МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

(Научно-исследовательский университет)

Факультет международного образования

Задания по основам теории

английского языка

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

для слушателей программы

дополнительного (к высшему) образования

«Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации»

МОСКВА 2011

Задания по основам теории английского языка. Учебное пособие. 163с.

Составитель: ст.преп. Просяновская О.А.

В пособии представлены задания по теоретической грамматике для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы, справочный материал, предназначенные для студентов IIкурса, обучающихся по программе ПСПК.

Часть 2. Теоретическая грамматика

TASK 1…………………………………….…….… 4

TASK 2…………………………………….…….….8

TASK 3…………………………………….…….…13

TASK 4……………………………………….….…18

TASK 5……………………………………….….…24

TASK 6………………………………………….….30

TASK 7………………………………………….….34

TASK 8……………………………………….…….41

TASK 9……………………………………….…….48

TASK 10…………………………………….……...54

TASK 11……………………………………….…...60

TASK 12……………………………………………67

TASK 13………………………………………..…..71

TASK 14…………………………………………....78

TASK 15…………………………………………....82

TASK 16……………………………………………90

TASK 17……………………………………………94

TASK 18…………………………………………...102

APPENDIX………………………………………..116

Task 1. Noun

1. Give nouns of the opposite sex.

a baron a count a god

a duke an emperor an usher

a manager a steward a waiter a widow a poet a prince

a tiger a lion a hero

a tsar a spinster a bride

2. Match the male, female and their young.

Male	Female	Young
bull	hind	1. fawn
boar	goose	2. cub
buck	cow	3. calf
stag	mare	4. foal
fox	hen	5. pup
dog	ewe	6. piglet
gander	sow	7. gosling
drake	bitch	8. lamb
stallion	duck	9. fawn
cock	doe	10. duckling
ram	vixen	11. chick

3. Give the plural of the following nouns if possible.

a lottery a fisherman a fish

a series a Japanese progress a person advice petrol a chef a means an ox

a species a carp a cuckoo toast a mongoose a disco a cupful a class-mate

a forget-me-not a court-martial

a man-of-war a merry-go-round a hanger-on a boy-friend

a man-servant a woman-writer

4. Complete the table.

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
	cacti	15. museum
analysis		16.	addenda
	stimuli	17.	radii
	strata	18. drama
datum		19. genius
curriculum		20.	appendices
basis		21. axis
fungus		22.	media
	genera	23. album
index		24.	phenomena
	crises	25. locus
	criteria	26.	larvae
13.	memoranda	27.	bacteria
14. stadium		28. formula

5. Complete each pair below by adding the male or female equivalent.

1.	lady
2.	duchess
3. heir
4.	manageress
5. salesman
6.	niece
7. policeman
8. landlord
9.	hostess
10.	nun
11. dog
12. conductor
13.	barmaid

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Your bathroom scales (be)… not very accurate.

2. $400 (be) ….far too expensive for that stereo.

3. The police (be) … coming to the rescue.

4. The scissors (work not) … very well.

5. The rubbish (have) … been taken away.

6. Binoculars (be) … needed to see that far.

7. The stairs (be) … very dangerous.

8. Mumps (be) … very contagious.

9. All of our furniture (be)… brand new.

10. The applause (be)… very loud.

11. Billiards (be)… his favourite game.

12. Ten minutes (be)… too little time to finish this report.

13. Every time I travel, some of my luggage (get) … damaged.

14. The staff (be) … happy with the pay-rise.

15. Sophisticated machinery (cost) … a lot of money.

16. Her advice (be) … very useful.

17.That jewellery really (suit) … you.

18. My favourite pyjamas (be) … the ones with red and white stripes.

19. Good looks (be) … all you need to be a model.

20. Your trousers (go) … nicely with this blue top.

7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. The water in this lake ……… (look) very clean.

1. Making mistakes ……..(be) only natural.

2. Maths ………… (not/interest) me very much.

3. Sugar …………. (damage) your teeth.

4. Snow rarely ……….. (fall) in this part of the country.

5. The news they brought us …………. (be) good.

6. Your trousers …………. (not/match) your shirt.

7. The team ……… (discuss) strategy before every game.

8. Chickenpox………. (give) you an itchy rash.

9. The accommodation here ………… (seem) very expensive.

10. The pliers …………. (be) in the tool box.

11. Knowledge of other languages ………. (help) people in business.

12. Welsh ………… (be) difficult to learn.

8. Write the plural of the following words.

calf hero life cargo elf gas-mask trout louse man-driver flyover spacecraft cliff taboo corkscrew looker on woman-teacher cello wolf roof runaway penny family-name shelf

commander-in-chief coal-cutter ball-bearing

9. Underline the correct words or phrases in italics to complete this article.

COOKERY CORNER

In today's Cookery Corner I'd like to address a request from Mrs Parkinson of Suffolk for (1) an information/information about which type of (2) chocolate/chocolates to use in cooking. Well, Mrs P, my (3) advice is/ advices are always to use the best possible chocolate you can find. It's the same principle as with (4) wines/wine: in cooking always use (5) an equivalent quality/equivalent quality to what you eat or drink. With chocolate, the reason for this is that higher quality chocolate will always give your cakes and sweets (6) better/a better taste. To judge the quality of chocolate, look at the amount of cocoa in the chocolate. Good quality chocolate has more cocoa solids and (7) less sugar/fewer sugars. For the best taste choose chocolate with a high cocoa (8) contents/content - never (9) fewer than/less than 70 per cent cocoa solids and as much as 80 per cent if possible. It goes without saying that you should also use other (10) ingredient/ingredients of the highest quality, too. If, for example, you're using coffee in your chocolate recipe, always use (11) a strong, fresh coffee/strong, fresh coffee. If you're making (12) a cake/cake, use the right kind of (13) flours/flour, and always weigh the ingredients on your kitchen (14) scale/scales. Believe me, if you follow these simple rules, the next time you bake a chocolate cake, there won't be (15) a lump/ a slice left over!

Task 2. Noun

Common	Countables		Uncountables
	Concrete	Collective	Material	Abstract
	a chair a stone a device a citizen an experiment	a group a team a crowd an audience a family	snow water bread lemonade sand	love politics pleasure horror energy
Proper	Personal names		Geographical names
	Swift The Browns Celt		Australia Tower bridge Chicago Michigan

1. Divide these nouns into proper and common. Find in the list of common nouns abstract, concrete, material, and collective nouns.

agriculture, anorak, cloud, ice, carelessness, buffalo, Berlin, bravery, California, cream, cockatoo, comfort, result, company, ecology, influence, knowledge, Macdonald’s, caviar, government, beauty.

Fruit or fruits? A fruit / fruits (countable) – фрукт / фрукты (разные виды), разнообразные фрукты. Many fruits taste sweet: pears, peaches, melons. This drink is made from four tropical fruits. A lot of tropical fruits grow on this island: bananas, oranges, pears. Fruit (uncountable) – фрукты (вид питания, в отличие от овощей, ягод и т.д.) We need to buy fruit and vegetables. Do you prefer fresh or tinned fruit?

2. Complete the sentences with the right words (fruit/fruits).

1. There were a lot of ……on the plate: apples, grapes and oranges.

2. We often have………for dessert.

3. Such………as bananas or oranges do not grow in our climate.

4. Let’s make …………salad for the party.

5. Do you prefer fresh or dried………..?

6. Would you like…………….or coffee to finish your meal with?

7. Are cucumbers ………..or vegetables?

8. What…………..do you put in your salad?

9. What tropical……………do you know?

10. We always buy fresh………..at the market.

3. Decide whether the following compound nouns are countable or uncountable. Add them to the chart.

countable	uncountable
high school	pocket money

heart attack old age

letterbox pen-friend

washing powder personal computer

parking meter soda water

remote control news bulletin

show business package holiday

social work passer-by

toilet-paper washing-up liquid

police station water-skiing

post office writing paper

sleeping bag human nature

swimming pool washing machine

4. Match the following parts of compound nouns and then fill in the blanks in the sentences using the most appropriate compound.

noun and noun

1. suit ………. a) food

2. telephone ……….. b) card

3. zebra ……….. c) case

4. fire ……….. d) writer

5. dish ……….. e) alarm

6. type ……….. f) opener

7. credit ……….. g) money

8. burglar ……….. h) washer

9. can ……….. i) crossing

10. junk ……….. j) number

11. pocket ……….. k) brigade

adjective and noun

1. fast ……….. a) heating

2. remote ……….. b) fries

3. social ……….. c) food

4. high ……….. d) control

5. central ………. e) cleaner’s

6. common ………. f) rights

7. French ………. g) worker

8. dry ………. h) languages

9. human ………. i) school

10. modern ………. j) sense

1. They should put a ……………… outside the school so that children don’t get run over.

2. It’s freezing in here – why don’t you get ………..……..installed?

3. When I don’t have time to cook I send the kids out to get some……

4. Is the ………..…you get from your parents enough for your needs?

5. Can you send me the …….. quickly - the house next door is on fire.

6. When you leave primary school and get to ………….., lessons get much more difficult.

7. He’ll never think of such a simple solution because he hasn’t got any…………… .

8. Who’s got the ………..… for the TV? I’m bored with this program.

9. Could you get my suit from the ………….. for me on your way home?

10. After the last break-in, they decided to get a …………..…installed.

5. What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives?

Example: tender - tenderness

1. affectionate 8. attentive

2. excited 9. wise

3. stupid 10. popular

4. secure 11. weak

5. amused 12. equal

6. graceful 13. hopeful

7. original 14. resentful

6. Which verbs are related to these abstract nouns?

Example: argument - argue

1. collection 6. action

2. emptiness 7. excitement

3. satisfaction 8. boredom

4. intensity 9. ownership

5. strength 10. adjustment.

7. Find a synonym with the suffix in brackets, for each of the following nouns.

Example: animosity (-ity) - hostility

1. astonishment (-ment) 7. decrease (-tion)

2. inquisitiveness (-ity) 8. community (-hood)

3. fraternity (-hood) 9. vision (no suffix)

4. possibility (no suffix) 10. liberty (-dom)

5. substitution (-ment) 11. fury (no suffix)

6. fame (-dom) 12. wealth (-ity)

8. Complete each of the quotations with one of the words in the box.

imitation advice injustice kingdom darkness

1. Better to light a candle than to curse the………………………… .

2. Do not ask of the ignorant.

3. Better to suffer than to commit it.

4. ………. is the sincerest form of flattery.

5. It’s easy to govern a …………….. but difficult to rule one's family.

9. Find at least one more noun using each of the suffixes.

- ion : - ship:

- ment: - hood:

- ness: - th:

- ity:

Task 3. Noun

1. Make abstract nouns from the words below. Put them in the correct column. Add two extra abstract nouns to each of the columns.

absurd achieve adult combine complex deep excite free friend friendly generous imagine member mother owner prosperous recognize tender ugly wide wise

-ity	-dom	-hood	-th
absurdity

-ment	-ion	-ness	-ship

Write down 4 other abstract nouns which do not use a suffix, e.g. love. Do not write down any of the words already mentioned in this Task.

2. Complete the sentences by forming an abstract noun from the word in brackets at the end of the sentence.

Example: His face was so red with.. .anger… that I thought he would have a heart attack there and then. (angry)

1. The cat purred with ……………as it drank the cream.(satisfy)

2. Rose has a rather difficult …………….with her father. (relate)

3. His writing shows a great deal of ……………….. . (sensitive)

4. Sal hasn't ever known true………………….with Bill. (happy)

5. Dick hasn't much of a sense of …………………. .(humorous)

6. Patrick is looking forward to his ……………………. . (retire)

7. Penny always showed great ………………………to me. (kind)

8. I wonder if women will ever achieve full …………….. . (equal)

9. I don't think I've ever experienced ……………….. . (bored)

10. This work is spoiled by the student’s ………………….. .(care)

3. Put these abstract nouns into the correct column: pleasant or unpleasant.

discouragement improvement hostility rage brotherhood companionship faith bitterness luck calm fear

pleasant	unpleasant
	discouragement

4. Add one of the following nouns to complete these sentences.

dust bread salt butter comfort paper grass silence lunch flu sunlight lemon juice

1. He could eat only a morsel of ….. .

2. I think I’ve got a touch of ….. .

3. A shaft of ….came through the window.

4. I think I’ll have a spot of …… .

5. How many sheets of …. do you need?

6. Tufts of …….. grew along the bank.

7. There wasn’t a speck of …. to be seen.

8. Her enquiries were met with a wall of …. .

9. Their offer of help was my only crumb of ….. .

10. Just add a knob of … and a dash of … ..

11. I think we should take that story with a pinch of …. .

5. Make pairs using collective nouns from the box.

Example: a pride of lions

a flock, a pack, a swarm, a herd, a school, a bunch, a pride, a shoal

sheep, whales, wolves, flies, goats, cows, dogs, flowers, elephants, fish, deer, keys, bees, cattle, lions, birds, balloons.

6. Complete the sentences with collective nouns.

1. A number of bulls or cows is a …

1. A large number of people is a …

2. All the people working on a ship or plane are a…

3. A number of sticks is a …

4. A group of people who play, act or work together is a…

5. A group of people chosen to direct some work is a …

6. A group of relatives is a …

7. People listening to or watching a performance are an…

8. A group of statesmen or rulers of a country is a…

9. A group of pupils is a …

7. In the following groups, there is one noun that we cannot use in the phrase, either for reasons of meaning or collocation. Underline the one that doesn’t fit.

1. a torrent of water 2. a touch of frost

abuse salt

words flu

snow irony

3. a pool of water 4. a ray of sunshine

spilt milk hope

blood paper

strawberries light

5. a bunch of flowers 6. a flock of birds

people sheep

bread tourists

bananas grass

7. a trace of perfume 8. a gang of hooligans

blood thieves

smoke actors

children kids

9. a lump of coal 10. a point of honour

ideas question

sugar order

meat light

8. Choose the right answer.

1. The new government is/ are better than the old. It has/they have much more success.

2. All the government agree/agrees that the situation is difficult. They are making/ It is making new plans for the year.

