Vneshnyaya_politika_Turtsii_2002-2018_2020

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38

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39

nMreparypa

1.Baran, Z. Torn Country. Turkey Between Secularism and Islamism. Stanford, Hoover Institution Press, 2010.

2.AeamKoe, B. HeoocMaHH3M. Ea30BaJI H,D;eOJrnreMa H reocTpaTermc BTypu;im /B.ABaTKOB. URL: http://svom.info/entry/458-neoosmanizm/.

3.EpeMeee,4. E. l1cTOpIDI Typeu;KoH: o6mecTBeHHOH MhICJIH XI-XXI Be-

5. Kupeee, H. I'. HoBaJI rnaBa B .11cTop.11tt Typu;.11.11: «MJirKMH .11cJiaM» y BJiaCTM I H. r. KttpeeB I I l1cJiaM Ha COBpeMeHHOM BOCTOKe: per.HOH cTpaH EJim1mero .11 Cpe,ZJ;Hero BocToKa, IO)l(HOH .11 LI;eHTpaJihHOH A3.11.11 ; oT-

rnaea 3

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1Mondros Miitarekenamesi. URL: http:/ /www.ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/ uploads/2016/11/7-Mondros. pdf.

2Sevr Andla§mas1. URL: http://www.ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/ uploads/2016/11/6-Sevr.pdf.

3Lozan Sulh Mmahedenamesinin kabuliine <lair kanunlar. URL: http://www. ttk.gov. tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3-Lozan13-35 7.pdf.

42

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43

c ApyroH: CTOpOHhl, AOrDBOp, KOTOpbIM ~eMJUIJI HHTepeChl Typu;HH no PHAY BonpocoB, B oco6eHHOCTH no TeppHTOpttaJibHoMy, He Mor noJIHOCThIO ycTpattBaTh rocyAapcTBO - HacJieAHHKa BeJIHKOM OcMaHCKOM HMnepHH.

OcTaJicH HeperneHHhIM p.HA BonpocoB, 6oJihlIIHHCTBO KOTOphIX HMeJio AJIH Typu;ttH nepBocTeneHHOe 3HaqeHHe. K npttMepy, noBOAOM AJIH cnopoB cTaJia rocyAapcTBeHHa.H rpaHttu;a c HpaKoM, a TOqHee, c era npHrpaHHqHhIMH paiioHaMH, 6oraThIMH Heq>THHhlMH pecypcaMH. He CYMeB OTCTOHTh CBOH npaBa Ha 3eMJIH MocyJia, Typu;HH 6hma BhIHY)l(AeHa cornacHThCH c BhIABHHYThIMH BeJIHK06pttTaHtteH: yCJIOBHHMH, a OKKynttpoBaHHhIM EpttTaHtteii BHJiaiieT c corJiaCH.H JlHrH Hau;HM OTOIIIeJI B COCTaB HpaKa. I1 XOTH cpopMaJibHO Typu;ttH 3aKJIIOqHJia c BeJIHK06p1nam:1eH: AOroBop o npH3HaHHH rpaHHI.J;hI, KOTOphIM TaK)l(e npeAyCMaTpHBaJI AOCTyn K npttpOAHhIM pecypcaM perHOHa1, Hau;HoHaJibHbie HHTepeCbl rocyAapCTBa He no3BOJIHJIH H AO CHX nap He no3BOJIHIOT Typu;HH noJIHOCTblO OTKa3aThCH OT perttoHa. IloMHMO npttpOAHhIX 6oraTCTB, AaHHhIM perHOH TaK)l(e HMeeT AJIH Typu;HH Ba)l(HOe 3HaqeHHe CTpaTerHqeCKoro nyHKTa npH ocyiu;eCTBJieHHH KOHTpOJIH 3a npeACTaBHTeJIHMH KYPACKoro HapoAa2.

TaKHM o6pa30M, npoTHBopeqHH, KOTOpb1e o6pa3oBaJIHCh B pe3YJihTaTe noAnttcaHHH Jlo3aHHCKoro AOroBopa, OTKphIJIH nYTh pa3HorJiaCH.HM Typu;HH c PHAOM CTpaH, B TOM qHCJie c KHnpoM, rpeu;H- eH:, ApMeHtteH:, CttptteH:, HpaKoM, a TaK)l(e KypACKHMH perHoHaMH. B HaCTOHII.J;ee BpeMH Typu;HH, KOTOpaH B3HJia Ha BOOpJ)l(eHHe HeOOCMaHCKHM BHeUIHenOJIHTHqecKHM KypC, AO CHX nap He MO)l(eT CMHpHThCH c pe3yJihTaTaMH AOrOBOpa, a npOTHBopeqH.H c ynoMHHyThIMH CTpaHaMH Ha TeppHTOpHaJibHOM noqBe ycHJIHBaIOTCH c Ka)l(- AhIM AHeM.

