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Задания для развития умений письменной речи, ориентированные на развитие коммуникативной компетенции в иноязычной письменной речи. Пособие содержит большое количество иллюстраций и фотографий, призванных облегчить ориентировку в материале и создать дополнительные стимулы для эффективной работы над ним.

Учебное пособие состоит из трех тематических разделов (Units) , содержащих профессионально – текстовый материал:

Раздел 1 – происхождение театрального искусства (the origin of theatre arts);

Раздел 2 – мир театра Англии и Америки. (English and American theatre world)

Раздел 3- волшебный мир русского театра (magic world of Russian theatre) Приложения (Supplementary Reader) которое включает тексты по театральному этикету, театральные суеверия, упражнения на развитие техники речи, сценического движения, отрывки из классических произведений, Глоссарий.

Пособие подготовлено в соответствии с рабочей программой по дисциплине «Практический курс иностранного языка (английский язык). Учебно-методическое пособие разработано такие образом, что может быть использовано на занятиях по практике устной речи выборочно, либо в полном объеме, порядок работы с материалом, представленным в пособии может варьироваться в зависимости от целей занятия и интересов обучающихся.

UNIT I. THE ORIGIN OF THEATRE ARTS

I. Read with a purpose. You are going to read the text about the origin of the theatre arts. The text is about historical development of the theatre, its emerging from myth, ritual, and ceremony. Early connections between certain actions performed by the group or leaders in the group and the desired results of the whole society. These actions, and the consequent repetition and rehearsal, broke the ground for theatre.

Write as many questions as you’d like to ask about this period. Use only theatrical vocabulary.

II.Translate the following words and word combinations.

Myth, ritual, repetition, the ground for the theatre, rehearsal, related to three basic concerns, in tension of rituals, supernatural power, duty to the gods, to accompanied by myth, dating from 2800 to 2400 B. C., Memphite Drama, to send pharaoh off to the underworld, comes from Greek word, a place for seeing, refers to the space, in a broad sense, to be involved in production, the example, of the first theatre, to stage, to be filled by priests, to please the gods, move towards theatre.

III. Sharpen your Reading skills Main ideas

You know that good readers look for the topic of what they are reading. Good readers also look for the main idea. The main idea is the writer‘s most important point about the topic.

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To find the main idea of a paragraph, ask yourself, ―What does the author want me to know about the topic?‖

How Do You Find the Main Idea of a Paragraph?

In order to find the main idea of a paragraph, first you need to find the topic. Then you need to ask yourself ―What does the author want me to know about the topic?‖ The answer is the main idea. Many times you will find the answer in one sentence. This is called the topic sentence. The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence is often the first sentence of a paragraph, but sometimes it is the last sentence or a sentence in the middle of the paragraph.

A. Read the paragraph. Find the topic of each paragraph. Then underline the sentence that tells the main idea

1. According to the mythologist Joseph Campbell, rituals are related to three basic concerns: pleasure, power, and duty. Power influencing and controlling events were often the intention of rituals such as ceremonies to guarantee a successful crop or to please the gods.

Usually societies had rituals that glorified supernatural powers, victories, and heroes. Often supernatural forms would be represented using costumes and masks. Rituals that were practiced as duty to the gods also brought entertainment and pleasure.

Topic:

2.The history of theatre arts can be dated back to as early as the expression of ancient Greek. Since then the various eras witnessed changes in the types of theatre stages, which affected the actors and also gave rise to different forms of acting.

The word ―THEATRE‖ comes from a Greek word ―theatron‖ meaning a place for seeing. In this case the word refers to the space where performances staged. However in a broad sense, theatre includes everything that is involved in production, such as the script, the stage, the performing company, and the audience.

Topic:

3.The most important Egyptian drama, though, was the Abydos passion play. Like the Memphite drama, the Abydos passion play concerns the story of Osiris. The paramount Egyptian myth, this drama was enacted at the most sacred place in Egypt, Abydosthe burial site of Osiris. Performed annualy from 2500 to 550 B.C. and full of spectacle, this passion play is the first of its kind ever recorded and is the first example of theatre.