3. Class 9 “B” are\is responsible for the project.

4. Our class has/have decided to hold its\our ski races next Friday.

5. The average European family has/have 3-4 members. They are/It is smaller than at the beginning of the last century.

6. My family are\is angry with me. It doesn’t/ They don’t like my idea of going to Africa alone.

7. Our team are/is going to lose the game.

8. The police have/has arrived.

9. The police is/are looking for Mr. Harrison.

10. What are/is the contents of this play?

11. These trousers is/are terribly unflattering.

12. When I'm ill my hair becomes/become greasy.

1. His luggage was/were left on the platform.

13. The news was/were unexpected.

15. His experience of travel is/are limited

9. Rewrite the following using the correct possessive form.

Example: the butterflies - the wings ...the butterflies’ wings...

1. the students - the books

1. drive - three hours

2. the department store - the staff

3. living - the cost

4. bread - the price

5. the baby - the pram

6. John and Paul - the wives

7. the men - the changing rooms

8. the sea - the waves

9. a climb - two hundred metres

10. the house - my father's closest friend

11. the president - the decision

12. my physics professor - the report

13. the park - the playground

14. the Smiths - the car

15. my mother-in-law - the garden

10. Complete the news story adding ’s or ’.

The two girls disappeared from (their grandmother) ……..…..garden in Ilkley yesterday evening. Josie and Cara Sharp, aged 7 and 9, were staying at (their grandparents) …………… house for a week. They were in Ilkley for a (children) ………..theatre course. The police have asked the course teachers for (the other children) ……….. names and addresses, and they have also put Josie (and Cara) …….. photos on local television. (The two girls) …………..mother, Mrs Jenna Sharp, has appeared on TV as well. A shopkeeper thinks she saw Josie and Cara getting into (a man) ……….. car; police officers have asked for (the shopkeeper) …………… help with a photofit picture of the man. The police have also got (local people) ……. help in looking for the girls near the town.

11. Rewrite the sentences using the correct possessive form.

Example:

He put his briefcase on the car – the roof.

He put his briefcase on the roof of the car.

1. The walk to school takes ten minutes.

1. We are going on holiday two weeks from now.

2. She received the parcel in the post – this morning.

3. Paul never pays attention to his parents – the advice.

4. That girl on the stage is a friend – my.

5. Sarah – David – bicycles are being repaired.

6. Simon lost a week of pay when he was ill.

7. The girl shook the man – the hand.

8. Can I see the menu – for today, please?

9. We had a barbecue in Bob – Marie – garden.

10. The inspector looked at the passengers – the tickets.

Task 4. Article

1. Delete a/an or the if they are not needed.

1. He gained his doctorate with a thesis on the seagull.

1. Some types of the seagull have red spots on the beak.

2. I’ve always wanted a rabbit as a pet.

3. I used to play a piano in a jazz band.

4. A cor anglais is a sort of oboe.

5. Beethoven has written a fine trio for two oboes and cor anglais.

2. Choose the alternative that best fits the meaning of each sentence.

1. Accidents/The accident will happen, I’m afraid.

1. A tortoise is a/the sort of reptile.

2. My dog has hurt his/the leg.

3. Look me in the/my eye and tell me what you’re saying is true.

4. A/The liver is used to help purify the blood.

5. Can’t you think of anything else? You’ve got food on the/your brain.

6. Have you ever considered taking up a/the musical instrument?

7. What on earth is a/the CD-ROM?

8. I used to play a/the trumpet when I was younger.

9. Frank Whittle invented a/the jet engine.

3. Choose one of these nouns to complete each of the following sentences. Write THE or a possessive before it.

head (2) stomach eye hair toes

1. Now he’s released from the responsibilities of the office, he can really let…….down.

2. The new male supervisor will really have to be on ……….. .

3. A lot of young vandals who go looking for trouble are not right in………….. .

4. Can you do this calculation in ………..?

5. Wasn’t it Goethe who said that a meal should please …first and then……….?

4. Fill in a possessive pronoun or the.

1. We always wash ...... hands before eating anything.

2. Wipe .......... feet before you come in.

3. She looked him in .......... eye and told him the truth.

4. I trapped .......... finger in the door.

5. He lost ......... jacket at the party.

6. Julia says that Mike pulled ......... hair

7. He hit .......... knee on the table.

8. She felt something tap her on .......... shoulder.

9. The branch snapped back and hit him in .......... face.

10. I like ......... shoes. I wonder where she bought them.

5. Add the where necessary before the endings to make complete sentences.

1. Richard plays…

1. bass guitar in a rock group.

2. balalaika in his spare time.

3. goalkeeper for his school team.

4. fool in class.

5. lead in his new film

1. Life would seem strange now without….

   1. telephone.

   2. video.

   3. camera.

   4. cinema.

   5. e-mail.

   6. computer.

   7. satellite television.

   8. Internet.

   9. airplane.

6. Add THE where necessary to these sentences.

1. A bird in hand is worth two in bush.

2. They lived from hand to mouth.

3. He gained upper hand.

4. They walked along hand in hand.

5. On other hand, perhaps he was right.

7. Write in THE where necessary.

1. There are countless varieties of English in use in English-speaking world.

2. Concepts of language vary from country to country and from generation to generation; English you hear spoken nowadays is in no way recognizable as language used by last generation, let alone in time of Shakespeare.

3. Government is now insisting that mathematics is taught with methods reminiscent of 1950s.

4. Music of today deserves a different name from music of Beethoven, Bach and other comparable geniuses.

5. Many people in public sector of work are just looking for sun, sand and relaxation when they go on holiday.

6. The death of President has left the country in chaos.

7. Environmentalists say water people drink is not fit for animals.

8. We learn many things throughout life.

8. Correct any errors in these sentences.

1. That’s a really good advice.

2. Marriage is something to be taken seriously.

3. What will music sound like in the future?

4. When it comes to depression, laughter is often the best remedy.

5. High heels were invented by the woman who was kissed on the forehead.

6. A man falls in love just as he falls downstairs. It is the accident.

7. A little learning is the dangerous thing.

8. One should always be in love; that is the reason one should never be married.

9. Complete these short sentences with an appropriate article: a(an), the or - (no article).

1. He's got asthma.

2. The ring is just a band of………gold.

3. It prints seven pages……..……minute.

4. Let's have a weekend in………..mountains.

5. It's in………Tasman Sea.

6. Sorry - it's……….wrong answer.

7. It appeared in………...New York Times.

8. She's always been………...Catholic.

9. What's for…………..dinner?

10. We’re going on a day trip by ……….coach.

11. They're flying to…….Seychelles.

12. We've had over…….dozen applicants.

13. She works in …….…..television.

14. It's all ………..better if you can come early.

15. He was crowned……..….king.

10. Choose the correct alternative.

1. Catherine loves cats/the cats.

2. Look at cats/the cats! They are chasing a bird.

3. You cut the cake/cake and I'll pour coffee/the coffee.

4. Life/The life will be very different in the future.

5. Life/The life of a mayfly is extremely short.

6. Children/The children usually like playing games.

7. Children/The children have gone to the park.

8. All people/the people in this room are my relatives.

9. All people/the people should have freedom of speech.

10. Villages/The villages in this part of the country are very beautiful.

11. Paul was only/the only person who remembered me.

12. In Stone Age/the Stone Age, people lived in caves.

13. He is learning to play flute/the flute.

11. Read the following proverbs and fill in a(n), the or -.

1. ..... Rome wasn't built in .............. day.

2. .............. actions speak louder than .............. words.

3. ............. apple ............. day keeps ............. doctor away.

4. When in .............. Rome, do as .............. Romans do.

5. Where there's .............. will there's .............. way.

6. You can't teach .............. old dog .............. new tricks.

7. You can't get .............. blood out of .............. stone.

8. You cannot make .......... omelette without breaking ........... eggs.

9. .............. more you get, .............. more you want.

10. .............. home is where .............. heart is.

11. Fire is .............. good servant but .............. bad master.

12. Complete the article with the words from above each paragraph.

(- = no article)

a all the the the The this your - -

^{FOOD FRIGHTS}

Planning a big day out this summer? It's not just the rides that could turn your stomach!

The risk of food poisoning should be the last thing on (1)……..mind when you're enjoying a quiet day out (2)…....summer. But, in (3)……… UK, there were around 95,000 reported cases of (4) ...... food poisoning in (5)……last year alone - a four-fold increase on the number of reported cases just ten years ago.

We checked food safety at 13 of our top tourist attractions. We tested the food on offer and inspected hygiene standards at restaurants, cafes and kiosks on site. Standards were generally poor. About (6)……third of the 65 food samples we bought failed to meet satisfactory microbiological guidelines. Sandwiches came out worst - in five of (7)…..25 samples we bought we found food-poisoning bacteria. But, to judge from our inspections, the results are not that surprising. Only one in seven food outlets passed (8) …….of our inspection criteria. (9).... majority of problems we came across were staff-related, and showed a lack of training in (10)…food safety.

each half most the the these these This - -

What we found

At (11) .......... tourist attraction we bought a selection of sandwiches and other food products. Our tests revealed specific food-poisoning bacteria in five of (12) ......... sandwiches. High levels of other general bacteria were also found in more than (13) ......... of the sandwiches - while (14) .......... bacteria don't make you ill, they do point to (15) .......... poor hygiene practices.

Five sandwiches contained food-poisoning bacteria at levels that are not satisfactory according to guidelines. (16) .......... could cause food-poisoning - (17) .......... children, elderly people and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable. We've informed (18) .......... food outlets and tourist attractions concerned; (19) ......... (but not all) have taken positive action as a result of (20) ......... disturbing findings.

Task 5. Adjectives

1. Put each adjective into the correct box below. Each box will contain ten adjectives.

amazing attractive cold correct dead enormous exciting extinct expensive fascinating freezing good interesting huge large minute paralysed shy sick ugly

Non-gradable adjectives

Gradable adjectives

2.Write the adjectives in the correct columns. Put them into pairs of adjectives with similar meanings.

starving nice filthy devastated wonderful hungry delicious big tasty furious ugly impossible small hideous terrified good enormous tired thirsty angry vital parched dirty upset important terrible frightened minute exhausted perfect difficult bad

gradable	non-gradable
surprising	amazing

3. Choose the suitable answer.

1. He is a ... man.

a) handsome b) more handsome c) the most handsome

2. The road was ... now than last time.

a) long b) longer c) the longest

3. We were ... to the yard than to the house.

a) close b) closer c) the closest

4. My heart was ... .

a) heavy b) heavier c) the heaviest

5. It was ... proof that could be offered.

a) strong b) stronger c) the strongest

6. Her dog is ... one I ever saw.

a) small b) smaller c) the smallest

7. He was ... than the day before.

a) good b) better c) the best

8. The place looked ... than ever.

a) lonely b) more lonely c) the most lonely

9. My sister's future is ... care in my life.

a) dear b) dearer c) the dearest

10. The sun set ... to the horizon.

a) near b) nearer c) the nearest

4. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form.

MEMO

The company’s annual report shows that sales figures were ¹ ………. (low) than the previous year. This is no surprise due to the recession but what is ² …………..(disappointing) than this is the clear evidence that some of our very ³ …………(old) clients have switched to another supplier. We are aware that there are ⁴ ……..(cheap) suppliers than ourselves but this may not be the ⁵ …………. (important) factor. One old client was heard to say that their new supplier was ⁶ ………. (efficient) and ⁷ …………(flexible) than we are. If this is the case, then this is ⁸ ………....(worrying) than anything else. The economic situation is getting ⁹ ……… and ………(critical) and if we do not compare favourably with our ¹⁰ ……….. (big) competitors, then we will not survive. We used to have the ¹¹ ……….(high) reputation in the business but we are in danger of losing that forever. It is not easy to be the ¹² ……….(good) but that is what we should be aiming for.

5. Fill in "as" or "like".

1. Although it lives in the sea, the whale is classed ...... a mammal. It may look …. a dangerous beast, but it is real­ly .... gentle ... a lamb.

2. My friend George describes himself ..... a great singer. He thinks he has a voice ….an angel, but when he sings it sounds ….a cat wailing! He works ...... a taxi driver and everybody keeps telling him not to give up his job!

3. McTaverty's Tavern has been described ….. the best restaurant in Perthshire, with dishes that smell delicious and taste ….they have been made with only the finest ingre­dients. Surprisingly, the prices are not .... high .... you might expect.

4. Maria works….. a criminal lawyer and is regarded ….. an expert in her field. She works extreme­ly hard and at the end of a long day in court all she feels ….. doing is collapsing in front of the TV.

5. If you want to go on a diet, do ...... your doctor tells you. There are some foods such .... vegetables which you can eat .... much of ..... you want. Why not try soya meat? It tastes just .... real meat and can be used in the same way …mince, but is a low-fat food.

6. ….. I was saying, you look exactly .... my cousin Hilary - you know, the one who works .... an air hostess.

7. Fred was known ...... an unpunctual person and ...... usual, he was late again. After standing in the rain …... an idiot for half an hour, gradually getting wetter and wetter, I decided to go home before I began to look …. a drowned rat.

8. Howard and Hugh aren't related but they look almost exactly the same .... each other. They are referred to ….. "The Twins". When they walk into a room, it's ….. seeing double.

9. For ...... long ....... I live, I'll never forget my first holiday in Hawaii. It was …..paradise. I intend to return there …..soon ….. I can afford the air fare.

10. Trying to make sense of the written word is a bit …. being lost in a forest: all the trees look the same, just ...... for a young child all the words look the same …. each other.

6. Fill in: the + adjective or the + adjective + people.

Example:

This charity provides shelter for ...the homeless people... (homeless) of London.

1. It is important to look after ............. (elderly), especially in winter.

2. Ambulances took ................. (injured) to hospitals in the area.

3. ................. (old) in the village are upset about the new road.

4. They are changing the building to make it easier for ................ (disabled) to get around.

5. ......... (young) in the audience cheered loudly at the end of the concert.