3.2. KMnpcKMM eonpoc

0AHHM H3 KpynHeMlIIHX TeppHTOpHaJihHhIX cnopoB Typu;HH ua npocTpaHCTBe CpeAH3eMHOMOphH, 6e3ycJIOBHO, HBJIHeTCH KHnpCKHM KOHcpJIHKT, KOTOpbIM oco6eHHO o6oCTpHJICH B 70-e rOAhI xx B.

1 TIOKQJlOB M. Eopb6a 3a HpaKCK}'lOHe<l>Tb H «MOCYJibCKHH KOH<i>JIHKT» (19231926 rr.) B KOHTeKcTe «BOCTO'IHoroaorrpoca». URL: http://adjara.gov.ge/uploads/ Docs/b5fle72e0b25469d94d743793el3.pdf.

2 T10KaJlOB M. YKa3. CO'I.

nocJie BOeHHOro nepeBopoTa H BBeAemrn Ha TeppHTOpHIO OCTpoBa

Typu;tteM CBOHX BOMCK.

EcJIH paccMaTpHBaTh KHnpCKHM Bonpoc c Me~yttapOAHOM ToqKH 3peHHH, MO)l(HQ YTBep~aTh, qTQ OH He HBJIHeTCH H He HBJIHJICH ABYCTopoHHHM, TaK KaK B HeM yqacTByIOT KaK MHHHMYM TpH cTopoHhI. KaK H 6oJibUiaH qacTb Bcex KOHcpJIHKTOB, B KOTOpbIX npHHHMaeT yqacTHe Typu;HH, HCTOpll.H KHnpcKoro Bonpoca 6epeT CBOe HaqaJio co BpeMeH OcMaHcKoii HMnepHH, qacThIO KOTopoH: Kttnp HBJIHJICH c XVI B.

HeyAaqH B pocc11iicKo-Typeu;K11x BOMHax BhIHYAHJIH cyJITaHa A6AYJI XaMHAa II noiiTH Ha CAeJIKY c BeJIHKo6pttTaHtteH:, 3aKJIIOqHB o6opoHHTeJihHhIM coI03 nptt ycJIOBHH, qTo Kttnp bcTaHeTCH B coCTaBe OcMaHCKOM HMnepHH, OAHaKO nepeiiAeT nOA npoTeKTOpaT EpttTaHHH.

Cttzyau;11H KapAHHaJihHhIM o6pa30M H3MeHHJiacb no oKoHqaHHH IlepBOM MHpOBOM BOMHhl, H He B JiyqIIIyIO AJIH Typu;HH CTOpoHy. 0Ka3aBIIIHCh c Typu;tteH: no pa3Hhie CTOpOHhI 6appHKaA, BeJIHK06pttTamrn npeAnOqJia H3BJieqh H3 3aTPYAHHTeJihHOro noJIO)l(eHHH nocJieBoeHHOM Typeu;Koii Pecrry6JIHKH KaK MO)l(HO 6oJihIIIe co6CTBeHHOM BbirOAhl.

0AHHM H3 nepBbIX IIIaroB Ha nYTH K nocTaBJieHHhIM u;eJIHM CTaJia aHHeKCHH OCTpOBa Kttnp, KOTOpbIM BCKope np1106peJI CTaTyC KOJIOHHH. HecMOTpH Ha TO qTo BeJIHKo6pttTaHHH AOCTaToqHo npocTo A06HJiach KOHTPOJIH HaA Tepp11ToptteH: Kttnpa, AOBOJihCTBOBaThCH np1106peTeHHhlMH 3eMJIHMH eH: npHIIIJIOCh He TaK AOJir0, KaK nJiaH11poBaJIOCh. BcJieA 3a aHHeKctteH: KHnpa BeJIHKo6pwraHHeii Ha OCTpOBe B03HHKJIO Hau;HOHaJihHOe ABH)l(eHHe rpeKOBKHnpHOTOB, oTcTaHBaBIIIHX HAeIO npHCOeAHHeHHH K11npa K fpe- u;ttttl.

