing wall construction the main loads are transferred tothefoundationsviatheinternalload bearingwall.Theexternalskinserves to provide weather protection and aesthetic quality.

Framed construction also has a long practice. The firstframes of low rise buildingsweremadefromtimber.Laterappearedironandreinforcedconcrete frames. Three main materials are used for low-rise developments: timber, steel and concrete. Framed construction is better suited for prefabrication and off-site manufacturing than masonry load bearing construction. Dry techniquesareusedandqualitycontroliseasierbecausetheproductionprocess is repetitive and a large amount of the work is carried out in a carefully controlled environment. Site operations are concerned with the correct placement and connection of individual component parts in a safe manner.

Notes:

via – через,

masonry load bearing construction – возведение несущих стен методом каменной кладки,

externalskin–внешняяоболочкаограждающихконструкций,наружный слой,

framed construction – каркасное строительство, low-rise development – малоэтажное здание,

supervision – наблюдение, руководство,

off-site manufacturing – производство за пределами участка, reinforced concrete – железобетон

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: design, erection, erect, resist gravity, foundation, floor, wall, roof, window, door, surface finish, services, position, fix, consider, masonry, timber, steel, concrete, load, load bearing, prefabrication, site, use (v.), a number of, throughout, follow by

Задание3.НайдитевтекстеАивыпишитеглаголывформепассивного залога.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Three main materials (используются) for low-rise developments: timber, steel and concrete. 2. (Внешняя оболочка ограждающих конструкций) serves to provide weather protection and aesthetic quality. 3. (Возведение несущих стен методом каменной кладки) depends on the skills of the site workers. 4. Framed construction is better suited for prefabrication and (за пределамиучастка)manufacturingthanmasonryloadbearingconstruction. 5. Inatypicalloadbearingwallconstructionthemain loads(передаются)to the foundations via the internal load bearing wall. 6. Site operations (имеют дело с) the correct placement and connection of individual component parts

in a safe manner. 7. (Каркасное строительство) also has a long practice. 8.(Производственныйпроцесс)isrepetitive.9.Alargeamountofthework (выполняется)inacarefullycontrolledenvironment.10.Drytechniquesare used and quality control is (легче). 11. The building(должно) resist gravity.

Задание 7. Определите функции глаголов to be, to have и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Every buildingis composedofsome commonelements.2. Itis vitalfor the success of the building project that an integrated approach is adopted. 3. It is impossible to consider the choice of, for example, a window without considering its interaction with the wall in which it is to be positioned and fixed.4.Masonryloadbearingconstructioniswellestablishedinthebuilding sector. 5. Qualitycontroldependsupon the qualityof the supervisionon site. 6.Threemainmaterialsareusedforlow-risedevelopments:timber,steeland concrete. 7.Drytechniques are usedand quality controliseasier because the production process is repetitive anda large amount of the work is carriedout in a carefully controlled environment. 8. The building has to resist gravity. 9. Framed construction has a long practice.

Задание8.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B

In a typicalframed wall construction the main loads are transferred to the foundations via the structural frame. The external skin serves to provide weather protection and aesthetic quality. It is common to clad timber and steelframedbuildingswithbrickwork,thusfromexternalappearancesitmay beimpossibletodeterminewhethertheconstructionisframedorloadbearing.

Prefabricationandoff-siteproductionisalsoverypopularnowastherange of prefabricated units is expanding. Considerable improvements in product qualityandsafetymaybemadethroughtheuseofprefabricatedcomponents. Itmovestheskillsawayfromthebuildingsiteintothecontrolledenvironment of the factory. Site operations become limited to the lifting, positioning and fixing of components into the correct position.

Урок 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Functions of Buildings

Thereareanumberoffundamentalprinciplesthatwemustconsiderwhen we start to design and erect a building.

Buildingsare constructed, altered, upgraded, restored or demolished for a variety of reasons. All building projects need to meet performance requirements. The primary function of a building is to provide shelter from our weather, a container for living, working and playing in. The principal function requirements include: 1) shelter, 2) security, 3) safety and comfort, 4) ease of use andoperation (functionality), 5) ease ofmaintenance, periodic repair and replacement, 6) ability to recycle materials and components. The main aim is to achieve these functions in an economical and safe way using the most appropriate resources available.

The performance of the building will be determined by a number of interrelated factors set by the client, legislation and society. The main considerationsare:1)space,determinedbyafigureforfloorareaandvolume, 2)thermalandacousticperformance,3)servicelifeofthebuildingandspecific building elements, 4) cost of construction, cost in use and cost of demolition andrecycling,5)qualityofthefinishedbuilding,6)appearanceofthefinished building.