Topic:

4.The earliest example of ceremony and ritual evolving towards theatre comes from ancient Egypt. "Pyramid texts" dating from 2800 to 2400 B.C., contain dramas sending the dead pharaoh off to the underworld. These dramas also the continuity of life and the pharaoh's power. There is also the Memphite Drama, recounting the story of the death and resurrection of the god Osiris, and the coronation of his son Horus.

Topic:

IV. Supporting details

As you know, the sentences in a paragraph are all about one topic. Together they develop one main idea. To help you understand the main idea, the writer adds supporting details. The supporting detailsgive more information about the topic. They are not as general as the main idea. After you identify the topic and the main idea, you should look for details that support it

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Supporting ideascan be facts, examples, or reasons. Supporting details help you understand more about the main idea. They tell who, what, when, where, why, how, how much or how many

A. One sentence in each group below is the main idea. The other sentences are supporting Read the following paragraphs. Identify the main idea and write it in the space provided. Then make a list of details that support the main idea.

1. Theatre emerged from myth, ritual, and ceremony. Early societies perceived connections between certain actions performed by the group or leaders in the group and the desired results of the whole society. These actions moved from habit, to tradition, and then on to ceremony and ritual. The formulation of these actions, and the consequent repetition and rehearsal, broke the ground for theatre.

Main Idea

Supporting details

2. The history of theatre arts can be dated back to as early as the expression of ancient Greek. Since then the various eras witnessed changes in the types of theatre stages, which affected the actors and also gave rise to different forms of acting.

Main Idea

Supporting details

3.The word ―THEATRE‖ comes from a Greek word ―theatron‖ meaning a place for seeing. In this case the word refers to the space where performances staged. . However in a broad sense, theatre includes everything that is involved in production, such as the script, the stage, the performing company, and the audience.

Main Idea

Supporting details

4. According to the mythologist Joseph Campbell, rituals are related to three basic concerns: pleasure, power, and duty. Power influencing and controlling events were often the intention of rituals such as ceremonies to guarantee a successful crop or to please the gods. Usually societies had rituals that glorified supernatural powers, victories, and heroes. Often supernatural forms would be represented using costumes and masks.

Main Idea

Supporting details

TEXT I.

HISTORICAL PAST OF THE THEATRE

The history of theatre arts can be dated back to as early as the expression of ancient Greek. Since then the various eras witnessed changes in the types of theatre stages, which affected the actors and also gave rise to different forms of acting.

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The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are present in every society, it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment and theatrical or performative elements in other activities. The history of theatre is primarily concerned with the origin and subsequent development of the theatre as an autonomous activity.

The word ―THEATRE‖ comes from a Greek word ―theatron‖ meaning a place for seeing.

In this case the word refers to the space where performances staged. However in a broad sense, theatre includes everything that is involved in production, such as the script, the stage, the performing company, and the audience. In addition, theatre refers to a part of human culture that began in ancient times.

Theatre emerged from myth, ritual, and ceremony. Early societies perceived connections between certain actions performed by the group or leaders in the group and the desired results of the whole society. These actions moved from habit, to tradition, and then on to ceremony and ritual. The formulation of these actions, and the consequent repetition and rehearsal, broke the ground for theatre.According to the historians Oscar Brockett and Franklin Hildy, rituals typically include elements that entertain or give pleasure.Controlling events were often the intention of rituals such as ceremonies to guarantee a successful crop or to please the gods as well as skilled performers. As societies grew more complex, these spectacular elements began to be acted out under non-ritualistic conditions. As this occurred, the first steps towards theatre as an autonomous activity were being taken. Usually societies had rituals that glorified supernatural powers, victories, and heroes. Often supernatural forms would be represented using costumes and masks. Rituals that were practiced as duty to the gods also brought entertainment and pleasure.