Ha ocTpoBe B 1950 r. 6hm npoBeAeH IIJie6ttcu;HT. EoJihIIIaH qacTh KHnpcKoro HaceJieHHH eAHHOrJiaCHO BbICKa3aJiaCb 3a npHCOeAHHeHHe K fpeu;HH, qTO, OAHaKO, BCTpeTHJIO COnpOTHBJieHHe TypeI.J;KOrO MeHblIIHHCTBa, KOTOpOMY H nocneUIHJia OKa3aTb nOAAep)l(Ky Typ- I.J;HH2.

1 11amwaa 11. 11. KttrrpCKaH rrpo6JieMa Ha coapeMeHHOM ::narre I I l'ypQm1:HOBhie peaJIHH BO BHYTpeHHeH IIOJIHTHKe H yqaCTHe B perHOHaJibHbIX reorroJIHTH'IeCKHX rrpoQeccax / rro11. pe11. B. A. ABaTKOBa, C. E. ,ll;p}')KHJIOBCKoro,A. B. <l>e11op- 'IeHKO.M. : Mfl1M0-YHHBepcHTeT, 2014. C. 83.

2 )[(e1zo640B <P. <P. «HaQHOHaJibHOe 11eJ10» KaK <PaKTOp BHeurnei1 IIOJIHTHKH TypQHH / / BeCTHHK Ceaepo-BocTO'IHoro<Pe11epaJihHoro yH11aepc11TeTa HMeHH M. K. AMMocoaa. 2017. N2 3. C. 5-16.

Tiptt3hIBhI K e,n;ttHCTBy tt npttcoe,n;ttHeHHIO 6bIJIH ycJibIIUaHbI B fpeu;tttt, O,ZJ;HaKO ,ll;O 50-x rr. XX B. HHKaKHX aKTHBHbIX ,n;eHCTBHH no 3TOMY sonpocy npe,n;npttH.HTO He 6hIJIO. Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;HhIH xapaKTep 3TOT ern;e He BCIIblXHYBIIIHH TeppttTOpttaJibHbIH KOHcpJIHKT nptto6peJI B 1954 r., Kor,n;a fpeu;tt.H nepe,n;aJia ,n;aHHbIH Bonpoc Ha paccMoTpeHtte B OOH.

Y)l(e Tor,n;a BeJittKo6pttTaHHH, noHttMa.H, qTo MacII1Ta6h1 Hau;tto-

HaJihHoro ,n;Btt)l(eHtt.H Ha Kttnpe CJIHIIIKOM BeJIHKtt, npttH.HJia peIIIeHtte C03BaTb KOHcpepeHD;HIO ,n;JI.H o6c~eHH.H KttnpcKoro Bonpoca.

TipttMeqaTeJibHO, qTo nOMHMO fpeu;tttt B Hett npttH.HJia yqaCTHe H Typu;tt.H, KOTOpa.H BMeCTe c EpttTaHtteH: nhITaJiaCh npe,n;OTBpaTHTb npttcoe,n;ttHeHtte Kttnpa K rpeu;tttt. B pe3yJihTaTe ,ll;JIHTeJibHbIX neperosopoB CTOpOHbl no,n;nttcaJIH TpexCTOpOHHee corJiaIIIeHtte, npe,n;ycMaTpttBaIOrn;ee He3aBHCHMOCTh Kttnpa c npe,n;oCTasJieHtteM BeJIHK06pttTaHHH npasa HMeTb HeCKOJibKO BOeHHblX 6a3 Ha ero TeppttTOpHH.

B 1960 r. Kttnp o6peJI He3aBttCHMOCTb. ,Z::V:rn co6JI10,n;eHtt.H npas npO)l(HBaIOrn;ttx Ha OCTpOBe o6rn;ttH B opraHax BJiaCTH COOTHOIIIeHtte TypoK-KttnpttOTOB H rpeKOB-KttnpttOTOB COCTaBJI.HJIO 3:7, qTO, O,ZJ;HaKO He TOJlbKO He pa3peIIIHJIO HMeIOrn;tteC.H npOTHBOpeqlf.H, HO, Hao6opoT, o6ocTpHJIO Me)K3THifqecKtte OTHOIIIeHH.H

,n;o npe,n;eJia.

TiocJie np11H.HThIX Mep snepBhie HaqaJI11Ch pa3roBopbI y)l(e He 0 np11coe,n;11HeH1111 OCTpOBa K 3eMJI.HM fpeu;1111, a 0 ,n;eJieH1111 caMOrO K11npa Ha ,n;se qacTtt. K 3ToMy, B qacTHOCTH, no,n;TOJIKHyJI11 MaCCOBhie 6ecnop.H,ll;K11, norJIOT11BIIIHe OCTpOB. ~ KOHTpOJI.H 3a CHryau;11eH: 11 npe,n;oTBparn;eH11eM ee yxy,n;IIIeH11.H Ha K11np 6bIJIH BBe- ,n;eHhI aHrJI11ttcK11e soifcKa, a ro,n;oM n03)1(e K HHM npttcoe,n;ttHHJIC.H tt M11pOTBopqecKttH KOHT11HreHT OOH.

