Англ.яз. Задание №130 Воеводская 12

Текст B

Concreteisstrongincompression,butisweakintension.Theeffectofthe downward pressure of the wall on the middle of the foundation and the opposingforceofthegroundspreadacrossthebaseofthefoundationattempts to bend the foundation upwards; this places the top of the foundation in compression and the base of the foundation in tension.

These opposingpressures willtendtocause shearcracking.Toaddtensile properties to the foundation steel, reinforcing bars are cast in the lower edge wheretensionwilloccur.Therehastobeasufficientcoverofconcretebelow the steel reinforcing rods to ensure a good bond between the concrete and steel and to protect the steel from corrosion. The steel and concrete make up a composite material that can resist both tensile and compressive forces.

Урок 6

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

ТекстA. Floors

Concrete and timber are the two materials most used for the construction of ground and upper floors. The choice of one over another is determined largely by the span required performance in terms of fire safety and the resistance to the passage of heat and sound.

The functional requirements of a floor are:

1.Strength and stability.

2.Resistance to weather and ground moisture.

3.Durability and freedom from maintenance.

4.Fire safety – resisting spread and passage of fire.

5.Fire safety – providing stable support for occupants to evacuate.

6.Resistance to passage of heat.

7.Resistance to the passage of sound.

Thestrengthofafloordependsonthecharacteristicsofthematerialsused for the structure of the floor, such as timber, steel or concrete. The floor structure must be strong enough to support safely the dead load of the floor anditsfinishes, fixtures, partitionsandservices and the imposedloadsof the occupants and their movable furniture and equipment. Where imposed loads aresmall,asinsinglefamilydomesticbuildingsofnotmorethanthreestoreys, a timber floor construction is usual. The lightweight timber floor structure is adequate for the small loads over small spans. Precast concrete block and beam flooring offers an economical and quick alternative to timber floors. Forlargerimposedloads andwiderspans areinforcedconcrete floorisused, both for strength in support and for resistance to fire.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: floor,concrete,timber,choice,determine,span,require,performance,safety, resistance,heat,sound,strength,durability,maintenance,moisture,occupant, fixture, partition, services, equipment, storey, lightweight, precast, precast concrete block, both … and

Задание 3. Выпишитеиз текстаАпричастиявфункцииопределения и переведите их на русский язык.

have adequate stiffness to remain stable and horizontal under the dead load of the floor structure and such partitions and other fixtures it supports and anticipated static and live loads it is designed to support. The floor structure should also support and accommodate services either in its depth, or below or above the floor, without affecting its stability.

Solidgroundandbasementfloorsareoftenbuiltoffthegroundfromwhich they derive support. The stability of such floors depends, therefore, on the characteristics of the concrete under them. Upper or suspended floors are supportedbywalls or beams and should have adequate stiffness to minimize deflection under load. Under load a floor will deflect and bend and this deflection and this deflection or bendingshould be limited to avoid cracking ofrigidfinishessuchasplasterboard,whichareattachedtotheceilingdirectly below the floor.

Урок 7

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

ТекстA. Walls

A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, which is thin relative to its length and height. External walls help to provide shelter from our environmentandinternalwallsdividebuildingsintoroomsorcompartments. The main function of an externalwall is to provide shelter against wind, rain and the daily and seasonal variations of outside temperature normal to its location, for reasonable indoor comfort. To provide adequate shelter a wall should have sufficient strength and stability to be self-supporting and also to support roofs and upper floors. The terms loadbearing and non-loadbearing are used to differentiate the structural requirements of those walls that carry the loads from roofs and upper floors in addition to their own weight from those that are freestanding and carry only their own weight. The majority of walls for single, double and triple storey buildings are constructed with loadbearing masonry walls or are framed fromtimber, steel or concrete.The type of wall used will generally depend on the availability of materials and labour, economic factors and the design approach.