6. ..................... (poor) of our town receive help from the council.

7. Christine is a nurse who looks after ................ (sick).

8. ................ ( strong) in the group carried the heavy equipment.

9. ................. (rich) can afford to live in luxury.

7. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

1. a(n) oval jewellery blue enamel box

1. a prehistoric clay cooking brown pot

2. a striped new small canvas bag

3. a pair of triangular ugly plastic orange earrings

4. a(n) antique enormous Chinese beautiful vase

5. a(n) leather brown expensive wallet

6. old a plastic large bag green

7. wooden square two tables

8. red a dress silk beautiful

9. silver a of jugs antique pair

10. bowl small a plastic

11. winding road country a long

12. boots some old football dirty

13. cotton long a skirt yellow

14. squeezed cold juice a freshly glass of orange

8. Rewrite the sentences putting the adjectives into the correct

place, then identify what kind of adjectives they are.

Example:

I love ice-cream. (strawberry, Italian, tasty)

I love tasty Italian strawberry ice-cream. (opinion, origin, material)

1. They have a sofa (leather, navy-blue, modern)

2. He loves his bike. (new, red, expensive, mountain)

3. He's just sold that suit to a woman. (beautiful, slim, tall, French, young)

4. She bought curtains. (brown and orange, dinning-room)

5. She baked cakes. (chocolate, delicious, birthday, round)

6. June has a puppy. (tiny, brown, fluffy)

7. She was given a dress. (black, spectacular, Italian, evening)

8. He bought a racquet. (tennis, graphite, new)

9. He has a grandfather. (French, ninety-year-old, wonderful)

10. We watched a film. (boring, German, black and white)

11. She wears lipstick. (pink, horrible, glossy)

12. We used to have a teacher. (strict, old, biology, American)

13. It was a dress. (wedding, antique, cream, stunning, lace)

14. Yesterday we went to the club. (huge, sports, modern)

15. Mary has a job. (sales, demanding, new)

16. The house has a kitchen. (large, well-equipped, white, modern) .

17. It was a pool. (marble, huge, white, swimming)

18. I have rarely seen such a film. (American, well-made, detective)

9. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

Rent our house in Italy for your holidays!

It's a 1) …………………. (stone, beautiful, large) villa on the coast, with spectacular views of the sea. You will love the 2) …………………(old, huge, marble) swimming pool we have in our 3)……….(mountainside, terraced, colourful) garden. There is a 4)……………(sunny, stone, rectangular) patio at the front with many 5) ……………..(terracotta, flower-filled, circular) pots. The house has five 6)……………….(elegant, white, medium-sized) bed­rooms and three marble bathrooms - each with its own 7) ……………(antique, little, wonderful) wall-painting. The living room has a 8) ……………….. (cool, lovely, marble) floor with 9)……...…………... (expensive, Persian, antique) rugs and comfortable sofas. You can eat in the many 10) ……...... (Italian, excellent, traditional) restau­rants nearby and enjoy using the facilities in the new sports centre.

10.

a) Put in the adjectives and write the story.

One day, a time ago, (long fine)

a girl (beautiful little)

in a coat (red)

was walking through a forest (dark)

with a bag (big)

of apples (red wonderful)

to see her grandmother. (old)

Under a tree (tall green)

she saw a wolf (big bad)

with teeth. (white long)

b) Put the words in the correct order and continue the story.

‘good little, girl morning’, said big the bad wolf. ‘ going you where are that with bag heavy day this fine on?’

‘going my see to grandmother I’m old’ girl the said little.

‘lives the small she in house a new supermarket near.’

c) Put in the adjectives to finish the story.

big friendly stupid little

‘OK,’ said the wolf in a ………….voice. ‘I’ll see you later.’ ‘I don’t think so,’ said the …….girl, who was not ………… . She took a ………….pistol out of her bag and shot the wolf dead.

11. Underline the adjectives functioning as nouns in the sentences.

1. As a zoologist, he has always been interested in the unusual in the animal world.

2. Never speak ill of the dead.

3. As far as my musical tastes are concerned, I’ve always been attracted to the exotic.

4. Bernstein conducted both Mozart and Haydn but seemed to show a preference for the latter.

Task 6. Adjective

1. Underline the correct adjective.

1. A gold/golden eagle glided gracefully across the sky.

2. She ruined her silk/silky suit by washing it.

3. We had to climb over a low stone/stony wall.

4. He approached the task with steel/steely determination.

5. Leathery/Leather coats never seem to go out of fashion.

6. We spotted the metal/metallic blue car speeding into the tunnel ahead.

7. The manager's stone/stony expression showed that all was not well.

8. She was given an expensive gold/golden watch for her twenty-first birthday.

2. Underline the correct adjective.

1. She gave him a stone / stony look when he criticized her daughter.

2. These metal / metallic chairs are suitable for outdoor use as they are weatherproof.

3. The sky was full of light feather / feathery clouds.

4. She is admired for her gold / golden hair and metal/metallic blue eyes.

5. The old farmer had dark leather / leathery skin.

6. This new body milk gives you smooth, silk / silky skin in a matter of days.

7. She had a lead / leaden expression on her face.

8. The gold / golden candlesticks were very expensive so we bought some silver / silvery ones instead.

9. He wears woolly / woollen suits and expensive leather/leathery shoes.

10. She has a steel / steely manner towards her colleagues.

3. Underline the correct item.

While Lizzie was tidying the attic of her grandmother's house, she came across an old 1) wooden/wood chest. When she looked inside, she found a doll wrapped in 2) silk/silky, paper. The doll had 3) gold/golden hair and was wearing a long 4) woolen/wool coat. She was beautiful and Lizzie had never seen her before. She sat down on the cold 5) stony/stone floor to examine the doll more carefully. She was wearing a real 6) gold/golden necklace and, underneath the coat, a 7) silky/silk dress. The doll had belonged to her grandmother when she was young. Lizzie carefully wrapped her up again and placed her gently back in the box.

Compound adjectives are formed with:

• present participles: a smart-looking man, a sharp-cutting knife

• past participles: a much-liked colleague, a well-known singer

• cardinal numbers + nouns: a one-month holiday, a seventy-mile speed limit, a three-year degree

• prefixes and suffixes: anti-social behaviour, a part-time worker

• badly, ill, poorly, well + past participle: a badly-treated animal, a well-established firm

4. Make compound adjectives to describe the following.

Example: A student who has been taught well. – a well-taught student

1. A letter that you have been waiting for for a long time.

1. A person who loves having fun.

2. A garden which is tended perfectly.

3. A life that is free of trouble.

4. A visit that was not timed well.

5. A journey of seven days.

6. A story which is written well.

7. A building which has twelve storeys.

8. A train which moves fast.

9. A student who works hard.

10. An office which has good lighting.

11. A holiday which lasts two weeks.

12. A report which has ten pages.

5. Match items from the two lists to make 20 compound adjectives. Use some words more than once. Put the compound adjectives into two groups.

broad	minded
narrow	built
well	dressed
one	eyed
blond	haired
red	looking
good	handed
bad	tempered
left	hearted
absent	behaved
light	known
open	lipped
thin	fingered
long	legged
kind

physical appearance	personality

6. Use these compound adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Although my grandmother is eighty, she’s not at all…… . She even thinks our modern habits are better than those in her youth.

2. Change those awful clothes you’re wearing. You must be……. for your interview.

3. You may think he’s ugly but I find him quite…… .

4. When he doesn’t like something he starts shouting; he’s very….

5. Our children are very……….at school. The teacher never has to tell them off.

6. He never remembers anything – he’s very ………… .

7. She’s such a ………television personality that almost everybody recognizes her in the street.

8. I was forced to write with my right hand even though I was … .

9. He’s very………… – perhaps it comes from doing all that weightlifting in the gym.

10. He’s not blond at all. In fact, I would say he’s almost …… .

7. Fill in each space in the following sentences with an appropriate compound adjective formed from a word in the list.

free first up built made going up off conditioned badly sighted headed class

1. I bought this CD duty-………as I was coming back from London.

2. They seem to be very well-………. – at least they have a great big house and two expensive cars.

3. I’m fed………with this exercise - can’t we do something else?

4. On the train I travel second -………..because it’s cheaper.

5. You can see this vase is hand- …………….and wasn’t produced in a factory.

6. He’s a really relaxed guy – so easy-……. .

7. I live in a built - …….area of the city which is very noisy and full of traffic.

8. The office is air -……………so it’s very cool, even in the summer.

9. He’s so proud – I’ve rarely met anyone so big -………. . He has a really high opinion of himself.

10. I want to get my eyes tested – I’ve become really short -………. lately.

11. A …….maintained car won’t have a reliable engine.

12. There isn’t much grass in the…………- up areas of the city.

13. There are three golden rules if you want to be a ……- class public speaker: stand up, speak up, shut up.

Task 7. Adverb

1. Tick the sentences that contain adverbs.

1. Malaria can be a deadly disease.

2. I think you are wrong.

3. Close the lid tight.

4. He caught the ball cleanly and passed it to the wing.

5. I hit him as hard as I could.

6. She looks pretty.

7. When are the results due to arrive?

8. I think anyone involved in that deal should resign.

9. Hold on tightly.

10. It hardly matters now.

11. She sang very prettily.

12. His jokes fell flat.

13. Feel free to look around.

14. I like diving deep.

15. I got the answer right.

16. He was wrongly convicted.

17. Now wipe it clean.

2. Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs in the correct place and making any other necessary changes.

Example:

Ferries sail to the island. (weekly, twice, only, during the winter)

Ferries sail to the island only twice weekly during the winter.

1. He does the shopping. (reluctantly, at the supermarket, every week)

2. She waited for her test results. (worriedly, in the hospital, all day)

3. The clock strikes twelve times. (exactly, in the hall, at midday)

4. My mother used to read to me. (aloud, always, in the evenings)

5. The soldiers marched. (to the battlefield, bravely, yesterday)

6. They go by car. (at weekends, to the leisure centre, sometimes)

7. We arrived after a bumpy flight. (in Scotland, eventually, safely, extremely)

8. The detective had been following the suspect. (all day, carefully)

9. She walks. (quickly, every morning, to the station)

10. The little boy ran. (excitedly, from the room, suddenly)

11. She turned up looking annoyed. (at the party, unexpectedly, terribly)

12. He studied. (hard, all morning, in his bedroom)

13. She looked at her reflection. (for ten minutes, carefully, in the mirror)

14. The children sit and play. (in their room, for hours, happily)

15. He waved goodbye. (to his friend, at the airport, sadly)

16. The old boat sailed into the harbour. (slowly, through the water, this afternoon )

17. He ran to answer the phone. (down the stairs, to the hall, quickly)

18. She sat reading a book. (all day, lazily, by the fire)

19. He looked to see if anyone was there. (out of the window, nervously, this morning)

Adverbs with two forms and differences in meaning

deep = a long way down deeply = greatly

direct = by the shortest route directly = immediately

easy = gently and slowly easily = without difficulty

free = without cost freely = willingly

full = exactly; very fully = completely

hard = intently; with effort hardly = scarcely

high = at / to a high level highly = very much

last = after all others lastly = finally

late = not early lately = recently

near = close nearly = almost

pretty = fairly prettily = in a pretty way

short = suddenly shortly = soon

sure = certainly surely = without a doubt

wide = off-target widely = to a large extent

wrong = incorrectly wrongly = unjustly

(goes before verbs/past part. -

wrong/wrongly go after verbs).

Adjectives and Adverbs which have the same form

best, better, big, cheap*, clean*, clear*, close*, cold, daily, dead, dear*, deep, direct, dirty, early, easy, extra, far, fast, fine*, free, further, hard, high, hourly, inside, kindly, last, late, long, loud*, low, monthly, past, quick*, quiet*, right, slow, straight, sure, thin*, thick, tight, weekly, well, wide, wrong, yearly etc.

Ann was our last guest. She came in last.

She was an early riser. She woke up early.

Those adverbs with an asterisk (*) can be found with –ly ending without a difference in meaning, but then they are more formal.

Walk slow! (informal) - Walk slowly! (formal)

I bought it cheap. (informal) - I bought it cheaply. (formal)

3. For each gap turn the adjective into an adverb.

Julia was walking 1) ...quickly... (quick) down the street when she heard someone call her name 2) .............. (loud). She looked 3) .................. (nervous) behind her, but the street was 4) .................... (complete) empty. There was nobody there. 5) ................. (Sudden), she heard her name again. She turned to see her brother running towards her, smiling 6) .................. (cheerful). “Didn't you hear me?” he laughed 7) ............... (happy). “Nick!” gasped Julia. “You 8) ............... (near) frightened me to death!”

4. Identify the underlined words as adjectives or adverbs.

Example:

He felt uncomfortable because his jeans were too tight. - adjective

1. I buy Time Magazine weekly whereas he subscribes to it on a yearly basis.

2. I couldn't get the book down from the top shelf because it was so high.

3. If you want to find the post office, go straight down the high street and you'll see it on your left.

4. Tom constantly arrives late for work.

5. The late Prime Minister was a collector of antiques.

6. The walls were so thin you could hear the next-door neighbours.

7. He worked hard all day to finish painting the house.

8. She bought this rug cheap from the market.

9. He kicked the ball high into the air.

5. Identify the underlined words as adjectives or adverbs.

This year's road race was the 1) best I've ever seen. The event is held 2) yearly, and entrance to the main stand is 3) free. The race is always a 4) sure exhibition of exceptionally 5) fine driving. It was a 6) cold morning, and the teams had woken up 7) early to get their cars ready. They had trained 8) long and 9) hard to get here. The race was due to start at 11 o'clock, but started 10) late as the track wasn't 11) clean. There was a 12) loud roar when all the drivers started their cars, then they proceeded 13) quickly to the starting line. The gun went off, and the cars moved, as if in 14) slow motion. They drove 15) past the stands, and turned a 16) tight corner onto the main circuit. On the fifth lap one driver made a 17) wrong decision, and his car stopped 18) dead as it collided with a safety-barrier. The race was 19) fast, and all the drivers drove 20) well, but it was 21) clear from the beginning who was going to win: an Australian driver had taken the 22) inside lane and overtaken everybody in only the second lap. Over the rest of the race he managed to dis­tance himself 23) further from all the other cars. It was an 24) easy victory for him, and he continued round the track for an 25) extra lap to celebrate his win.