OcTpos Ha ceBepHyIO 11 IO)l(HyIO qacTb 6bm no,n;eJieH TaK Ha3hIsaeMoH: 3eJieHoH JI11HtteH:. B cesepHoH: qacTH 6hma CK0Hu;eHTp11posaHa o6rn;ttHa TYPOK-K11npttOTOB, B TO BpeM.H KaK IOr 3aH.HJIH rpe- KH-K11nptt0TbI1. TeM He MeHee Ha 3TOM npOT11BOCTO.HHHe Me)l(,n;y HaCeJI.HIOID;HM11 OCTpOB 06rn;ttHaM11 He 3aKoHqlfJIOCb.

rpeqecK11e n~11CTbl B 1974 r. CBeprntt npe3lf,ll;eHTa K11npa. Typ-

Il;lf.H, KaK O,ll;11H 113 rapaHTOB Mttpa Ha OCTpOBe, He Morna npo11rHOpttpoBaTb no,n;o6Hoe, 11 no 3TOH npttqlfHe BBeJia Ha OCTpOB CB011 BOHCKa. B pe3yJibTaTe ,ll;JIHTeJibHbIX CTOJIKHOBeH11H OCTpOB 6hIJI CHOBa no,n;eJieH Ha cesepHyIO 11 IO)l(HyIO qacT11, qTo TOJibKO 3aKpenHJIO

1 11sattosa 11. 11. YKa3. coq, C. 84.

46

cyrn;eCTBOBaBIIIHe B TOT MOMeHT npOTHBOpeqlf.H, KOTOpbie conpOB0- )1(,ll;aJIHCb MaccoBhIM nepeceJ1eH11eM HaceJiemrn.

TypK11-Kttnptt0Tbl B 1975 r. o6'b.HBHJIH0 C03,ZJ;aH11H cpe,n;epaTHBHOro rocy,n;apCTBa, a B 1983 r. 6hIJIO npOB03rJiaIIIeHO HOBOe rocy,n;apcTBO - Typeu;Ka.H Pecny6JittKa CesepHoro Kttnpa, KOTopoe BIIJIOTb ,n;o HaCTO.Hrn;ero speMeHH np113HaJia JI11lllb o,n;Ha CTpaHa -

Typu;11.H.

c MOMeHTa :B03H11KHOBeH11.H KttnpcKoro KOHcpJI11KTa M11pOBOe coo6rn;ecTBO npe,n;np11HttMaJIO MHOro nonbITOK CTa6ttJIH3ttpoBaTh c11ryau;tt10 Ha ocTpoBe. TaK, CIIIA tt BeJittKo6pttTaHtt.H nptt3hIBaJitt C03BaTb B )KeHeBe Me)l(,ll;yttapo,n;HyIO KOHcpepeHil;HIO ,ll;Jl.H 06cy)l(,n;e- Hl1.H ,n;aHHoro Bonpoca1. 0,n;HOH H3 caMbIX H3BeCTHbIX nonhITOK pa3peIIIHTb K11npcKttH: Bonpoc cTaJI nJiaH no ypery1mpoBaHttIO OOH, noJiyq11BII111i1 Ha3BaH11e «nJiaH AHHaHa» 11 npe,n;noJiarasnmM: co3- ,n;aH11e cpe,n;epaTHBHOro rocy,n;apcTBa, BKJIIoqa10rn;ero B ce6.H rpeqecKyIO 11 Typeu;KyIO aBTOHOMHH, 11 He BKJIIoqa10rn;y10 Tepp11TOp11H 6p11TaHCKHX BOeHHbIX 6a32 .

TIJiaH AHHaHa, ,n;eH:cTBttTeJihHO, .HBJI.HJIC.H o,n;HttM tt3 caMbIX ,n;e- TaJibHhIX tt y6e,n;ttTeJihHhIX cnoco6oB yperyJittpoBaHtt.H cnopa, o,n;HaKO H OH 6hIJI ,n;aJieK OT tt,n;eaJia. HanpttMep, IIJiaH pa3MbITO onHCbIBaJI Bonpoc rocy,n;apcTBeHHoro cyBepeHttTeTa, a TeKCT ,n;oKyMeHTa orpaH11qttsaeTC.H JIHIIIb o6rn;ttM11 cppa3aM11 0 TOM, qTO cyBepeHttTeT He,ZJ;eJI11M 11,ll;OJI)l(eH11CXO,ll;HTb B paBHOH CTeneH11 OT o6ettx o6rn;ttH. TIOXO)l(a.H cttryau;tt.H CKJia,ZJ;hIBaJiaCb H B OTHOIIIeHHH BOnpoca rocy- ,n;apCTBeHHOH npasonpeeMCTBeHHOCTH3.