The functional and performance requirements will inform the design process,fromtheinitialconceptsrightthroughtothecompletionofthedetails and production of the information (drawings, schedules and specifications) from which the building will be constructed. Good detailing will help the contractortoassemblethebuildingsafelyandeconomicallyandwillcontribute to the durability and ease of use of the building over its life.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: alter,upgrade,restore,demolish,meettherequirements,performance,provide, shelter,security,safety,maintenance,repair,replacement,recycle,area,space, drawing, schedule, specification, contractor, durability, appearance

Задание3.ВпервыхдвухабзацахтекстаАнайдитемодальныеглаголы

ивыпишите их. В третьем и четвертом абзацах текста А найдите

ивыпишите глаголы в форме будущего времени.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.

particles. 3. There is one primary function of a building – to provide shelter. 4. There is a number of factors set by the client, legislation and society.

Задание8.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Quality

Thequalityof the completed buildingwillbedeterminedbythe qualityof thought behind the design process, the quality of the materials and products andthe qualityoftheworkundertaken.The requiredqualityof materialsand workmanshipwillbesetoutinthewrittenspecification.Goodqualitymaterials and good quality work will have a higher initial cost than lower quality alternatives. However, the overall feel of the building and its long-term durability may be considerablyimproved. When making decisions about the materialsandcomponentstobeuseditisimportanttoconsiderthewholelife costof the materials, notjusttheirinitial capitalcostandthe costoflabour to assemble the materials.

Урок 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Groundwork and Foundations

The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in direct contact with, and transmitting loads to, the ground. The building foundationissometimesreferredtoastheartificialfoundation,andtheground on which it bears asthe natural foundation. Early buildings were founded on rock or firm ground. It was not until the beginning of the twentieth century thatconcretewasusedasafoundationbaseforwalls.Theprimaryfunctional requirement of a foundation is strength and stability.

The combined, dead, imposed and wind loads on a building must be transmitted to the ground safely, without causing deflection or deformation of the building or movement of the ground that would impair the stability of the building or neighboring structures. Foundations should also be designed and constructed to resist any movement of the subsoil.

Foundations should be designed so thatanysettlementis both limitedand uniform under the whole of the building. Some settlement of a building on a soil foundation is inevitable. As the building is erected the loads placed on thefoundationincreaseandthesoiliscompressed.Thissettlementshouldbe limitedtoavoiddamagetoservicepipesanddrainsconnectedtothebuilding. Bearingcapacitiesforvariousrocksandsoilsareassumedandthesecapacities should not be exceeded in the design of the foundation to limit settlement.

There are a number of approaches to foundation construction, from strip foundations, piles and rafts, all of which are constructed of concrete.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: pier, column, transmit, ground, found, artificial, rock, firm, concrete, soil, strength, stability, bearing capacity, dead load, live load, deformation, resist, subsoil, settlement, uniform, increase, compress, avoid, damage, pipe, strip foundation, pile, raft

Задание3.ВовторомитретьемабзацахтекстаАнайдитемодальные глаголы и выпишите их.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The building foundation is sometimes referred to as (искусственный фундамент). 2. Early buildings (закладывались) on rock or firm ground. 3. (Фундамент) of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in direct contactwith,andtransmittingloadsto,theground.4.Itwasnotuntilthebeginning of the twentieth century that (бетон не использовался) as a foundation base for walls. 5. The primary functional requirement of a foundation is (прочность и устойчивость). 6. The combined, dead, imposed and wind loads on a building mustbetransmittedtothegroundsafely,(невызывая)deflectionordeformation of the building. 7. Foundations should also be designed and constructed (чтобы выдерживать любое движение грунтового основания). 8. As the building is erected the loads placed on the foundation (увеличиваются) and the soil (сжимается). 9. (Существует ряд) approaches to foundation construction.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Soil

Soilis the generaltermforthe upper layerof the Earth’s surface thatconsists of variouscombinationsofparticlesofdisintegratedrock,suchasgravel,sandorclay, with some organic remains of decayed vegetation generallyclose to the surface.

Thelayeroftopsoilwhichisabout100to300mmdeep,islooselycompacted and is unsatisfactory as a foundation because of its poor bearing capacity. It should be stripped from the site and retained for landscaping around the site.

Subsoil is the general term for soil below the topsoil. It is unusual for a subsoil to consist of gravel, sand or clay by itself. The majority of subsoils aremixesofvarioussoils.Gravel,sandandclaymaybecombinedinavariety of proportions.

Therearethreegroupsofsoilsdependingonthesizeandnatureoftheparticles: coarse-grained non-cohesive, fine-grained cohesive and organic.The nature and behaviour under the load on foundations of the soils in each group are similar.