These rituals are accompanied by myths. The myths enter the storytelling tradition, gaining a life beyond the original rites. This new life allows the myths to move towards entertainment and the esthetic. These stories now are performed for their own sake and move towards theatre.

Through these rituals, leaders, or actors of sorts, emerged. These acting leadership roles were often filled by elders and priests. In addition, the beginnings of acting spaces or auditoriums developed as a result of more elaborate rituals.

The earliest example of ceremony and ritual evolving towards theatre comes from ancient

Egypt. ―Pyramid texts‖ dating from 2800 to 2400 B.C., contain dramas sending the dead pharaoh off to the underworld. These dramas also the continuity of life and the pharaoh‘s power. There is also the Memphite Drama,recounting the story of the death and resurrection of the god Osiris, and the coronation of his sonHorus.

The most important Egyptian drama, though, was the Abydos passion play. Like the Memphite drama, the Abydos passion play concerns the story of Osiris. The paramount Egyptian myth, this drama was enacted at the most sacred place in Egypt, Abydosthe burial site of Osiris. Performed annually from 2500 to 550 B.C. and full of spectacle, this passion play is the first of its kind ever recorded and is the first example of theatre.

V. Match the words with their definition

VI. Read each of the sentences below. Try to explain the meaning of the underlined words. Do not use a dictionary

1.Since then the various eras witnessed changes in the types of theatre stages. 2.The word refers to the space where performances staged.

3.Theatre includes everything that is involved in production, the script, the stage, the performing company, and the audience.

4.Theatre emerged from myth,ritual, and ceremony.

5. The formulation of these actions, and the consequent repetition and rehearsal, broke the ground for theatre.

6. Often supernatural forms would be represented using costumes and masks. 7.Through these rituals, leaders, or actors of sorts, emerged.

8.The beginnings of acting spaces or auditoriums developed as a result of more elaborate rituals.

9.These dramas also the continuity of life and the pharaoh‘s power.

VII Reread ―Historical past of the theatre‖ and complete the summary

The history of ____________ (1) arts can be dated back to as early as the expression of__________ (2) Greek. The word ―THEATRE‖ comes from a _________ (3) word ―theatron‖ meaning a place for seeing. In this case the word refers to the space where performances (4). In addition, theatre refers to a part of human _________ (5) that began in ancient times.

. According to the ____________ (6)Joseph Campbell, rituals are related to three basic concerns: pleasure, power, and duty. These rituals are accompanied by _______ (7) The myths enter the storytelling _______ (8), gaining a life beyond the original rites. This new life allows the myths to move towards entertainment and the esthetic.

Through these rituals, leaders, or_______ (9) of sorts, emerged. These acting leadership roles were often filled by elders and priests. In addition, the beginnings of acting spaces or

___________ (10) developed as a result of more elaborate rituals.

The most important Egyptian drama, though, was the Abydos passion ________ (11). Like the Memphite drama, the Abydos passion play concerns the story of Osiris. The paramount Egyptian myth, this drama was enacted at the most sacred place in Egypt, Abydosthe burial site of Osiris. Performed annually from 2500 to 550 B.C. and full of spectacle, this passion play is the first of its kind ever recorded and is the first ___________ (12) of theatre.

VIII. Discuss these questions in a small group

1.Can you tell your own version about the origin of the word ―Theatre‖?

2.Can you name any myth, ritual or ceremony concerning theatre? If yes can you demonstrate it?

3.Do you think that theatre is connected with supernatural powers?

4.Do you agree with the statement ―Through the rituals, leaders, or actors of sorts, emerged?‖

5.What do you consider first example of theatre? Explain your points of view

6.Do you agree with Joseph Campbell about the relation of rituals?

7.―Pyramid texts‖ dating from 2800 to 2400 B.C., contain dramas sending the dead pharaoh off to the underworld. Can you give any example of such text and make a brief summary of it?