B pe3yJihTaTe Ha pecpepeH,n;yMe, npoBe,n;eHHOM B 2004 r., 6oJibIIIa.H qacTb TypoK-KttnpttOTOB no,n;,n;ep)l(aJIH Bbl,ll;BHHYThIH nJiaH, B TO BpeM.H KaK 76 % rpeqecKoro HaceJieH11.H OTBeprn11 ero4 , TeM caMbIM nocTaBHB Toqey B ,ZJ;JIHTeJibHbIX nonhITKax M11pHoro yperyJIHpOBaHH.H.

B HacTo.Hrn;ee BpeM.H aJihTepHaTttBhI nJiaHy AHHaHa He cyrn;e- CTByeT. XOT.H HMeHHO OH cero,n;H.H .HBJI.HeTC.H O,ll;HHM H3 caMbIX peaJI11CT11qHbIX cnoco6oB yperyJI11poBaHH.H, ,n;o611TbC.H corJiaC11.H 06e11x CTOpOH no-npe)KHeMy He y,n;aJIOCb HHKOMy. BcryIIJieHtte IO)l(HOH qaCT11 OCTpOBa B EC B 2004 r. OKOHqaTeJihHO 3aBeJIO nonhITKH CTa6tt-

1 Drll§otis M. KJ.bns 1970-1974. Eoka B., Yunan Darbesi ve Tiirk istilas1. Galeri Kiiltiir Yaymlar, 2006, p. 477.

2 To'-l'-LU H., Kos3upua3e T. Knrrp / / EBporre1IJat1HH w pa3perneHHH Kott<PJIHKToB: KOHKpeTHbie wccJie,[loBaHHH eBporreii:cKoii: nepw<Pepww. M. : Bech Mwp, 2005. C. 94.

3 To'-L'-LU H., Kos3upua3e T. YKa3. coq, C. 92. 4 To'-L'-LU H., Kos3upua3e T. YKa3. coq, C. 74.

47

1n13ttpoBaTb cttryarwro B T)'IIMK,a CeBepHhIH Kttnp BIIJIOTh ,ZJ;O cero,ZJ;HHIIIHero ,ll;HJI HaXO,Zl;MTCJI B Me)K,l.l;y1rnpO,ll;HOH M30JIJID;MM.

B CHJIY CBOe:i1: Hepa3peIIIeHHOCTM M OTHOCMTeJibHO BbICOKOH CTeneHM BOBJielfeHHOCTM B Hero Me)K,l.l;yttapO,ll;HbIX aKTOpOB KMIIpCKMH KpM3MC JIBJIJieTCJI O,ll;HMM M3 caMhIX CJIO)KHbIX TeppHTOpMaJibHbIX CIIOpOB COBpeMeHHOCTM• .ll:JIJI T'ypu;MMKMIIpCKMH BOnpoc nptto6peTaeT oco6yID 3HalfMMOCTb, Be,ZJ;b, KaK y:>Ke OTMelfaJIOCb, Typeu;KaJI Pecny6JIMKa JIBJIJieTCJI e,ZJ;MHCTBeHHhIM rocy,ZJ;apcTBOM, npM3HaBIIIMM cysepeHMTeT CeBepHoro Kttnpa, lfTO, O,ZJ;HaKo, o6ocTpJieT ee OTHOIIIeHllil KaK c EBponeHCKMM COI030M, K KOTOpOMY T'ypu;MJI)')Ke,ZJ;OJIrMe rO,ZJ;bl npoKJia,ZJ;bIBaeT II)'Tb,TaK M c ,D;pyrMMM MMpOBbIMM M perMOHaJibHbIMM MrpoKaMM.