6. Choose the best answer.

1. You look ………, Mike. (early / lately / well)

2. Your father read the …………….Express when he was alive. (hardly / Daily / lately)

3. You haven’t seen the window cleaner ……., have you?

(lately / hard / weekly)

4. I ran as as I could, along the Court Road.

(early / fast / hardly)

5. I…………. sleep - an hour at a time. (well / hard / hardly)

6. I got up to finish some work. (well / hardly / early)

7. Underline the correct option in italics.

1. Hurry up! It is near/nearly time to go.

2. Her books are most/mostly romance novels.

3. He found it hard/hardly to explain his problem.

4. I had hardly/hard finished cooking when the guests arrived.

5. The girls were pretty/prettily dressed for the party.

6. I got this lipstick free/freely with a magazine.

7. The exam was pretty/prettily difficult, but we all passed.

8. She was deep/deeply absorbed in her work and didn't hear me call.

9. Her hair blew free/freely around her head in the breeze.

10. Make sure you are here at seven o’clock sharp / sharply.

11. We’ll be there short / shortly.

12. He slapped him friendly / in a friendly way on the back.

13. Does that flight go direct / directly or is there a stopover?

14. Many of the senior staff are right / rightly concerned about their pensions.

15. Our new phone fits easy / easily into the average-sized pocket.

16. Animals are now able to wander free / freely throughout the game reserve.

17. The remains of the Spanish galleon lie deep / deeply under the ocean.

18. Jackson came pretty close / closely to winning that last race.

19. You'll never get better if you don't eat - you've hard / hardly touched your dinner!

8. Underline the correct item.

1. I managed to get to New York easy/easily by flying there directly/direct.

2. She has been deeply/deep upset by his behaviour late/lately.

3. Lately/Late the cost of living has been increasing; things generally are not nearly/near they used to be.

4. It is wide/widely believed that she was wrong/wrongly accused.

5. Laura is a very shy person who rare/rarely goes out and she does not mix free/freely with the other students.

6. She is highly/high regarded in the school as people can get on with her easily/easy.

7. I was not full/fully satisfied with the doctor as he had wrong/wrongly diagnosed my previous illness.

8. "Do you intend to leave shortly/short?" "I think so. I've nearly/near finished."

9. He'll surely/sure get a good grade; he's been studying very hardly/hard for the past year.

10. I was prettily/pretty embarrassed when I realized that I had hardly /hard enough money to pay the bill.

11. He came last/lastly in the race and was pretty/prettily disappointed by his performance.

12. The train goes direct/directly to Edinburgh without stopping so it will probably be full/fully.

13. She free/freely admitted that she had not been working very hard/hardly recently.

14. It is wide/widely believed that politicians are people who can't be full/fully trusted.

15. Sure/Surely we must be near/nearly there by now.

9. Underline the correct item.

It was Lucy's birthday and she was very 1) sad/sadly. She had been waiting 2) hopeful/hopefully all morning for the postman to arrive. 3) Sudden/Suddenly, the letterbox rattled 4) gentle/gently and an envelope fell 5) soft/softly onto the doormat. Picking it up, Lucy noticed 6) miserable/miserably that it was a bill. There were no cards, no presents and no 7) pretty/prettily bouquets of flowers. Lucy 8) near/nearly burst into tears. Just then, there was a 9) loud/loudly knock on the door. Opening the door 10) slow/slowly, Lucy saw all her friends holding 11) brightly/bright wrapped gifts and shouting ‘Happy Birthday’. Lucy 12) immediate/immediately cheered up and greeted her friends 13) warm/warmly.

Task 8. Adverb

Friendly, lonely, lovely, silly are adjectives, not adverbs.

She gave me a friendly smile.(BUT NOT She smiled friendly.)

He was very lonely. (BUT NOT He walked lonely through the streets.)

Her voice is lovely. (BUT NOT She sings lovely. )

Don't be silly.

There are no adverbs-friendly, lovely etc.

Instead, we use other words or expressions.

She spoke in a friendly way. She sings beautifully.

1. Complete the chart using the words in the list. Where possible,

choose either an adverb or a correct prepositional phrase. There are two examples.

suitable beautiful unlucky tragic lovely month fourth day possible true ugly fast awful efficient full undoubted simple public lonely still	adjective	adverb	prepositional phrase
	quiet	quietly
	silly		in a silly way / manner

2. Fill in each space in the following sentences with an appropriate adverb using the words in the list.

day soft well occasion early beauty month easy careful noise

1. The orchestra played the symphony………………, I thought.

1. John spoke so……………. I could hardly hear him.

2. Hold the baby………………, please.

3. The children played…….in their bedroom and kept their father awake.

4. In Britain, some people have their newspaper delivered…… .

5. The magazine is published………..so we get twelve issues a year.

6. I go to the theatre………..……….- I just don’t have the time to go more often.

7. You could……………pass the test with a bit more work.

8. Come…………if you want to find a good seat.

9. I hope you do ………….in your driving test.

3. Complete the sentences using the correct adverb form of the word in brackets.

1. He treats his dog………….….(terrible).

1. If the phone doesn’t work, you get your money back ……….……(automatic).

2. She touched him on the arm……………(gentle).

2. She turned up at the party ……………..(unexpected).

3. It is……….……too late to catch the plane now (probable).

4. The exam was…………easy and everyone passed (surprising).

5. ‘I have a question’, she said, raising her hand…..…….(shy).

6. She has to take the medicine…………(hour).

7. There was a…………beautiful view from the bedroom (true).

8. The firemen fought……………to put the fire out. (heroic)

4. Correct the following sentences if the adverb is in the wrong position.

1. The magazine comes out monthly.

2. I’ve become recently interested in skiing.

3. We play football in the playground after school often.

4. Very carefully he drives on the motorway.

5. He got up and walked suddenly away.

6. I have never visited the United States.

7. Only I like ice-cream not chocolate.

8. I cooked and as well I washed the dishes.

5. Rewrite the following sentences, adding the adverb or adverbs in brackets in the correct position.

1. You’ll finish your homework if you don’t hurry up. (never, in time)

2. I have lived in this neighbourhood for a year. (probably)

3. I love traveling by plane. (very much)

4. Doesn’t she play the piano! (well)

5. We arrived. (on Sunday morning, at nine o’clock, at the station)

6. She won’t be coming to work. (today, probably)

7. He performed the part. (on Saturday, superbly, at the National Theatre)

8. She visits her mother. (usually, in hospital, at the weekend)

9. Our party won’t raise taxes. (definitely)

10. Can you come? (at six o’clock, to my office, in town)

6. Read the article below and decide which word (A-C) best fits each space (1-11).

Fakes found in major museums

Oscar White Muscarella, a (1) ... respected archeologist at New York's Metropolitan Museum, claims that more than 1,250 forgeries are on display in the world's leading museums and art galleries. In his latest book Muscarella specifically names 37 forgeries in the Louvre, 16 in the British Museum and 45 in his own museum in New York. Muscarella's earlier claims have been heavily (2) ... by some museum officials who are (3) ... opposed to his arguments. But Muscarella has (4) ... good scientific evidence for his claims, showing that over 40 per cent of the objects examined by the Oxford Thermo-luminescence laboratory are fakes. The reason for the quantity of forgeries is (5) ... simple. Because many of the objects in our museums were found by amateurs and illegally exported from their countries of origin they have no official provenance or documented history. Museums are painfully (6) ... of this embarrassing problem and as a result they have been known to overlook the lack of written records before accepting or buying antiquities. This makes it (7)... impossible to detect forgeries, especially if they are accurate copies. But in fact many forgeries are (8) ... obvious as they are often copied from a photograph which only shows the front of an object. When examining the back of the forgery they can look (9) ... different from the original. But museum officials tend to be (10) ... conservative and hate to question objects which have been sitting in their collections for many years. Muscarella specialises in the ancient Middle East, and this is the area of archaeology in which he has found so many forgeries. But his research has had the effect of undermining the reputation of some of our most (11) ... regarded institutions, and this should be of concern to anyone who values our cultural heritage.

1. A absolutely B highly С very

2. A discussed В rejected С criticised

3. A bitterly В highly С rather

4. A perfectly В absolutely С somewhat

5. A virtually В quite С really

6. A conscious В understanding С aware

7. A very В virtually С pretty

8. A a bit В entirely С deeply

9. A completely B absolutely С almost

10. A heavily В dead С deeply

11. A very В highly C absolutely

7. Put in adjectives and adverbs from the box.

daily early fast friendly hard hardly late lonely silly

I don’t like getting up ……. so I usually stay in bed too long, and then have to eat breakfast very …….. and ran for my train. On the train I read the ……. paper, because after I get to work there’s no more time for reading. The boss is nice, but she makes us work very ………, and I often have to stay ……..to finish everything. There’s a nice new secretary in the office. I ……. know her, but she always gives me a …….. smile when I arrive. She hasn’t lived here long. Perhaps it’s a …….. idea, but I wonder if she’s …….. I think I’ll ask her out.

8. Fill in each space with an appropriate adjective or adverb. Use some words twice. In some cases, more than one answer is possible.

fast hard incorrectly free lately close wrong well wide loud recently hardly difficult good wrongly

1. If she tries……, she may succeed in breaking the world record.

1. I was so shocked I could……………..speak.

2. The teacher gave us a very…………task to do but we managed it quite well.

3. The road isn’t…………enough for the lorry to get through.

4. The dentist asked her to open her mouth…………. .

5. The name of the suspect is ……… known in town – nearly everyone knows who it is.

6. She did very…………in the test.

7. Her results were so…….…..that she got into Cambridge University.

8. Don’t drive so………………, slow down!

9. He drove in the……..….lane on the motorway because he was in a hurry.

10. If you answer………………, cross it out and write it again.

11. She gave me the…………..address and I got lost.

12. They sat very…………..to each other to keep warm.

13. He had a very………voice which you could hear a mile away.

14. Feel…………….to ask me any questions you like.

15. It hasn’t rained much………..; the last time was two month ago.

Quite - Fairly - Rather – Pretty

* Quite (fairly, to some degree) is used in favourable comments.

She's quite good at painting.

Quite meaning "completely" is used with adverbs, some verbs and adjectives such as: alone, amazing, brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless etc.

I’m quite sure he stole the money.

Quite is used before a/an.

She's quite a good dancer. I quite enjoyed the film.

*Rather is used:

a) in unfavourable comments. He's rather mean with money.

b) in favourable comments meaning "to an unusual degree".

The lecture was rather informative. (It was more infor­mative than

we expected)

c) with comparative degree. It's rather sunnier today than yesterday.

Rather is used before or after a/an.

He's a rather rude person. He's rather a rude person.

*Fairly and pretty are synonymous with quite and rather. They can

be used after a.

He's a fairly/pretty well-behaved person.

9. Complete the sentences using quite, fairly, rather or pretty.

Example: It's ...quite... wet out today. You'd better wear your boots.

1. The party on Saturday was ............... enjoyable. I'm glad I went.

2. The food in this restaurant is ........... good although it's ............ expensive.

3. His new film is ................ interesting but it's ................. a long one.

4. That exercise may be ........... difficult but it will be ........... good for your vocabulary.

5. Although his speech was ............... short it was still ............ boring.

6. We …….... enjoyed our holiday in Finland though the weather was ............ cold.

7. John is ............... a short man but he's ................... good looking.

8. She's a ........ intelligent girl but she is ........ difficult to get to know.

9. We wanted to walk but it was ............ a long way to go on foot.

Comparisons

a) further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)

His house is further/farther away than John's.

further (adj) = more I need no further help from you.

b) very + positive degree I'm very happy in my job.

c) even/much/far/a bit + comparative degree

The weather’s even less bearable today: it's much worse than last year.

d) most + adj/adv of positive degree = very

He was most helpful and answered all my questions.

e) any + comparative (used in negatives and questions)

Can you write any quicker, please?

10. Fill in the relevant adverbs in their comparative or superlative forms.

Bicycles look set to become 1) ...the most commonly.. (common) used form of transport in Britain. Not only are bicycles better for the environment than cars, but they allow you to travel 2) ........................... (convenient). You can get from point A to point B 3) .................. (quick) than by car and you can find somewhere to leave your bike much 4) ...................... (easy). Many younger people now ride a bike to work because they find it 5) .................. (good) suits their lifestyle and enables them to get around 6) ............ (practical). In addition, they often arrive 7) .................. (early) than their colleagues who drive to work and who have to wait 8) .................. (long) in traffic jams than they do.

11. Underline the correct word.

1. She drove very / even quickly along the lane.

1. We will give you further / farther news as we receive it.

2. Her parents were more / most pleased when she won the prize.

3. Can’t he speak any / much louder than that? No one can hear him.

4. She plays very / much more noisily than any child I’ve ever met.

Task 9. Pronoun

1. Choose words from the boxes to complete the text.

each other her his its themselves they your

My brother and 1… girlfriend have known 2……. for about five years, but 3…….‘ve only been going out together for six months.

he her him she their they we

Before that, he didn’t like 4……. and 5 …….didn’t like him, but later

6 …….became good friends, and started going out together.

her hers his its it’s our their they they’re

7 …….both have small flats. His flat is in the centre, and 8…… very comfortable. 9 …….is a long way out, and it’s not so nice. So they spend most of 10 ……. free time at 11 …….place.

he her hers herself him himself its it's she’s

He works in a garage, and 12 ….. a teacher, but she doesn’t let 13……

touch 14 …… car - she looks after it 15 ……. .

each other I my they them their themselves they’re

I like 16 …….both very much, and I think 17…….good for 18 ………..so 19 ……. hope 20 …….. will stay together.

We can use they/them/ their to refer to a person whose sex is unknown.