Notes:

coarse-grained non-cohesive soil – грубозернистый несвязный грунт fine-grained cohesive soil – тонкозернистый связный грунт

Урок 4

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

ТекстA. Concrete

Concreteisthenamegiventoamixtureofparticlesofsandandgravel,the aggregate, bound together with cement, the matrix. Fine aggregate is natural sand which has been washed and sieved to remove particles larger than 5 mm, and coarse aggregate is gravel that has been crushed, washed and sieved so that the particles vary from 5mm up to 50mm in size.The fine and coarse aggregate are delivered separately. By combining them in the correct proportions, a concrete with very few voids in it can be made.

The cement most used is ordinary Portland cement. It is manufactured by heating a mixture of finely powdered clay and limestone with water to a temperatureofabout1200ºC,atwhichthelimeandclayfusetoformaclinker. This clinkeris groundwiththeadditionofa littlegypsumto afinepowderof cement. Cement powder reacts with water and its composition gradually changes;theparticlesofcementbindtogetherandadherestronglytomaterials with which they are mixed. Cement hardens gradually after it is mixed with water. Some thirty minutes to an hour after mixing with water the cement is no longer plastic and it increasingly hardens to a dense solid mass after 7 days.

The materials used in reinforced concrete are weighed and mixed in large concretemixers.Itisnoteconomicalforbuilderstoemployexpensivemixing machinery. Concrete for foundations and floors is usually delivered to site ready mixed. Ready-mixed concrete is carefully prepared and delivered to site by lorries.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: concrete, mixture, particle, sand, gravel, aggregate, fine, coarse, deliver, manufacture (v, n), powder, lime, limestone, clay, set, harden, dense, solid, strength, evaporate

Задание3.НайдитевпервомабзацетекстаАпричастияII,выпишите их и определите их функции.

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Concrete is the name (данное) to a mixture of particles of aggregate, (связанных) together with cement. 2. Portland cement (производится) by heating a mixture of finely powdered clay and limestone with water to a temperatureof about 1200ºC. 3. Cement hardens gradually(после того,как онсмешивается)withwater.4.Thematerials(используемые)inreinforced concrete are weighed and mixed in large concrete mixers. 5. (Мелкий и крупный заполнитель) are delivered separately. 6. By combining them in the correct proportions, a concrete with very few voids or spaces in it can be made that produces a strong concrete.7. (Бетонная смесь заводского изготовления) is carefully prepared and delivered to site by lorries.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Water-cement ratio

The materials used for making concrete are mixed with water for two reasons: first to cause the reaction between cement and water, which results in the cement acting as a binding agent and, secondly, to make the material sufficientlyplastictobeeasilyplacedinposition.Theratioofwatertocement used in concrete affects its ultimate strength. If too little water is used the concrete is so stiff that it cannot be compacted and if too much water is used the concrete does not develop full strength. Very little water is required to ensure thata full chemical reaction takes place within the concrete mix.Any excess water will not be used and will leave very small voids within the concretewhentheunusedwatereventuallyevaporatesaway.Thewateradded mustbe sufficientto allowthe chemicalreactiontotake place and enablethe concrete to be worked (poured or vibrated) into place. The amount of water required to make concrete sufficiently plastic (workable) depends on the position in which the concrete is to be placed.

Урок 5

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

ТекстA. Strip Foundations

Strip foundations consist of a continuous strip, usually of steel reinforced concrete, formed centrally under loadbearing walls. This continuous strip servesasalevelbaseonwhichthewallisbuilt.Itis ofsuchawidthtospread theload on the foundationstoanarea of subsoil.This subsoil should support the load without undue compaction. The bearing capacity of the soil should be grater than the loads imposed by the buildings foundation.

Thecontinuousstripof concrete isspread in the trenchesexcavated down toa level of compactsoil.The stripof concretemayneedtobe nowiderthan thethicknessofthewall.Inpracticetheconcretestripwillgenerallybewider than the thickness of the wall for the convenience of covering the whole width of the trench and to provide a wide enough level base for bricklaying belowground.Acontinuousstripfoundationofconcreteisthemosteconomic form of foundation for small buildings on compact soils.

The width of a concrete strip foundation depends on the bearing capacity ofthesubsoilandtheloadonthefoundations:thegreaterthebearingcapacity of the subsoil, the less the width of the foundation and vice versa.

Distributionofthe loadovera largerarea reducesthe loadperunit area on theground. Stripfoundationsonsubsoils with poor bearingcapacity, suchas softsandyclays,mayneedtobeconsiderablywiderthantraditional(narrow) strip foundations. However, to keep increasing the width and depth of the concrete ensuring that the foundation does not shear makes the process uneconomical. The alternative is to form a strip of steel-reinforced concrete.

Note:

vice versa – наоборот

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: strip foundation, continuous, reinforced concrete, compaction, capacity, support,trench,width,thickness,shear,compression,tension,bar,rod,ensure, protect, corrosion, composite, spread, economic, depend on