BapttaHT npttcoe,ZJ;MHeHMJI ceBepHo:i1: qacTM oCTpoBa K Typu;tttt HeB03MO:>KeH, IIOCKOJibKY 3TO IIpOTMBOpelfMT Me:>K,ZJ;yHapO,ll;HOMY npaBy M o6ecnelfMT HeM36e:>KHyID KOHcj:>poHTaQMIO c pJI,ZJ;OM aKTOpOB Me:>K,ZJ;yHapO,ll;HbIX OTHOIIIeHMH. B TO :>Ke BpeMJI OTKa3aThCJI OT IIO,ZJ;- ,ZJ;ep:>KKM HaxO,ZJ;JIIQe:i1:CJI Ha Kttnpe Typeu;Ko::i1: o6IQMHhI - 3HalfMT npe- ,ZJ;aTb co6CTBeHHhie Hau;ttoHaJibHbie MHTepeCbl, lfTO COBpeMeHHaJI T'ypu;MJI,oco6eHHO npM ee HeOOCMaHCKOM BHeIIIHeIIOJIMTMlfeCKOM KypCe, C,ZJ;eJiaeT c HaMMeHbllleH CTeneHblO BepoJITHOCTM, a eCJIM roBOpMTb TOlfHee - He C,ZJ;eJiaeT HMKOr,ZJ;a.

E,Zl;MHCTBeHHbIH BbIXO,Zl; M3 CJIO:>KMBIIIeHCJI CMTyau;MM - coxpaHJITb CTaTyC-KBO. Bonpoc 3aKJIIOlfaeTCJI B TOM, HaCKOJibKO ,ZJ;OJirO MMpOBOe coo6IQeCTBO CMO:>KeT KOHTpOJIMpOBaTb cttryau;MIO M C,ZJ;ep- )KMBaTb aM6MQMM rocy,ZJ;apCTB, KOTOpbie CTpeMJITCJI M3BJielfh M3 Hee MaKCMMYM BhirO,ZJ;hI, M Typeu;Ko:i1: Pecny6JIMKM, B qacTHOCTM.

3.3. Bonpoc 3reicKMX onposos

T'ypeu;KaJIPecny6JIMKa M fpeu;MJI MMeIOT pa3HOrJiaCMJI IIO IIOBO,ll;)'KMIIpCKOro BOIIpoca: pa3Hhle IIO,ZJ;XO,Zl;bl K ero pa3peIIIeHMIO M HeB03MO)KHOCTb ,ll;OCTMlfb KOMIIpOMMCCa Ha IIpOTJI:>KeHMM ,ZJ;OJirMX JieT o6ocTpJIJIM OTHOIIIeHMJI Me)K,l.l;y ,Zl;B)'MJIrocy,D;apcTBaMM, O,ZJ;HaKO Kttnp - He e,ZJ;MHCTBeHHoe npoTMBopeqtte, B03HMKIIIee Me:>K,ZJ;y ,ZJ;ByMJI CTPaHaMM 3a MHoroJieTHIDIO MCTOpMIO.

KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHMJI B ,Zl;B)'CTOpOHHMXOTHOIIIeHMJIX CTpaH JIBJIJieTCJI TaK:>Ke BOIIpOc 0 npMHa,ZJ;Jie:>KHOCTM OCTpOBOB, pacnoJiaraIOIQMXCJI B 3re:i1:CKOM Mope. KaK M B OCTaJibHblX CJI)'lfaJIX,IIOBO,Zl;OM ,ZJ;JIJI B03HMKHOBeHMJI pa3HOrJiaCMH IIOCJI)':>KHJIO3aKJIIOlfeHMe Jlo3aHHCKOro MMpHoro ,ZJ;OrOBOpa, IIO KOTopoMy IIOlfTM Bee OCTpOBa

3re:i1:cKoro MOpJI, ,ZJ;a:>Ke caMbie nptt6Jitt:>KeHHhie K Typu;tttt, OTOIIIJIH fpeQMM. I1 eCJIM B 1923 r. 3TOM)'He IIpll,Zl;aBaJIOCb 6oJibIIIOrO 3HalfeHMJI, IIOCKOJibKY ,ZJ;JIJI T'ypu;MMnpttopMTeTHbIM OCTaBaJICJI BOIIpoc coxpaHeHMJI rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHOCTM, TO CII)'CTJI HeKOTOpoe BpeMJI o HecnpaBe,ZJ;JIMBOM, no MHeHMIO Typeu;Ko:i1: Pecny6JIMKM, peIIIeHMM BCIIOMHHJIM, a BOIIpoc 0 nepeKpaMBaHMM KapTbl aKBaTOpMM 3re:i1:- CKMX BO,ll; CTaJI BO rJiaBy yrJia M c Tex nop OCTaeTCJI O,ll;HMM M3 rJiaBHbIX Ha IIOBeCTKe ,ZJ;HJI, KOr,ZJ;a peqb 3aXO,Zl;MT 0 T)'peu;Ko-rpeqecKMX OTHOIIIeHMJIX.