Suppose a friend of yours asked you to lend them some money, what would you do?

(Also: … to lend him or her some money... - less usual)

Compare: My grandmother celebrated her 70th birthday last week.

We also use they/them/their after words such as somebody, anybody, nobody, whoever, no, each, every, a person.

If anybody calls while I'm out, ask them to leave a message.

Whoever told you that? They must have been lying.

2. Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun or possessive adjective.

1. Someone called for you today, but .......... didn't leave ............ name.

2. If you saw a person in trouble, would you help ........?

3. Somebody has parked .............. car across the drive. I can't get out.

4. My aunt left .................. bag here when she visited us this morning.

5. If a colleague of mine got promoted, I'd be happy for .................. .

6. Everyone brings .................... own lunch to work with .................. .

7. My brother has crashed ...................... car. It is at the garage now.

8. He told each person to order whatever .....................wanted.

9. The police inspector asked everybody in the room to give ............... names.

3. Fill in the gaps with this, that, these or those.

1. ............... car over there belongs to the mayor.

2. ........... people over there are waiting for the bus.

3. We're moving house ..................... month.

4. ................ diamond earrings here are priceless.

5. 'I've got a new job.' ' .....................'s wonderful news.'

6. 'Mum, ......................... is my teacher, Miss Jones.'

7. ........ are my holiday photographs. Would you like to look at them?

8. 'Hello, ................... is Jane Black speaking.'

9. .................... house here was built in 1500.

10. The day I got married was wonderful. I will remember ...... day for ever.

11. I had a wonderful childhood. We did things differently in ..... days.

12. 'Hello, this is Alan. Who's ................, please?'

4. Underline the correct item.

1. Neither / Either Sam or David studied physics at school.

2. I finished the all / whole exercise in five minutes.

3. I've kept in touch with all / every my old school friends.

4. Neither / Either of the girls passed the exam. They both failed.

5. None / Each of the people he contacted were interested.

6. We have to pay our telephone bill each / every three months.

7. You'll get fat if you eat all / none those biscuits.

8. Either / Both Tom and Lynn had a good time.

9. She spent the whole / all afternoon lying on the beach.

10. Each / All of candidate will be interviewed individually.

11. None of / Every the students believed that the exam results would be released so early.

12. I don't like either / neither of these coats. I'll look for one somewhere else.

13. You'd better read through the all / whole contract before you sign it.

14. There's a leak in both / each the hot water tank and the cold water tank.

15. Neither / Either of the tapes you bought is the one I really wanted.

16. None of / All of the girls were ready for the dance on time. They got there late.

17. There's no / none space for a washing machine in my kitchen.

18. All / Every that she wants is another baby. She simply adores big families.

5. Fill in: all, both, whole, either, neither, none, every, each or one(s).

1. …….. of the toxic waste has been cleared up by the company.

2. He’s studying ….politics and modern languages at university.

3. I think these are the ................. you like.

4. They spent the .................. day packing for their holiday.

5. She spends ....................her time studying for her exams.

6. In .................... game there is an element of risk.

7. John and Anna had a lot of work yesterday . ...... of them went out.

8. "Do you like this skirt?" "I think that ................. is more flattering."

9. The members of the club were ……...…given copies of the regulations.

10. Both of these dictionaries are excellent. ........... one of them will help you in your studies.

6. Fill in: a lot (of), much or many.

1. It takes ....... patience to bring up children.

2. There can't be ...... people who haven't seen Jurassic Park.

3. She doesn't have ................. time to herself these days.

4. Why haven't you washed the dishes? You didn't have ….. else to do.

5. He's very popular. He always has ........... people at his house.

6. We don't get on very well as we haven't got ............. in common.

7. Will there be ................... guests at the wedding?

8. You need ................... courage to be a firefighter.

9. Have ................... new people joined the club this year?

10. There are too ................... mistakes in your composition.

11. There's still ................... food left over from the party last night.

12. I hope we didn't make ....... noise when we came in late last night.

13. She's eaten too ............... sweets so she doesn't feel well.

14. There's ................... poverty in some African countries.

15. She must have ................. money to afford such expensive clothes.

7. Underline the correct item.

1. We have very little/very few/few spaghetti, so I can't make Spaghetti Bolognese.

2. I'm tired. I didn't get many/much/few sleep last night.

3. This coffee is bitter. It needs a few/a little/little more sugar.

4. I have invited a few/a lot of/much people to the party. I hope there will be room for them all.

5. I don't have many/much/few time at the moment. I'll talk to you later.

6. I have had a few/very few/ very little success in my search for a job.

7. There are much/a lot of/a little reasons why he should go to university.

8. I'd love to come to the beach. I just need a few/a little/many minutes to get ready.

9. I have little/a little/ a few work to do before I can leave.

10. I made a lot/a little/a few biscuits this morning. Would you like to try one?

11. There is a little/little/a few chance of his getting the job. He has no experience.

8. Fill in many, few, much or little.

Claire pushed the door open a 1) ................ and looked inside. The house was small and there was not 2)............... furniture. There were a 3) ................. chairs and a table, but there were very 4) .................... signs of comfort. There was not 5) ........................... light, but Claire could see that there were not 6) ........................ pictures or ornaments. It was as though the owner of the house spent very 7) ...................... time there. After a 8) ................. more moments, she quietly closed the door and walked away.

9. Add of where necessary.

1. A lot ..... people have mobile phones these days.

2. Many .............. her books are very old.

3. Most .............. children enjoy watching cartoons.

4. I've met several .............. his colleagues.

5. A few .............. birds were singing in the tree.

6. Have you ever seen any .............. Bruce Willis' films?

7. Some .............. my friends live abroad.

8. One .............. her books has won an award.

9. I have hardly any .............. free time at the moment.

10. A few .............. the guests arrived early.

10. Fill in: some, any, no, every or their compounds.

Example:

...Everyone... knows that the sky is blue, but few people know why.

1. If you have ............. questions, I'll be in my office.

2. ............. wanted to miss the match so ............... arrived early.

3. The teacher asked if ............. knew the answer to her question.

4. Would you like ............. cheese or maybe ............. sweeter?

5. Have you seen Jim .............? I've been looking ............. for him.

6. If you have ...... spare time, there's ..... I want to talk to you about.

7. ........ is looking for John but ...... has seen him since this morning.

8. I've never been ........... without finding ............. interesting to see.

9. If ........ is going to the supermarket could they get me ........ milk?

10. Don't speak to me. There is ..... you can say to me that will make ....... difference to how I feel.

11. We never go … for our holidays. Why don't we go … this year?

12. Jerry is very tidy; he won't tolerate ................ being out of place.

11. Fill in: whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever or however.

1. I'm not sure how to advise you. I suggest you do ........ you think best.

2. ....... mum decides to put the washing out, it always starts raining.

3. My pen is missing! ………. has borrowed it kindly return it, immediately.

4. "Welcome! Come in and sit down ....you can find an empty seat."

5. Red and green both look good on you. ............ colour you choose, I'm sure it will suit you.

6. The interview is informal so you can dress .................. you want.

7. You know where to find me - come round .............. you want and we'll talk over your problem.

8. ............... wins the elections is sure to be the best candidate.

9. You must get some advice about the career you wish to follow so that ................. one you choose, you won't regret it.

10. There are two different routes from here to Manchester. Why not take ...................... is the shortest to save time?

Task 10. Pronoun

1. Fill in the pronouns then identify them: reflexive or emphatic.

1. The Chinese girl decorated the pumpkin ………….

1. The winner looked very proud of ………… .

2. She brought up her children by …………

3. The couple wrote to ……….. when they had to spend time apart.

4. The children enjoyed …………. when they visited Disneyland.

5. Ann was afraid of spiders, so she didn't go into the room by .........

6. Instead of hiring a catering company for the party, she decided to

do all the cooking ………….. .

7. The boy was asked to behave ……….. at the wedding.

8. He shouted loudly above the noise to make ……… understood.

9. Cats are very clean animals: they are always washing ………

10. Doctors advise us that we have to exercise regularly in order to

keep ……….. healthy.

11. The weather is affecting me at the moment - I don't feel … at all!

12. He's very vain and loves looking at ………… in the mirror.

2. Fill in with: of one's own, on one's own or one's own in the correct form.

Example: He left...his own … family to go and live abroad.

1. I would like to have a room ................................... .

2. She couldn't lift the table .......... so she asked her husband to help her.

3. Let me handle this matter ..................................., will you?

4. They had ................................... house designed by a top architect.

5. He's about to set up ............ business and has asked me to help organize it.

6. He enjoys spending time .............................. .

7. I'd really like a car ........................ so I don't have to rely on my friends all the time.

8. "Is this ................... motorbike, young man?" the policeman asked.

9. Although she can afford domestic help, she insists on doing the housework ............... .

3. Fill in the gaps with of where necessary, and my, your, etc, own.

Example:

If they had a garden ...of their own... they could grow flowers.

1. John is lucky. He has got a computer ...................... .

2. Don't treat me like a child! I've got a mind ............... .

3. I don't need a lift to work. I've got ........................ car.

4. They hope to set up ...................... business one day.

5. Haven't you got ......................... book? You're always taking mine.

6. Their new house is big, so Harry can have a room...............

7. We're saving up to buy a flat ................. .

8. You can't eat my sweets. Buy some .................. .

4. Fill in another, (the) other(s), each other or every other.

1. Can I have ..................... cup of coffee, please?.

1. This book is mine and .............................. are Dave's.

2. Frank and Barbara have had an argument. They aren't talking to ............... today.

3. This magazine comes out ................................. week.

4. That watch is gold; ...................................... are silver.

5. You have ................................ two days to register for the course.

6. Some people work during the day, .......................... work at night.

7. We usually help ............................................. with our homework.

8. I have my hair cut ............................ month.

9. Would you like ................................................ biscuit?

10. Brothers and sisters look after .................................. .

11. Jack works the night shift ................................. week.

12. I saw Mark ................................. day. He looked well.

13. That cake was lovely. Can I have .................... piece?

14. 'Where are .................................. children?' 'Outside.'

15. Are there any ...................... questions before we go?

5. Fill each of the gaps with other, another, others, or other's.

Left-handedness is a fascinating phenomenon unless you are trying to undo a knot that a left-handed person has tied the .......... (1) way round. It is surprising that left-handers have not protested more about how the physical world has been constructed around the ‘.......... (2) lot’. Though the days have gone when children were forced to change to the .......... (3) way, we still don’t make enough concessions. Surely lefties should be encouraged to greet one .......... (4) by shaking the .......... (5) left hand. Why don’t they always stick out their left hand anyway and surprise all us .......... (6) once in a while? I’ve seen some lefties writing like crabs and producing handwriting from .......... (7) planet and I’ve seen .......... (8) who produce better writing than any .......... (9) person I know. And .......... (10) thing: why don’t left-handed waiters tease us by laying the table ‘back to front’? They’ve as much right as the right-handers.

There + be

there + be + singular noun

If there's any chance of you coming, let us know.

there + be + plural noun (not possible) Once upon time there were three pigs.

there + be + list, if the first item is a singular countable noun

On the table, there was a pencil, a pen and some papers.

there + be + a number or a few/lot, some etc.

There were a lot of people in the room.

There are a few people waiting outside.

6. Fill each space in these sentences with it or there and an appropriate verb.

Example: ..It takes… me one hour to get home.

1. ........... very expensive to buy a new car.

2. ............ difficult trying to reach her by phone so I sent a fax.

3. He put his coat on because……….getting cold.

4. ............ to be some mistake - I've never met you before in my life.

5. ................. several fights outside the stadium but no one was hurt.

6. .......... been some time since I wrote to you, as I’ve been very busy.

7. ................ a pity you didn’t come to the party; we had a lovely time.

8. ….......... life after death? I wonder.

9. …………. be some kind of explanation for such strange behaviour.

10. .................... no special way of doing it.

7. Fill each space in the paragraph below with it or there.

….. (1) has always been a disadvantage for visitors to Britain that the weather is very changeable and that ........ (2) is always raining, even in summer. …………(3) are countless jokes about British weather and no doubt ……(4) is a good reason for their popularity. ......... (5) is no smoke without fire. …... (6) doesn’t however seem to be the case any more that Britain does not have a summer. In fact, ……. (7) seems to be less and less rainfall nowadays, which is a worldwide phenomenon.

What has happened is that …….(8) has been a rise in the temperature of the planet as a whole. ........ (9) is getting hotter every year to such an extent that .......... (10) is no longer necessary to go abroad if you want to get a sun-tan. ....... (11) will be much quicker and cheaper to go to Brighton or Bournemouth. ….... (12) is thought that global warming is having both positive and negative effects in different parts of the world. .......... (13) have been several conferences to find a solution to the problem but ....... (14) has become obvious that …….. (15) is no simple answer to it.

8. Fill in the gaps with else, else's, or else or elsewhere.

1. He is ill. Why ...... would he go to the doctor's?

2. The postman has delivered someone ........... mail to our house.

3. She must be at work. Where ............... could she be?

4. I love it here. I wouldn't want to live anywhere ......... .

5. This hotel is full. We will have to stay........................ .

6. Don't shout ........................... you will wake the baby.

7. What .............................. do we need to take with us?

8. This jacket isn't mine. It's somebody ........................ .

9. Complete the sentences using else as in the example.

Example:

Hurry up, James, ...everybody else... (all the other people) has left.

1. If you can't help me, I'll ask ............................... (another person).

2. The manager isn't in his office. He must be ................ (another place).

3. Have you invited ............................ (one more person) to the party?

4. If you've finished your work, I can give you ............ (a different thing) to do.

5. I only have the ironing to do now. I've done ........... (all the other things).

10. Fill in the gaps with each or every.

1. We have two cars and ................. of them is blue.

1. There were lots of sweets and she ate ..............one of them.

2. ................ of the two boxes has bottles inside.