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8.Can you name any ancient play connected with the cropping?

9.Theatre refers to a part of human culture that began in ancient times. What do you think about it?

10.Can you name any drama, recounting the story of the death and resurrection of the god?

IX. Choose one of the questions above and write a paragraph about it

I. Read with a purpose.You are going to read the text about Greek theatre, which most developed in Athens,and which is the root of the Western tradition; theatre is in origin a Greek word. It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia. Participation in the city-state's many festivals-and attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience was an important part of citizenship.

Write as many questions as you’d like to ask about Greek theatre. Use only theatrical vocabulary.

II.Translate the following words and word combinations.

Orchestra, theatre, ritual, religious, performance, dramatic, theatricality, satyre, playwright, dramatise, play, shape, origin, poetry, audience, theatrical, tragic.

III. Sharpen your reading skills Main ideas

You know that good readers look for the topic of what they are reading. Good readers also look for the main idea. The main idea is the writer‘s most important point about the topic.

To find the main idea of a paragraph, ask yourself, ―What does the author want me to know about the topic?‖

How Do You Find the Main Idea of a Paragraph?

In order to find the main idea of a paragraph, first you need to find the topic. Then you need to ask yourself ―What does the author want me to know about the topic?‖ The answer is the main idea. Many times you will find the answer in one sentence. This is called the topic sentence. The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence is often the first sentence of a paragraph, but sometimes it is the last sentence or a sentence in the middle of the paragraph.

A. Read the paragraph. Find the topic of each paragraph. Then underline the sentence that tells the main idea

1. Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy". Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of plays by Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of error or ugliness that does not cause pain or destruction.

Topic:

2. Classical Greek theatre has a circular orchestra and probably gives the best idea of the original shape of the Athenian theatre, though it dates from the 4th century BCE.

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Greek theatre, most developed in Athens, is the root of the Western tradition; theatre is in origin a Greek word. It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia.

Topic:

3.Athenian tragedy-the oldest surviving form of tragedy is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city —state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world) and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period.

Topic:

4. As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama), playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyre play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; officialrecords (didaskalia) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyre play was introduced.

Topic:

IV. SUPPORTING DETAILS

As you know, the sentences in a paragraph are all about one topic. Together they develop one main idea. To help you understand the main idea, the writer adds supporting details. The supporting details give more information about the topic. They are not as general as the main idea. After you identify the topic and the main idea, you should look for details that support it

Supporting ideascan be facts, examples, or reasons. Supporting details help you understand more about the main idea. They tell who, what, when, where, why, how, how much or how many

B. One sentence in each group below is the main idea.The other sentences are supporting Read the following paragraphs. Identify the main idea and write it in the space provided. Then make a list of details that support the main idea.

1. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, Athenian tragedy began to spread from the 5th century BCE throughout the Greek world and Hellenistic period made it popular No tragedies from the 6th century and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.

Main Idea

Supporting details

2. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; official records (didaskalia) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyre play was introduced. Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology, though The Persians-which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE-is the notable exception in the surviving drama.

Main Idea

Supporting details

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3. Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology, though The Persians- which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE-is the notable exception in the surviving drama. When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of drama to survive More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analyzed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory-his Poetics (335 BCE).

Main Idea

Supporting details

4. More is known about Phrynichus. He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC. He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the golden age such as the Danaids, Phoenician Women and Alcestis. He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject – his Fall of Miletus, produced in 493-2, chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians.

Main Idea

Supporting details

5. The dramatic performances were important to the Athenians – this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the City Dionysia. This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by Cleisthenes). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC. While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC, we do know the names of three competitors besides Thespis: Choerilus, Pratinas, and Phrynichus. Each is credited with different innovations in the field.

Classical Greek theatrehas a circular orchestra and probably gives the best idea of the original shape of the Athenian theatre, though it dates from the 4th century BCE.