OcHOBHhre npoTMBopelfMJI CBO,ZJ;JITCJI:

•K ,ZJ;eJIMMMTau;MM TeppHTOpMaJihHbIX BO,ZJ;, IIIMpMHa KOTOpbIX B HaCTOJIIQMH nepMO,ll; BpeMeHM onpe,D;eJieHa KaK illeCTb MOpCKMX MllJlb, llJIM 11 KM, XOTJI fpell;MJI BblCT)'IIaeT3a paCIIIMpeHMe JIMHMM ,ll;O 12 MllJib, lfTO BCTpeqaeT npOTMBO,ZJ;eHCTBMe Typu;tttt;

•,ZJ;eJIMMMTau;MM Hau;ttoHaJihHOro B03,ZJ;)'IIIHOronpocTpaHCTBa, r,ZJ;e IIO,ll; KOHTpOJieM fpeu;MM HaXO,Zl;MTCJI 10 MllJlb, B TO BpeMJI KaK T'ypu;MJIKOHTpOJIMpyeT TOJibKO IIIeCTh;

•,ZJ;eJIMMMTau;MM 30H 3KOHOMMlfeCKOrO MCIIOJlb30BaHMJI KOHTM-

HeHTaJibHOro UieJihcj:>a M MCKJIIOlfMTeJibHbIX 3KOHOMMlfeCKMX 30H;

•,ZJ;eJIMMMTau;MM 30H IIOJieTHOH MHcj:>OpMau;MM, MHbIMM CJIOBaMM - npaBy fpeu;MM IIpOBO,ll;MTb BOeHHbie yqeHMJI Ha TeppHTOpMH Me:>K,ZJ;yHapO,ll;HOrO B03,ll;)'IIIHOrOnpoCTpaHCTBa 3re:i1:cKoro MOpH, lfTO npoTMBopelfMT npaBMJiaM Me:>K,ZJ;yHapo,ZJ;Ho:i1: opraHtt3au;1·m rpa)K,l.l;aHCKOH aBMau;tt11;

•IIpOTMBOpelfMJIM IIO IIOBO,ZJ;Y paHee ,ZJ;eMMJIMTapM30BaHHbIX

rpeqeCKMX OCTpOBOB;

•npeTeH3HJIM Typeu;Ko:i1: Pecny6JIMKM Ha ocTpoBa I1M11a

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KOHcj:>JIMKTa. cI>aKTMlfeCKM Typeu;Ko-rpeqecKMH KOHcj:>JIMKT pa3ropeJICJI M3-3a HeCKOJibKMX Heo6MTaeMbIX OCTpOBOB, paCIIOJIO:>KeHHhIX B BO,ZJ;ax 3re:i1:cKoro MOpH, O,ZJ;HaKO MMeHHO OHM o6ycJIOBHJIM qepe,ZJ;y npaKTMlfeCKM Henpeo,ZJ;OJIMMbIX pa3HOrJiac11:i1: B OTHOIIIeHHHX ,ZJ;Byx CTpaH.

Typu;ttJI HeO,ZJ;HOKpaTHO 3aHBJIJIJia, lfTO He ClfMTaeT ynoMHH)'Thre OCTpOBa C06CTBeHHOCTblO fpell;MM, CCblJlaJICb Ha paHee 3aKJIIOlfeHHhie ,ZJ;OrOBOpbl 1932 M 1947 rr. ~aHHbie ,ZJ;OrOBOpbl npe,ZJ;IIOJiaraJIM nepe,ZJ;aqy OCTpOBOB I1TaJIMe:i1:, IIOJIYlfMBIIIeH MX B pe3yJibTaTe pa3-

1 CrropHbie TeppttTopw11 - 3rei1cKHi1 crrop. URL: http:/ /www.geopolitics. ru/2014/02/spornye-territorii-egejskij-sporI.

,n;e.na OcMaHCKOH l1MIIep1111, rpeu;1111, o,n;HaKO, c ToqK11 3pemrn Typ- u;1111, Bee 3Tl1 ,n;oeyMeHThl cero,n;m:I JIBJUllOTClI He,n;ettCTBl1TeJlhHhlMl1, a caMa Typu;11H yrnep)K,Zl;aeT, qTO Hl1Kor,n;a, B TOM q11cJie 11 B 1923 r., He rrepe,n;aBaJia OCTpOBa l1TaJil111. He CTOl1T IIOJICHJITh, qTo fpeu;1151 rrp11,11;ep)f{11BaeTClI pOBHO rrpOTl1BOIIOJIO)f{HOH ToqK11 3peH11H, He Bl1-

M CMhICJia KaK B rrepecMOTpe rpaH11u; rocy,n;apcTB, TaK 11 B 06cY*- ,n;eH1111 3Toro Borrpoca1.