3. The teacher gave one book to ...................... student.

4. She gave ...................... of the children an ice cream.

5. He is wearing a different colour sock on ............foot.

6. I've got ...................... book that author's ever written.

7. I have seen almost ........ episode of this program.

8. Almost .............. T-shirt she owns is a designer label.

9. The Olympic Games are held ................... four years.

10. I eat an apple ....................... day.

11. She bought ..................... of her friends a souvenir from Paris.

11. Underline the correct item.

Oliver has got two jobs, but 1) neither/neither of them pay very well. He has had more jobs already than 2) most/most of people have in their whole lives, but 3) none/none of them really suited him. It is a shame, because he spent 4) several/ several of years at college and has got 5) some/any good qualifications. 6) Either of/Both his parents are very proud of him for getting a good education, but 7) each of/neither of them can understand why he can't find a suitable job. He buys 8) several/most newspapers every week and looks carefully through 9) each of/every one of them to see if 10) any/no good jobs are being advertised. He applies for 11) every one of/every available position, but often receives 12) some/no reply. He still believes that he will find his ideal job one day.

12. Complete this extract with a suitable pronoun or possessive adjective which best fits each space. In the book the author, an American, describes his first visit to England.

It must be said that Dover was not vastly improved by daylight, but I liked (1)…. . I liked (2)…small scale and cosy air, and the way everyone said 'Good morning', and 'Hello', and ‘Dreadful weather - but it must brighten up’, to (3)….., and the sense that this was just (4)……more in a very long series of fundamentally cheerful, well-ordered, pleasantly uneventful days. (5)…….. in the whole of Dover would have any particular reasons to remember 21 March 1973, except for (6)……..and a handful of children born that day.

I didn't know how early (7)……..could decently begin asking for a room in England, so I thought (8)……would leave (9)……..till mid-morning. With time on (10)……..hands, I made a thorough search for a guesthouse that looked attractive and quiet, but friendly and not too expensive, and at the stroke often o'clock presented (11)…….on the doorstep of the (12)………..I had carefully selected, taking care not to discompose the milk bottles. (13) … was a small hotel that was really a guesthouse, indeed, was really a boarding-house.

I don't remember (14) name, but I well recall the proprietress, who showed (15)…….. to a room, then gave (16) …..a tour of the facilities and outlined the many complicated rules for residing there. This was all bewilderingly new to me. Where I came from, (17)……….got a room in a motel, spent ten hours making a lavish and possibly irredeemable mess of (18)…….., and left early the next morning. This was like joining the army.

Task 11. Prepositions and conjunctions

1. Put in in, at, on, to or nothing (-).

1. I’ll be here again this afternoon.

1. I saw her Tuesday.

2. We usually play golf the weekend.

3. My birthday is January.

4. The meeting is June 18th.

5. Do you go away Christmas?

6. Let’s go to Scotland ….next weekend.

7. We always get up late …….Sunday morning.

8. I can’t work night.

9. The lesson starts 9.45.

10. We live ...... a small town near Edinburgh.

11. The train stopped every station.

12. I'll meet you the bus stop outside the station.

13. Please don’t put your feet the table.

14. What’s that black mark the ceiling?

15. You will find the information page 16.

16. I thought she was going to walk from the station, but she arrived……a taxi.

17. Please write your name the bottom of the paper.

18. She has a ring the third finger of her left hand.

19. What time does this bus get London?

20. She posted the letter in April; it arrived …… my house in June.

2. Put in in, from, by or until.

1. I’m going to stay in this job next year.

2. I have classes tomorrow 9.30 4.00.

3. You can borrow my bicycle, but I must have it back……..Friday.

4. Do you think you can learn English two months?

5. Can you clean these trousers tomorrow afternoon?

6. The train leaves ten minutes.

3. Put in for, during or while.

1. We traveled round America…….two months last year.

1. I couldn’t sleep…….the night, so I got up and read a book.

2. Somebody got into the house and stole the TV…..we were asleep.

3. I’d like to see you…….a few minutes.

4. I went to sleep…….the lesson.

*on time neither late nor early, at the correct time

I always make sure I get to work on time.

*in time not late

I hope I'll get to the airport in time to watch the plane land.

4. Fill in on time or in time.

1. Bill is always late. He's never ................ for work.

2. I woke up just ........................ to see the sunrise this morning.

3. We're having guests tonight so make sure you're home ................ to welcome them.

4. If we hurry, we'll get to the station ..................... to catch the train.

5. Don't be late for the Philharmonia concert - you know they always start dead …………….

6. The soldiers didn't arrive at the village …………… - the rebels had already burned the remaining houses.

5. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition from the list. Some prepositions care be used more than once.

at, by, for, in, on, out of, off, under, from, without

1. That style of skirt went ............... fashion years ago.

2. We heard about the earthquake ............ the news.

3. This must be finished by five o'clock ............... fail.

4. We were ............. the impression that they were moving to France.

5. Crime is ............... the increase in many cities.

6. The knock at the door took me ............... surprise.

7. .............. my opinion, he is the greatest musician of our time.

8. I don't know ............... certain, but I think she's gone on holiday.

9. You're looking a bit ............ colour - are you feeling alright?

10. The ceremony is being held ............... honour of the Pope's visit.

11. He put salt in his tea ............... mistake, thinking it was sugar.

12. She waved until the car was ............... sight.

13. We always stay in. Why don't we go out ............... a change?

14. He told us the plan ............... brief and didn't go into detail.

15. I mustn't eat any chocolate. I'm ............... a diet.

16. Peter has gone to London ............... business.

17. She selected a CD ............... random and put it in the CD player.

18. He erased his project from the computer and had to start ............... scratch.

6. Underline the best alternative in italics.

1. Our son, James Christopher, was born in/on the morning of 2nd March.

2. Don't forget that your final assignment must be handed to your tutor - /on next Monday.

3. There has been no sign of the birds until/since nightfall.

4. David Mamet's latest play will be showing on Broadway October up to/through December.

5. Payment of your electricity bill is now four weeks overdue. If we do not receive payment on/by 31st July, we shall refer the matter to the court.

6. As he opened the shop at 7.30 in the morning, Mr Charles was attacked by/with a baseball bat.

7. The definitive photograph of/by Marilyn Monroe is the one where she is standing over an air vent.

8. Alexander Graham Bell worked as/like a teacher for much of his life.

9. It was impossible to find anything of importance between/among the dead man's papers.

10. It is the duty of governments today to take seriously the threat of global warming, in spite of/for the sake of future generations.

11. Except/Apart for a few less experienced individuals, all of the recent applicants were taken on.

12. This publication is made of/from paper from sustainable forests.

13. Letters of application for this post should be completed in/with handwriting.

7. Prepositions are missing from the following three stories. Use the prepositions above each story to fill the gaps.

according to across to between by from in on

A bad explorer

A man (1) ........ Kentucky, USA, had a dream that would take him away from the rolling hills of his home state. The dream: to row (2) ........ the icy Bering Strait (3) ........ Alaska and Russia, (4) ........ a bathtub! Unfortunately, the dream was not completely fulfilled. (5) ........ the explorer, ‘I took four gallons of peanut butter along, but (6) ........ the morning of the fourth day, it had gone solid. (7) ........ late afternoon, although the sun was still high, the sea went rather thick. Next morning I was frozen in.’ No problem. He abandoned the bathtub and walked (8) ........ land.

at behind in instead of into like under with

Some stupid thieves

(9) ........ the town of Vang, Norway, a group of professional thieves were carrying out a carefully planned robbery. Everything was going (10) ........ clockwork. They broke into a company (11) ........ night, located the safe and set up some explosives that would blow the door of the safe off, allowing them to get to the money inside. After setting the fuse, they ran (12) ........ the next room, crouched (13) ........ the wall and waited for the explosion.

It came a few seconds later. The safe door was blown off. So was the roof. In fact, the entire building collapsed, trapping the robbers, still crouching in the next office, (I4) ........ the rubble of the destroyed building. There had been just one problem they had not foreseen: (15) ........ money, the safe had been filled (16) ........ dynamite.

about against along at between during in in into of off on on on on with

Self-help crime prevention

A Western businessman living (17) ........ Japan had been warned (18) ........ pickpockets in the Tokyo subways. These notorious thieves operated (19) ........ the crowded rush hour. They had a habit (20) ........ grabbing wallets just as the subway doors were closing, leaving the victim helpless (21) ........ the train while they disappeared with the loot.

One morning the businessman was (22) ........ his usual subway stop when the train pulled in. He got on, and sure enough, just as the train doors were about to close, he felt a man rub (23) ........ him. In a panic, the businessman reached for his wallet. It was gone! He looked up as the doors began to close and saw that a man had just got (24) ........ the train. The man was looking at him triumphantly.

Thinking fast, the businessman pushed his hands (25) ........ the closing doors and grabbed the thief's jacket. The doors closed, with the thief still (26) ........ the platform but (27) ........ the lapels of his jacket trapped (28) ........ the tight grip of the businessman. As the train began to pull away, the expression (29) ......... the thief's face changed. He began screaming as he ran (30) ........ the platform with the train. Finally, he held onto a post and his lapels tore away from his jacket. As the train moved (31) ........ the tunnel, the businessman was satisfied that at least he had frightened the thief.

When he reached his office, he called his wife to get his credit card numbers so he could cancel them. ‘But honey,’ she said, ‘I've been waiting to call you. You left your wallet (32) ........ the dressing table when you went to work today.’

8. Complete the text with a suitable preposition in each space.

It never ceases to amaze me how little notice some people now take (1) ...... rules in public places. When I was a child, it would never have occurred to me not to comply (2) .......... the rules. If someone smoked in defiance of a ‘No Smoking’ sign on a train, they would rapidly be reminded (3) ........ their transgression by several irate passengers, who would refer the errant smoker (4) .......... the sign in no uncertain terms. What's more, the person accused would normally apologize (5)............his indiscretion, and would certainly refrain (6) ......... repeating his anti-social behaviour. These days reminding someone (7) ........ their public duty not to drop litter or swear on the streets is likely to succeed only (8) ......... unleashing a torrent of verbal abuse (9) ........ the wrongdoer. Many people seem blithely unaware that, for example, the ‘silence in the library’ rule applies (10) ............ them, as much as to anyone else. Asking them is not enough, pleading (11) ........... them might still not deter them (12) .............. their noisy chat, resorting (13) ............physical violence, an undesirable option, seems the only one likely to get a result. But, in all seriousness, what really annoys me is that one is made to feel churlish or old-fashioned just to insist (14)........... basic respect of everyday manners. Truly, it seems polite behaviour and good manners count (15) .......... nothing in today's society.

9. Fill in the gaps with the correct particle from the list.

on, away with, behind, up, off, in, back on

1. The manager drew ............... a contract for the new employee.

2. Please give ............... your assignments at the end of the lesson.

3. I have never really got ............... with my next-door neighbours.

4. She has given ............... eating chocolate in order to lose weight.

5. The school is going to do ............... the old uniform.

6. My brother's hobby is doing ............... old cars.

7. He has fallen ............... with his school work recently.

8. The fire was not giving ............... enough heat to warm the room.

9. It was unfair of him to go ............... his promise to help me.

10. The thieves panicked when the burglar alarm went............... .

11. He thought he would get ............... parking on the double yellow line.

12. The meeting went .............. until after lunchtime.

13. The bus drew ............... to the bus station and we all got off.

14. The boys got ............... with a warning from the police, but they had learnt their lesson.

10. Fill in the gaps with the correct particle from the list.

away, on, off, out, back, up, up to

1. The fact that the house was very isolated put me ........... buying it.

2. The car pulled .............. outside the house and a man got out.

3. The criminals were put ................... for five years after they were found guilty.

4. The man asked me to hold ........... while he answered the door.

5. I’m tired of telling him to do things. He keeps ..........ignoring me.

6. You must tell me everything. Don't keep anything .... .

7. Keep ........... from the main road. It's very dangerous.

8. Do you think the wood supplies will hold ............. until the spring?

9. Annie looks ............... her older sister.

10. She thought of a way to pay him .............. for his lies.

11. It’s too dark in here. I can't make .......... where the light switch is.

12. This skirt is too tight. I'll ask Mum to let it ........... for me.

13. The prices in the supermarket have been put ............. this week.

14. The thief made ............ with the money from the safe.

15. I'll look ............ John's telephone number in my address book.

Task 12. Conjunction

1. Circle the correct answers.

1. I had a drink with Andrew before / after he left.

2. Before / After I took my examinations, I studied very hard.

3. He went out with his friends although / in spite of he wasn’t feeling well.

4. I went into the house although / in spite of there was nobody there.

5. Although / In spite of the rain, the streets were full of people.

6. Because / Because of the bad weather, we couldn’t play the match.

7. I couldn’t understand them because / because of their accent.

2. Circle the best conjunction.

1. I’ll phone you although / so / when I arrive.

2. The party was boring, although / because / so I went home.

3. The weather was nice, although / or / until it was a bit cold.

4. I enjoyed my month in Argentina, although / and / but I learnt a lot of Spanish.

5. She speaks good French, after / because / but she has a strong English accent.

6. I’ll tell you my plans because / so / while we’re having lunch.

7. I helped him after / because / or he was a good friend.

3. Complete the sentences with words from the box. You don’t need to use all the words.

although because but so until when while

1. ……she spoke very fast, I understood nearly everything.

2. I couldn’t read ……..it was too dark.

3. The food wasn’t very good, ……..he ate everything.

4. The lesson finished early, …..we went for a walk.

5. ………I got his letter I went round to see him.

4. Put conjunctions from the box into the text.

although (х2) and (х3) because (х2) before so until when

Andy Robert was bored at school,…..1…… he left …..2…. he was sixteen ….3…… got a job in a travel agency. He did not stay there very long, …4….he liked the work. He decided to move …5… the pay was very low …6…the hours were too long. His next job was in an import – export company. He liked that much better, …7… he travelled to America a lot …8…. the work was very well paid. He worked there for three years, …9… he really understood the business; then he started his own company. Now he is doing very well, …10…the work is sometimes very hard. He says he wants to make enough money to stop working ….11…. he is 50.