The function of a wall is to enclose and protect a building or to divide spacewithinabuilding.Itisconvenienttoadoptalistofspecificrequirements to provide a check that a particular wall construction satisfies these requirements. The commonly accepted requirements of a wall are:

1.Strength and stability.

2.Resistance to weather and ground moisture.

3.Durability and freedom from maintenance.

4.Fire safety.

5.Resistance to the passage of heat.

6.Resistance to airborne and impact sound.

7.Security.

8.Aesthetics.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: continuous, vertical, thin, length, height, external, internal, environment, to divide, indoor, adequate, sufficient, self-supporting, requirement, enclose, resistance, carry, security, loadbearing, non-loadbearing

Текст B. Brick Classifications

Bricksmaybeclassifiedinaccordancewiththeirusesascommons,facing and engineering bricks.

Commons are sufficiently hard to carry the loads but they have a dull texture or are a poorcolour. Commonsareused forinternalwallsthatarenot usually exposed to view.

Facingbrickscancarrynormalloads,arecapableofwithstandingtheeffects of rain, wind and frost without breaking up and have a pleasant appearance.

Engineering bricks are made from specially prepared clay. They are very solid and hard are are capable of safely carrying much heavier loads than other type of brick. These bricks are mainly used for walls carrying exceptionally heavy loads, for brick piers and general engineering works.

A range of specialbricksare made forspecificuses in fairface brickwork.

Note:

fairface brickwork – ровная (гладкая) лицевая кирпичная кладка

Урок 8

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

ТекстA. Walls Strength

The strength of the materials used in wall construction is determined by the strength of a material in resisting compressive and tensile stress and the wayinwhichthematerialsareputtogether.Theusualmethodofdetermining the compressive and tensile strengths of a material is to subject samples of thematerial totests to assess the ultimate compressive and tensile stresses at which the material fails in compression and in tension. From these tests the safe working strengths of materials in compression and in tension are set. Thesafe workingstrength of amaterialis considerablyless thanthe ultimate strength,toprovideasafetyfactoragainstvariationsinthestrengthofmaterials and their behaviour under stress. The characteristic working strengths of materials, to an extent, determine their use in the construction of buildings.

The moderate compressive and tensile strength of timber members has longbeenusedtoconstructaframeof walls,floors androofsforhouses.The compressive strength of well burned brick combined with the durability, fire resistance andappearance of the materialcommends it as awallingmaterial. The sense of solidity and permanence and the compressive strength of stone made it the traditional walling material for many larger buildings. Steel and concrete are used principally for their considerable strength as the structural framemembersof large buildings.In the majorityof smallbuildings,suchas houses, the compressive strength of brick and stone is rarely fully utilized because the functional requirements of stability and exclusion of weather dictate a thickness of wall in excess of that required for strength alone.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: strength,resist,compressivestress,tensilestress,ultimatecompressivestress, compressive strength, ultimate tensile stress, tensile strength, fail, utilize, subject (v), assess (v), behavior, appearance

Задание 3. Выпишите из текста А слова с окончанием –ing (герундий, причастие I, отглагольное существительное).

their considerable strength as (элементы строительного каркаса) of large buildings.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Wall Stability

Stability of a wall may be affected by foundation movement, eccentric loading, lateral forces (wind) and expansion due to changes in temperature and moisture. Eccentric loads (those not acting on the centre of the wall), suchasfromfloorsandroofs,andlateralforces,suchaswind,tendtodeform and overturn walls. The greater the eccentricity of the loads and the greater thelateralforces,thegreaterthetendencyofawalltodeform, bowoutofthe vertical and lose stability. To prevent loss of stability, due to deformation under loads,buildingregulations and structuraldesigncalculations setlimits to the height or thickness ratios (slenderness ratios) to provide reasonable stiffness against deformation under load, lateral (horizontal) restraint is providedbywallsandroofsthataretiedtothewall,andbyintersectingwalls andpiers that are bonded or tied to the wall as stiffeningagainst deformation along the length of walls.