Greek theatre, most developed in Athens, is the root of the Western tradition; theatre is in origin a Greek word. It was part of a broader culture of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia. Participation in the city-state's many festivals-and attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member (or even as a participant in the theatrical productions) in particular-was an important part of citizenship. Civic participation also involved the evaluation of the rhetoric of orators evidenced in performances in the law-court or political assembly, both of which were understood as analogous to the theatre and increasingly came to absorb its dramatic vocabulary. The dramatic performances were important to the Athenians – this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the City Dionysia. This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by Cleisthenes). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC. While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC, we do know the names of three competitors besides Thespis: Choerilus, Pratinas, and Phrynichus. Each is credited with different innovations in the field.

More is known about Phrynichus. He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC. He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the golden age such as the Danaids, Phoenician Women and Alcestis. He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject – his Fall of Miletus, produced in 493-2, chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians. Herodotus reports that "the Athenians made clear their deep

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grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways, but especially in this: when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled ―The Fall of Miletus‖ and produced it, the whole theatre fell to weeping; they fined Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally, and forbade the performance of that play forever." He is also thought to be the first to use female characters (though not female performers).

The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyre play.

Athenian tragedy-the oldest surviving form of tragedy is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city - state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world) and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period. No tragedies from the 6th century and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century it was

institutionalized in competitions (agon) held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysos (the god of wine and fertility). As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama), playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyre play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; officialrecords (didaskalia) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyre play was introduced. Most Athenian tragedies dramatise events from Greek mythology, though The Persians-which stages the Persian response to news of their military defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE-is the notable exception in the surviving drama. When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of drama to survive More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analyzed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory-his Poetics (335 BCE). Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy".

Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of plays by Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of error or ugliness that does not cause pain or destruction.

V. Match the words with their definition

VI. Read each of the sentences below. Try to explain the meaning of the underlined words. Do not use a dictionary

1.Classical Greek theatre has a circular orchestra.

2.Greek theatre is the root of Western tradition.

3.Athenian tragedyformed an important part of the theatrical culture.

4.The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE.

5.Aristotle analyzed the 5th Athenian tragedy in his oldest work ofdramatic theory– his

Poetics.

6.New comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of plays.

7.Greek theatre was part of a broader culture of theatricality.

8.Attendance at the city Dionysia asan audiencemember in particular was an important part of citizenship.

9.Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people

VII. Reread the text ―Greek theatre‖ and complete the summary

Classical Greek _________ (1) has a circular orchestra and probably gives the best idea of the original shape of the Athenian theatre, though it dates from the 4th century BCE.

Greek theatre, most developed in Athens, is the root of the Western tradition; theatre is in origin a Greek word. It was part of a broader ____________(2) of theatricality and performance in classical Greece that included festivals, religious rituals, politics, law, athletics and gymnastics, music, poetry, weddings, funerals, and symposia. Participation in the city-state's many festivalsand attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member (or even as a participant in the

____________ (3) productions) in particular-was an important part of citizenship.

The ______________ (4) performances were important to the Athenians – this is made clear by the creation of a ______________ (5) competition and festival in the City Dionysia. This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by Cleisthenes). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC.Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of ___________ (6) theory-his Poetics (335 BCE). Athenian______________(7) is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy".

VIII. Discuss these questions in a small group

1.Why was the Greek theatre a part of a broader culture in classical Greece?

2.Why was participation in the city – state festivals important? Is it important nowadays?

3.Who was Phrynichusand what was his influence on Greek tragedy?

4.Why did almost none of the tragedies of that period survive?

5.Did the Greek theatre include only tragedies, comedies and satyre?

6.What do yiu think Athenian tragedy?

7.How do you think, what modern buildings did ancient Greek theatre become a prototype of?

8.Do you agree that theatre in ancient Greece was ―a school for adults‖?

IX. Choose one of the questions above and write a paragraph about it

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