5. Join the beginnings and ends.

Although I knew her well, Although it was cold, Ann arrived late because of Ann only arrived at 11 because It was very cold,	a) a problem at the airport b) but he went out without a coat c) he went out without a coat. d) her plane was late. e) she never talked to me about her problems.
6. Because I was an old friend, 7. We were old friends, 8. She stayed in the company, although 9. She went on working there in spite of	f) so he asked me to help him. g) the bad pay and conditions h) she asked me to help her. i) the pay and conditions were bad.

6. Complete each gap in the text with a conjunction or preposition.

but Although despite Despite even though however However Nevertheless On the contrary though whereas While Yet

The Elgin Marbles

The Elgin Marbles are statues which date back to the 5th century ВС. (1) .... they were created in Greece and were located there until the late 18th century, they are now exhibited in the British Museum, London.

The statues used to be in Athens (2)…… they were bought in 1799 by the Englishman Lord Elgin, who wanted to bring them back to Britain as part of his personal art collection. (3)……,on the sea voyage back to England, the ship carrying them was sunk and the 'Marbles' were temporarily lost. It would be an incredibly expensive operation to recover them.

(4) , Elgin did so, and (5) he was a very rich man, he placed himself in enormous debt.

(6) his own desires, he had to sell the Marbles to the British Government to recover his losses and they were housed in the British Museum, where they have remained ever since.

In recent times, (7)…, the statues have become the subject of debate between Britain and Greece and, indeed, among British historians and archaeologists. (8)….the Greek authorities have requested the return of the Marbles on many occasions, the request has always been refused. There are arguments on both sides. Some people believe that it would be foolish to return them, valid (9)…..the Greek request may be, because of the pollution that is affecting the Parthenon and the possibility of earthquakes in Greece. Restored to the Parthenon, the Marbles could be exposed to damage, (10)…..they are safe in the British Museum.

Of course, there are equally compelling arguments for their return, especially on the moral level.

It cannot be denied, (11) the material safety the statues enjoy in Britain, that they are part of the Greek heritage. Many people also refute the argument that Athens would not be a safe place for them. (12) ……., they claim that if the statues were returned to Greece, a new state-of-the-art building would be constructed to house them, where they would be both safe and in their rightful environment. Furthermore, the British authorities have long used the argument that works of art should not be subject to 'ownership', but should be kept where they are accessible to most people. (13)…….in the past they have returned a number of cultural artefacts from other civilisations to their origins.

The argument continues, and is likely to do so for some time in the future.

7. Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.

Owning a car

Owning a car has several advantages. (1) ......... A ......... you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and (2) ................... you feel more independent. (3) ...................... you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4) ..................... , there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) .................., petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) .................... , most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages.

(7) ....................., most young people start driving as soon as they can. (8) .................... , I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) ....................., they are noisy and dirty. (10) .................... , the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored.

1) A First of all B As a result C Personally D Besides this

2) A however B personally C since D as a result

3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However

4) A On the other hand B To sum up C Thus D For example

5) A as B such as C owing to D then

6) A Finally B Secondly C However D As

7) A For B Next C As well as this D Consequently

8) A For example B Personally C Nevertheless D In comparison

9) A for example B however C thus D since

10) A As a result B Moreover C Personally D In comparison

Task 13. Verb

1. Choose the present simple or present continuous (the verbs see, think, have, be, and taste are sometimes stative).

1. She …………………..(have) a bath every evening.

2. My husband …………(always/taste) the food while I'm cooking! It's very annoying.

3. Luke ……………….(see) the doctor now.

4. He …………………(have) a party next weekend.

5. This coffee …………….(not/taste) right.

6. We ………………(see) John and Susie next month.

7. What …………………..(you/think) about the war ?

8. She …………………(have) a headache.

9. It ……………………(be) cold today.

10. They ……………..(not/have) a car.

11. I ………….(not/see) anything, I can't work the telescope.

12. The waiter ……………….(taste) the wine now.

13. She …………………(not/be) a doctor.

14. ………………...(want) a sandwich?

15. I ……………….(have) fun today.

16. I ……………(think) too much about my ex-boyfriend.

17. They often …………………...(see) a film on Fridays.

18. This cake …………….(taste) funny.

19. ………………(have) a good time at the moment?

20. The chef always ………………(taste) the food before he serves it.

Participles

* Present participles (verb + ing) describe what somebody or something is.

It was a fascinating story. (What kind of story? Fascinating.)

* Past participles (verb+ ed) describe how somebody feels.

We were fascinated by his story.

(How did we feel about his story? Fascinated.)

2. Underline the correct participle.

On Saturday, I took my children to the circus. I thought I would have a 1) boring/bored time, but actually I was quite 2) astonishing/ aston­ished by the 3) amazing/amazed acts. We were 4) stunning/stunned by the acrobats. They balanced on top of each other with incred­ible ease. We were really 5) impressing/ impressed by their performance. The children found the lion-tamer's act 6) exciting /excited. I felt 7) terrifying/terrified when he put his hands into the lion's mouth, but the children were 8) amusing/amused and they clapped loudly. A magician performed many incredible tricks; it was 9) fascinating/fascinated to watch him make various objects disappear and reap­pear. The children were more 10) interesting/interested in the elephant act. When the huge animals came into the arena, the audience cheered. The elephants were well-trained and their tricks were 11) entertaining/entertained. Some children from the audience were invited to ride on the elephants' backs. My children were 12) disappointing/disappointed when they were not chosen, but their disappointment faded when the clowns took the centre ring. It was quite a 13) captivating/captivated show. By the time we got home we all felt 14) exhausting/exhausted.

3. Make the past participle:

1. She has never ………….. (let) her daughter have a boyfriend.

2. Have you already ………….. (read) today's newspaper?

3. The house has been ……………….. (sell).

4. He has ……………… (lose) his wallet again.

5. I have ………………. (write) three essays this week.

6. That clock was ………………. (make) in Switzerland.

7. He had ………………… (run) 6 miles when he hurt his ankle.

8. I have never ………………. (see) such a beautiful view.

9. He has ……… (teach) hundreds of students during his career.

10. Have you ever ……………….. (meet) a famous person?

11. Because she hadn't ……… (pay) the bill, the electricity went off.

12. They have ……… (send) Christmas cards to all their friends.

13. Where have we …………. (put) the car keys?

14. We have never ………….. (sing) in public before.

15. She had …………….. (wear) her blue dress many times.

16. John had never ……(speak) English before he came to London.

17. Why have you …………… (stand) up? Are we leaving?

18. Have you ever ………. (swim) in the Atlantic Ocean?

20. I have never …………… (say) that I didn't love you.

21. David jumped into the air. He had ……….. (sit) on a drawing pin.

22. The weatherman had ………… (tell) us it would be sunny, but it rained all day.

23. I'm sorry I'm so tired. I haven't …………….. (sleep).

24. Have you ……….. (think) about changing jobs?

4. Write what each word is followed by: F.I. (full inf.), B.I. (bare inf.) or -ing form.

Example: refuse + F.I.

would + …… would like + …… hear + ……

finish + …… it's no use + …… object to + ……

dislike + …… it's no good + …… promise + ……

admit + …… would rather + …… decide + ……

deny + …… be known + …… let + ……

5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form. Mind the tenses.

Example: The police made the bank robbers ..give.. (give) themselves up.

1. He is not likely .......................... (return) before five o'clock.

2. The criminals were forced .................... (surrender).

3. They might not .................. (complain) about the meal if the service hadn't been so dreadful.

4. Man is said ....... (invent) the wheel about ten thousand years ago.

5. You must ........ (starve) to have eaten such a big dinner last night.

6. She'd better ....................... (have) a good excuse for being so late.

7. They hope ............ (make) a lot of money in their new business.

8. The wind tends ....................... (increase) just before sunset.

9. He should ........... (tell) his parents the truth when they asked him.

10. Imagine .............. (live) in a big house like that!

11. I'd rather not ........................... (visit) my parents this weekend.

12. She's too tired ........................... (concentrate) on her work today.

13. You should ................. (see) his face when she told him the news.

14. It was such a shock ............. (hear) from her after all these years.

15. The doctor worked for fifteen hours without .......... (take) a break.

16. John's father let him ................. (borrow) his car for the weekend.

17. There's no point ............. (get) there early, because the gates don't open till 10 am.

6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or -ing form.

Whatever else Christmas may 1) ..stand for...(stand for), one thing it still means is 2) …(eat). Christmas has traditionally been a time of the year when people have tried 3) … (cheer) themselves up during the cold months of winter. Last year more than 10 million turkeys were bought in Britain alone during the festive season 4) … (satisfy) the nation's appetite. Health experts may continue 5) … (complain) about all this self-indulgence, but they fail 6) … (realise) that there is nothing new about celebratory feasting, particularly at this time of year. The Roman Saturnalia, which was supposedly a festival 7) … (honour) the god of agriculture, started on 19 December. Among other things, the Saturnalia involved 8) … (light) candles and 9) … (give) gifts. People who had spent the whole year 10) … (save) money suddenly became extravagant. In addition to 11) … (exchange) gifts, this time of year was also an occasion for masters and slaves alike 12) … (eat) excessively. At one Saturnalia feast an emperor is reported 13) … (spend) the equivalent of £600,000 on a dinner for twelve guests which consisted of twenty courses and lasted all day. So, when mealtime comes round on 25 December, there's no point in 14) … (have) a guilty conscience. In fact the occasional seasonal feast may promote good health and stop year-round 15) … (overeat).

7. Fill in the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form.

Example:

I advise you ...to take... (take) some money in case the banks are shut.

1. My mother used ……(encourage) us to eat lots of vegetables.

2. Don't forget ......... (lock) the door when you leave the office.

3. Do you remember......... (swim) in Lake Langaron last summer?

4. When you finish this exercise go on .......... (do) the composition on page 11.

5. Would you mind ........(turn) the radio down? I've got a headache.

6. Why don't we try ............ (eat) some Thai food for a change?

7. The stopped running ............. (have) a rest.

8. He put off ........... (tell) her the bad news.

9. I really regret........... (spend) so much money at the weekend.

10. I suggest................ (look) this word up in a dictionary.

11. David was too afraid .......... (swim) in the rough sea.

12. He doesn't look old enough ......... (be/married).

13. I couldn't stop........ (wonder) whether I had done the right thing.

14. In general I prefer ............. (watch) films on the big screen rather than on TV.

15. I'm sorry, I didn't mean ............... (hurt) you.

16. Don't you dare .................(be) late again.

17. I need to get a job. I’m tired of ........ (have) to rely on my parents for money.

18. Have you considered ............(learn) another language?

19. I can't stand …..... (listen) to you complaining all the time.

8. Underline the correct item.

Countries all over the world have superstitions which some people believe and others don’t. Several superstitions are the same in many countries. Many people avoid 1) walking/to walk under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luck. Some people expect things 2) go/to go wrong on the thirteenth day of the month, particularly if it's a Friday. Some say you must never 3) put/to put up an umbrella inside the house or 4) to place/place a pair of new shoes on the table. In many places, it is considered unlucky 5) to see/seeing a black cat, while in others this is thought 6) to be/be a symbol of good luck. 7) Break/Breaking a mirror results in seven years of bad luck and if you spill salt, you must 8) to throw/throw a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately.

These are just a few superstitions which some people believe in.

9. Fill in the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form.

In the past decade academics have been involved in 1)..investigating... (investigate) differences between men and women. Researchers have been especially interested in 2) .................. (discover) what women can 3) ............... (do) better than men. As far as language is concerned, studies show that girls begin 4) ....................... (talk) before boys and are capable of 5) ................. (produce) more varied and sophisticated sentences. In addition to 6) ................. (have) a better command of the

language, women also appear 7) ................ (have) better social skills and are more likely 8) ........... (be) complimentary than men. Another area that has been investigated is how men and women lead. Women try 9) .................. (share) power and make their employees 10) ............ (feel) more worthwhile. Men, on the other hand, like 11) .................... (demonstrate) their authority more formally and seem 12) ................... (care) more about hierarchy. However, it is worth 13) ...........(remember) that study results reflect averages, and there will always be exceptions.

10. Put the verbs in the dialogue into the to-infinitive or the gerund.

Helen has been called to the office of her boss, Andrea.

A: Take a seat, Helen. Would you like¹ …to have.. (have) some coffee?

H: Er, no thank you.

A: I asked ²………(see) you ³……. (talk) about your work. I think there are a few things that we need ⁴ …..………(discuss).

H: Oh dear. Is there some problem? I do love ⁵ ……….(work) here and I think I'm getting better at⁶…………….(do) the job.

A: Yes, I'm sure you are, Helen, but sometimes you are rather slow ⁷ …………….(learn). In a hotel of this reputation, we cannot afford ^s………… (make) mistakes and I am sorry ⁹………….(say) that you have made rather a lot. There are some things you are very good at, like ¹⁰………. (welcome) the guests, ^11.……………...(talk) to them and ¹²………….… (give) them any help they require.

H: That's true. I was rather shy when I first started ^I3………….. (work) here but now I'm much better at¹⁴ …….……..^.(communicate) with the guests. They have often said to me that it is nice¹⁵ ……. (see) such a friendly face at reception. A: That's good. It's true ¹⁶……….(say) that you have got much better at ¹⁷……..(deal) with people. But you do not pay enough attention to ¹⁸…… (ensure) that the administrative part of your job is carried out efficiently.

H: ¹⁹…….. (Keep) the records is not my favourite part of the job, I must admit....

A: But it's essential ²°……… (do) that properly. It's no use ²¹…… (be) nice to all the guests if you are creating problems for them by ²²…. (fail) ²³ ……(carry out) your job efficiently. I know there is a lot of work ²⁴ ……. (do) at reception, but last week you made three mistakes with the billing. That's not good enough.

H: Yes, I'm sorry about that, but sometimes the bills are very complicated ²⁵…… (work out).

A: I know, but we can't make mistakes and that's that. And what about you ²⁶ …… (accept) that booking for the penthouse suite at the weekend when we were using it for a conference? It was very careless of you ²⁷…… (do) that. I had to do a lot of ²⁸………(apologize) ²⁹ ….. (calm down) those guests. They were furious.