Урок 9

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст А. Roofs

Theroofisanimportantelementinprovidingprotectionfromtheweather. It has a significant role to play in the reduction of heat loss from a building. Roofs are classified as either pitched or flat. Timber is the most commonly usedmaterial.Concreteissometimesusedforflatroofs.Itiscommonpractice to construct pitched roofs from prefabricated timber trusses.

The functional requirements of a roof are:

1.Strength

2.Stability

3.Resistance to weather

4.Durability and freedom from maintenance

5.Fire safety

6.Resistance to the passage of heat

7.Resistance to the passage of sound

8.Security

9.Aesthetics

The strength and stability of a roof depends on the characteristics of the materialsfrom whichitisconstructedand thewayin whichthe materialsare formedas a horizontal(flat) platform oras a triangular (pitched) framework.

A roof prevents water entering a building by using a roof covering which prevents rain penetration. The materials that cover the roof range from the continuousimpermeablelayerofasphaltthatcanbelaidhorizontaltoexclude rain, to the small units of clay or concrete tiles that are laid overlapping or interlocking so that rain runs off the roof to rainwater gutters.

The durability of a roof depends on the ability of the roof covering to exclude rain, snow and the destructive action of frost and temperature fluctuations.Persistentpenetrationofwaterintothe roofstructuremaycause orencouragedecayoftimber,corrosionof steelordisintegrationofconcrete.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: roof,heat,protection,reduction,pitched,flat,truss,repair,sound,framework, prevent, penetration, impermeable, layer, cause, decay, corrosion, disintegration

Текст B

The requirements for fire safety are concerned for the safe escape of occupantstotheoutsideofbuildings.Theregulationsrequireadequatemeans of escape, and limitation to internal and external fire spread.

The materials of roof structures and roof coverings are generally poor insulators against the transfer of heat so it is necessary to use insulating materials to control excessive loss or gain of heat.

Theresistanceofarooftothepenetrationofairbornesoundisnotgenerally consideredunlessthebuildingisclosetoanairportorbusyroadorrailnetwork. The mass of the materials of a roof is the main consideration in the reducing airborne sound than a similar timber roof. The introduction of mineral fibre slabs, batts or boards to a timber roof will have some effect in reducing intrusive, airborne sound.

Урок 10

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.

Текст А. Stairs and Ramps

For access between floors and different levels in buildings a ladder, stair or ramp is used. Lifts and escalators are also used for vertical circulation.

A ladderis made asaseries of narrowhorizontalsteps, fixedbetweentwo uprights of wood or metal, on which a person usually climbs up or down facing the ladder. A ladder may be fixed in an upright, vertical position or moreusuallyataslightangletotheverticalforeaseofuse.Itisrecommended that a ladder should only be used where there is not enough space for a stair. The ladder must be fixed in position and fitted with handrails both sides.

Astair, or stairway, is the name given to a set of steps formed or constructed to make it possible to pass to another level on foot by putting one foot after the other on alternate steps to climb up or down the stair. A stair may be formedasa series of steps risingin onedirection between floors as a straight flightofsteps,arrangedtomakeaquarterorhalfturnatintermediatelandings between floors. Using two flights helps to limit the number of steps in each flight making use of the stairway potentially safer.

A stair is the conventional means of vertical access between floors in buildings. It should be constructed to provide ready, easy, comfortable and safe access up and down with steps that are easy to climb, within a compact area, so as not to take up excessive floor space.

A ramp is a surface, an inclined plane, linking different levels.A ramp is formed or constructed at a slope of atleast 1 in 20 (1m rise verticallyin 20m horizontally).Becauseofthecomparativelyshallowslopeofarampitoccupies aconsiderableareaandthismustbeconsideredearlyinthedesignprocessso that enough room is allowed.

A stair or rampserves much the same function as a floor in the support of the occupants of a building, with the stepped inclined plane of flights, or shallow rise of a ramp, serving as support for movement between different levels. The requirements for strength and stability in supporting dead and imposed loads for floors apply equally to stairs and ramps.