Unit 2. Factors of production

TEXT A:Factors of production TEXT B: Entrepreneurship TEXT C: Factors of production for an innovation economy BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: In the office GRAMMAR: Present Tenses. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Tenses

“The supply-side claim is not a claim. It is empirically true and historically convincing that with lower rates of taxation on labor and capital, the factors of production, you'll get a bigger economy.”

Jack Kemp(1935 –2009),an American politician, a collegiate and professional football player

Lead-in

1. Would you like to own your own business? Why or why not?

2. Would you prefer to buy an existing business or start one yourself?

3. What product or service would you provide?

4. Where would you want to locate the business and for what reason?

5. How would you recruit employees?

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

1. Reading drills

Ex.1. Practice reading the following words.

y/i [aɪ] rye, fly, sky, dry, try, ply, dye, by-product, type, byte, cycle;lifestyle, item, size, dive, sizable

[aɪ]falsify, intensify, notify, signify, specify

[ɪ] myth, symbol, system, syndicate, Sydney

[ɪ]security, property, economically, secondary, duty, baby, lady, study, noisy, lobby, pony, sorry, lorry,sym'phonic

[aiə] tyre, tire, hire, fire

y [j]yes, yet, you, yell, yelp, yield, youthful, yard, yawn

u [ju:] use, mule, tune, due, suit

u[ʌ] but, must, run, sun, up

u[u:] rule, true, fruit, blue, flu

[ɔ] – [ʌ] not – nut, boss – bus, dock – duck, lock – luck, sock - suck

Rhyme, single, rhythm, rivalry, yawn, risky, syllable, sight, historically, multiply, mind, pretty, think, nymph, yesterday, child, pyjamas, memory, kind, wish, analytic, behind, picture, category, yucca, desire, light, exactly, king, candy, miner, syndicate, typist, hymn, rice, myself, risk, pyramid, nylon, mineral, line, hydrant.

Ex.2. Read the words in the groups below. Pay attention to the word stress.

1. words with the stress on the first syllable:

access, acre, actual, balance, benefit, broker, capital, dwelling, enterprise, forecast, glut, hectare, tangible, labour, land, lease, lot, luxury, maintenance, management, owner, ownership, parking, property, suburbs, quality, quantity, raw, scarce, scarcity, service, term, urban, utilize;

2. words with the stress on the second syllable:

accumulate, accomplishment, consumer, commodity, delivery, environment, estate, inherit, inheritance, intangible, location, necessity, securities, utility;

3. polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:

acquisition, competition, exploitation, externalities, information,entrepreneur, entrepreneurial, entrepreneurship, privatization, profitability, relocate,substitution,telecommunication, termination, urbanization,undercapitalization, utilization.

Ex.3. Read the following two-syllable words in the box. Pay special attention to the word stress - it is different for noun and verb.

Verb	Noun
conduct	conduct
discount	discount
object	object
permit	permit
produce	produce
reject	reject
subject	subject
transport	transport

Now, read and translate the sentences with some of the words from Ex.3.

1. Ethical conduct is a particular concern among more vulnerable service users.

2. We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.

3. Employees can buy books at a discount.

4. Games were discounted to as little as $5.

5. My object was to explain the decision simply.

6. Robson strongly objected to the terms of the contract.

7. Dogs are not permitted inside the shop.

8. Hikers need a camping permit for overnight stays in the park.

9. The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.

10. We sell tinned goods and fresh produce in our shop.

11. These two plates are factory rejects because they’re slightly cracked in the middle.

12. The agency sent five possible candidates for the job and we rejected two.

13. Genetic engineering is very much a subject for debate.

14. He didn’ want to subject his child to the long journey.

15. The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to parts on the coast.

2. Word-formation

Ex.4. Using the endings -er, -or, -ian, -ee, -ant and -ist, change each of the following words into a noun referring to people.

Model: law +-er → lawyer; audit + -or → auditor.

Technical, employ, consult, scientific, drive, program, propriety, music, train, act, art, bake, bike, carry, correspond, dental, football, govern, humour, instruct, jog.

Ex.5. Complete each sentence with a noun that refers to the type of person described.

1. He works at the reception desk so he is a __________ .

2. To do this work an employer had to hire a new __________ .

3. She wants to work for the legal department so she is a __________ .

4. As an __________ he audits the company’s accounts.

5. She plays the violin perfectly so she is a __________ .

6. He studied electricity and became an __________ .

7. She works for a very popular newspaper so she is a __________ .

8. He reports on sport events for the ICTV so he is a __________ .

9. Over 100 people applied for the job; we didn’t expect so many __________ .

10. I’ve got bad toothache; I need to go to the __________ .

Ex.6. Make up nouns from the verbs and adjectives given.

Verb → Noun: accept, promote, enter, initiate, occur, protect, store, waste, refer, recruit.

Adjective → Noun: effective, free, reliable, social, real,aware,liable, important, competitive, industrial.