H: Yes, it was terrible. I do try ³°……. (get) everything right but I can't help ^3I …………(make) mistakes sometimes. I just don't know what³²……….. (do) about it.

A: Well, I do. You've got a month ^33. ……. (prove) to me that you can do the job efficiently, and if you can't, you'll have ³⁴ ……… (start) ³⁵ ……… (look) for another job.

Task 14. Sentence. Passive Voice

1. Rewrite the jumbled phrases to make sentences with the correct word order.

1. to stand/when he arrives/visitors/expects/His Excellency

2. to stay/a legal assistant/I wouldn't like/for long

3. brought/to the team/Amanda/all her expertise

4. has become/a very inexperienced salesman/the Sales Manager

5. into the box/sparkling, diamond encrusted/he placed/18-carat gold ring/carefully wrapped/the

6. provided/all rubbish/please/in the bins/put

7. so her daughter/the bracelet/bought/for her/Susan liked/it

8. all day long/their resistance/stand/the prisoners/ they/ to/ made/reduce

9. of destruction/all sick/the scenes/us/made/in the film

10. an easy program/trying/first/recommended/the trainer

2. Rewrite the sentences, putting the words into the correct order. Add commas where necessary.

1. enormous they old staying building grey are an in.

2. and looks now old he tired rather.

3. young met student charming we medical a.

4. angry an man is young he aggressive.

5. heavy her gold a gave necklace he beautiful.

6. moment at rather seem the unhappy you.

7. thoughtful a be man young seems very he to.

8. impractical is time-wasting expensive the and project.

9. beginning hair grey turn to is my.

10. young actress a Diana successful well-respected and is.

3. Fill in: what (a/an), how, so or such (a/an).

Example: ...What a... strange man he is!­

1. ....................inconsiderate of you!

2. It was........ lovely meal!

3. ...............................sweet she is!

4. ...................... shiny hair she has!

5. .......................nice eyes he's got!

6. The journey was................ long!

7. He's ................ interesting person!

8. ...................awful day I had!

9. ........................ tasty biscuits!

10. ................... high he jumps!

11. Her pies are ....................... delicious!

12. They are .............. noisy neighbours!

13. ............................ warm the sea is!

14. ….......... odd thing to do!

15. .....................dirty Tommy is!

16. ................. nice weather we're having!

4. Put each verb into the simple present passive or active.

Gorillas (find) 1………... in several countries in central Africa. They are about 1.6 metres tall, and they (cover) 2………..with black or brown hair. Gorillas’ lives (spend) 3………in groups. Each group (have) 4 ……....five to ten gorillas in it. The gorillas in a group (walk) 5………..about 0.5 to 1.0 km per day, looking for food. They (not eat) 6…………all the leaves in one part of the forest before moving on; some leaves (leave) 7………… on the trees and plants. At night gorillas (sleep) 8 ……in nests; these nests (make) 9 ………. of branches and leaves. The number of gorillas living in Africa today (not know) 10……….., but it is certain that this number is getting smaller. Why? Because in the countries where the gorillas (live) 11………., more and more trees (cut down) 12….... every year.

5. Write the passive verbs in the correct tenses.

1. Potatoes…….to Europe from South America in the 1500s. (bring)

1. Your class …….by Mrs Nash on Monday next week. (teach)

2. Five hundred years ago, Latin ..............by people all over Europe. (speak)

3. I'm working at home today because my office ……….. (paint)

4. Someone’s been using my desk - all my papers ………… (move)

5. ‘Two’ and ‘too’ …..... the same. (pronounce)

6. How many languages ………. in 2100? (speak)

7. What kind of oil………. in Mexican cooking? (use)

8. ‘Where’s your car?’ ‘It ……….. .’ (repair)

9. Oh, dear, I'm late - my name ……… yet? (call)

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense.

A

Tea 1)…(make) from the leaves of the tea plant. At first, it 2) …(use) as a medicine, but it 3)…(become) an everyday drink in the 3^rd century AD.

First, the leaves 4) …(pick) from the plant and they 5)… (spread) onto a cloth. They 6)…(leave) there for up to twenty hours. Next, the leaves are rolled up until they 7)…(break) into small pieces. Finally, the leaves 7)…(dry). 8)…(pack) into containers the tea is sent to different countries. It 9)…(sell) to customers as loose leaves, as tea bags and as instant tea.

10)…(make) tea, we 11)…(boil) water and 12) …(pour) it over the dry tea in a teapot. This 13)…(leave) for three to five minutes. We can then add milk, lemon or sugar. In Britain, it was the custom 14)…(serve) tea in the afternoons with sandwiches and cakes. This custom 15)…(start) by the Duchess of Bedford around 1840. Today, tea 16)…(drink) all over the world.

B

People of all ages 1) …..(love) eating ice cream. It 2) ……(be) a wonderful dessert, especially when it 3) ……..(decorate) with tasty syrups and whipped cream.

Ice cream 4) ………(introduce) to Europe from the East. In 1670, Francisco Procopio 5) ……..(open) a café in Paris, serving ices and sherbets. The ices and sherbets 6) ………(become) so popular that by 1676 there 7) …….(be) 250 ice makers in Paris.

The main ingredients which 8) …….(use) for ice cream are milk, cream, sugar and eggs. These ingredients 9) …….(combine) to make a mixture which 10) ……. (put) in a large container and 11) ……..(refrigerate) for several hours. Then, nuts or chocolate pieces 12) ……..(add) to make different flavours. After that, the ice cream 13) …….(package) individually and finally it 14) …….(freeze).

C

The Academy Awards Presentation 1) ...was ..first… organized... (first/organise) in 1929 and since then, it 2) ............... (hold) every year. The presentation 3) ................. (attend) by those at the top of the film industry and 4) .............. (watch) on TV by millions of viewers who want to see who 5) .................. (present) with the golden statue which 6) ................ (desire) by everyone in the motion picture world.

The voting for the Academy Awards 7) ................... (conduct) secretly and the results 8) ................. (not reveal) to anyone until the envelope 9) ................ (open) on stage in front of the audience. Awards 10) .................. (give) for the best individual or collective work and 11) ................ (separate) into different categories. Up to five nominations 12) ........................ (make) in each category. The awards, which 13) ................... (know) as Oscars, 14) ...................... (consider) to be the highest honour anyone in the film industry can 15) .................... (give).

D

Coffee 1) ........................ (say) to originate from Kaffa in Ethiopia and most species of coffee plant 2) ..................... (find) in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. The species which 3) ................. (think) to be the earliest coffee plant 4) ..................... (ever, cultivate) by man is Coffea arabica. Today it 5) ................ (grow) mostly in Latin America.

The coffee shrub 6) ....................... (reach) a height of 8-10 metres and 7) ................ (have) white scented flowers. It 8) ............... (produce) a red fruit which 9) ............. (call) a cherry. The cherry 10)................ (contain) two seeds which 11) ................(join) together. These seeds, which 12) ................ (also/know) as beans, 13) .................. (first/roast) and then they 14) ................. (grind) to make coffee. The grounds 15) ........................ (then/process) in a variety of different ways. Sometimes they 16) .................. (filter) and sometimes they 17) ................. (soak) in water to make the drink which is popular with so many people. Coffee is available as grounds or as instant coffee powder and 18) ................ (drink) by one third of the world's population.

7. Fill in by or with.

1. She was woken up .............. a loud noise.

2. The parcel was tied up .................... string.

3. John was told off .................... his mother.

4. This picture was painted .................... a famous artist.

5. The chair was covered .................... a woollen blanket.

6. The walls were decorated .................... posters.

7. My car was repaired .................... my father.

8. This dessert was made .................... fresh cream.

Task 15. Passive Voice / Causative Form

1. Rewrite the sentences using have something done.

Example: His teeth are checked twice a year.

He has his teeth checked twice a year.

1. My hair is trimmed once a month.

2. Central heating is going to be installed in our house next month.

3. Sam's burglar alarm was fitted last week.

4. My car is being repaired at the moment.

5. Our new furniture is going to be delivered tomorrow.

6. The windows will be cleaned.

7. A new jumper has been knitted for me.

8. The lock has to be fixed.

9. A new pair of glasses is going to be made for him.

10. She told her son to carry the shopping to the house.

11. Dad is going to arrange for someone to cut the grass.

12. They used to employ a cleaner who cleaned the house.

13. Did the mechanic repair Paul's motorbike?

14. The boss asked his assistant to type the letter.

15. A plumber fixed the dripping tap for Joe.

16. Have you told the secretary to make some photo­ copies?

17. The chef was cooking Tom's lunch.

18. Did you tell the shop to deliver the sofa to you?

19. My purse was stolen last Friday.

20. Did you employ a painter to decorate your house?

21. The man had asked the porter to take his luggage to his room.

22. When will your glasses be made?

23. She asked him to do the shopping.

24. Their house was burgled last night.

25. He employed a carpenter to build the fence.

26. His shop's windows were smashed in the riot.

27. The gardener cuts their grass once a week.

28. They will ask the porter to carry their bags for them.

29. I must get someone to clean the windows.

30. The hairdresser is styling Lucy's hair.

31. The doctor has bandaged his arm for him.

32. The dentist was checking Tom's teeth.

33. The cleaner had washed the floor for me.

34. It's worth asking someone to repair the roof.

2. Rephrase the following using have, make or get.

Example:

He insisted that Peter left immediately. - He made Peter leave immediately.

1. Janet persuaded Diane to drive her to the airport .

1. My car radio is being fitted by Gary today.

2. She asked her sister to translate the article.

3. I finally persuaded the landlord to change the locks.

4. My mother insisted that I should wear a dress to the wedding.

5. I'll ask John to pick me up at the station.

6. Sue persuaded her colleagues to change their minds.

7. She is going to ask them to rewrite the assignment.

8. I can't believe he asked me to return the cheque.

9. He insisted that they should stay at home.

10. I'll try to persuade him to give you the money he owes you.

11. The receptionist asked her to wait outside his office.

12. The doctor insisted that she should go to hospital.

13. He asked the porter to carry his luggage.

3. Turn the following into the passive.

Example: They say he is a millionaire.

He ...is said… to be a millionaire.

It ...is said… that he is a millionaire.

1. They expect the plane will be landing soon.

1. They believe he was working illegally.

2. They say he is feeling better.

3. They thought he had been brave to do so.

4. They think he has escaped from prison.

5. They expect he'll pass his exams.

6. They say she lied to the police.

7. They say they miss too many lessons.

8. They know she was always late for work.

4. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive.

Example:

People say that she owns several companies.

It is said that she owns several companies.

She is said to own several companies.

1. Dad is cleaning the floor at the moment.

2. The phone company cut off our telephone yesterday.

3. You must do the washing-up after dinner.

4. She will have typed all the letters by five o'clock.

5. They are interviewing two candidates at the moment.

6. He has torn his shirt again.

7. Mark feeds the dogs every morning.

8. We shouldn't reveal anything to the press.

9. Where have they sent those parcels to?

10. People think that he will win the race.

11. I object to her taking my books without permission.

12. They had sold all the tickets by the time we arrived.

13. People make jam from fruit.

14. They saw him talking to the manager.

15. Who took that beautiful photo?

16. When did they open their shop?

5. Complete the second sentence in these exchanges using the verb in brackets and any other words given. Use the causative form with have or get.

Example:

A: ‘Your hair looks nice.’

B: ‘Thanks, I’ve just ..............................’ (cut)

B: ‘Thanks, I’ve just had it cut.’

1. A: ‘I’m finding it difficult to read small print nowadays.’

B: ‘Why don’t you go and …………..... ?’ (eyes; test)

2. A: ‘What a lovely dress - where did you buy it?’

B: ‘I didn’t. I ...............by the dressmaker down the road.’ (make)

3. A: ‘My car’s been making some funny noises just lately.’

B: ‘You should………………….....’ (service)

4. A: ‘Your hair looks different! What have you done to it?’

B: ‘I .... ………......, that’s all.’ (just; cut)

5. A: ‘This house is freezing.’

B: ‘Yes, we need …………………… .’ (central heating; install)

6. A: ‘The living room looks lovely.’

B: ‘I’m glad you like it. We’ve ..................... .’ (just; redecorate)

7. A: ‘Why aren’t you wearing your watch?’

B: ‘I ……………...........at the moment.’ (repair)

8. A: ‘Oops! Sorry I've spilt some wine on your trousers.’

B: ‘Don’t worry. I was going to ..................... anyway.’ (clean)

9. A: ‘That tree is blocking the view from my front window.’

B: ‘Well, you don’t expect me ……......, do you?’ (cut down) .

10. A: ‘I’ve got a terrible toothache.’

B: ‘Well, why don’t you go and ………….?’ (that cavity; fill)

6. Complete each space in this text with a suitable word. The first (0) is given as an example.

It’s been one of those days and it isn’t over yet. First of all, I had to take the car to the garage to have the brakes…repaired…(0). The car was in a bad enough state, but we ….….(1) had it damaged even more by some idiot as we were waiting at the traffic lights the other day. He bumped into the back of the car and we told him he would have to pay to ………. (2) the car ……….(3) and he said he would …….. (4) it paid for by his insurance company. I certainly hope he does. The mechanic told me I could’ve ........ (5) myself killed driving the car and that we should’ve …….…..(6) the brakes checked months ago.

I left the car at the garage, then went straight to the hairdresser to have my hair …… (7). I wanted to have ....... (8) cut really short, so it took ages. After that, I had to take Bill’s suit to the dry-cleaner’s to ….... (9) it cleaned after he had had wine ……………..( 10) over it at the party last night. Next, I had to go to the supermarket. When I had finished, my bags were so heavy I had to …………(11) them delivered to my house - and that cost more money. And the day isn’t half over yet. I’ve still got to have my photograph…………(12) for a new passport - my old one ………(13) stolen when we had our house………..(14) a few months back. What a life! Things can’t get worse, can they?