B 1987 11 1996 rr. Tepp11Top11aJihHb1e crrophI ,n;oCT11raJI11 TaK11x MaCIIITa6oB, qTO ,n;Ba rocy,n;apCTBa HaXO,ll;11Jil1Cb B mare OT HaqaJia BoeHHhIX ,n;eifcTB11i1:. B qacTHOCTl1, 6oJibIIIaH qacTh rrpou;eccoB Haq11HaJI11Ch 113-3a 06B11HeH11i1: B ttapyrneHl111 B03,ll;yrnHoro 11 MOpCKOro rrpocTpaHCTBa 11 pa3Horo po,n;a rrpOBOKau;11M:, 11MeBIIIl1X MeCTO

c 06e11x CTOpOH.

TaK, B 1995 r. TYPeu;Koe cy,n;Ho ce.no Ha MeJih B6JI11311 ocrrap11BaeMoro ocTpoBa, rrocJie qero rpeqecK11e BoeHHhie rroMeCT11JI11 q)Jlar fpeu;1111 Ha ero BOCTOqHoif qaCTl1, a B perl10H B CKOpOM BpeMeHl1 6hIJil1 CTHHYThI BOeHHO-MopcK11e Cl1JihI 06011x rocy,n;apcTB. B 1996 r. rrp01130IIIeJI 6ecrrpeu;e,n;eHTHblll ,ll;JIH rpeu;1111 CJiyqaM:: TYPeQKl1e BOeHHhie BhICa,ZJ;l1Jil1Ch Ha OCTpOB, qTo eiu;e 6oJibIIIe o6ocTp11JIO KOHcl>Jil1KT2. B Te )f{e ro,n;hI rrpo1130IIIJI11 11 ,n;pyr11e 11Hu;11,11;eHThl, KOTOph1e HeraTl1BHO IIOBJil1JIJI11 Ha 11 6e3 Toro HarrpH)f{eHHhie OTHOIIIeHl151

11 ,n;a)f{e rrp11BeJI11 K qe.noBeqecK11M )f{epTBaM.

Harrp11Mep, 113BecTeH cJiyqaM: c r116eJih10 rpeqecKoro JieTq11Ka, KOTOpbIH IIhITaJIClI rrepexBaT11Th Typeu;K11if caMOJieT. AHaJior11q-

Hblll 11HQ11,ZJ;eHT rrpOl130IIIeJI B 1996 r. - Tor,n;a rpeqeCKl1H «Ml1-

pa)f{-2000» c611JI TYPeu;K11i1: caMOJieT, B pe3yJihTaTe qero TaK)f{e pa3611JICl! IIl1JIOT3.

BoopY*eHHhlX CTOJIKHOBeH11i1: Tor,n;a y,n;aJiocb 1136e)f{aTh, o,n;HaKO CTaJIO JICHO, qTo BOIIpoc 3reifCKl1X OCTpOBOB Tpe6yeT He3aMe,n;- Jl11TeJibHOro peIIIeHl151 11 aKTl1BHhIX ,n;ei1:CTBl1H, rrp11qeM He TOJihKO OT rrpHMhIX yqacTHl1KOB KOHcl>JI11KTa - Typu;1111 11 fpeu;1111, HO 11 OT M11pOBoro coo6iu;ecTBa.

0,n;Hl1M 113 rrepBbIX aKTOpOB, IIO,ll;KJIJOq11BIIIl1XClI K rrp11M11peHl1IO Typu;1111 11 fpeu;1111, CTaJI EBporrettCKl1H COI03. 0,n;HaKO II0311Q11IO

1Dispute in the Agean Sea. The Imia I Kardak Crisis. URL: http://webcache. googleusercontent.com/search? q =cache :http: I /www.dtic.mil/d tic/tr/fulltext/ u2/a420639.pdf.

2Kap,llaKCKHH KpH3H:C: MeJKAy rpe11Heif H Typ11HeH pa3ropaeTCH HOBaJI BOHHa? URL: http://www.lnews.az/news/kardakskiy-krizis-mezhdu-greciey-i-turciey- razgoraetsya-novaya-voyna.

3Crroptthle TeppHTopHH...

50

EC e,n;Ba Jil1 MO:>KHO Ha3BaTh 3<P<PeKT11BHhIM rrJiaHOM yperyJI11poBaH11J1: 3aKJI10q11Brn11M: rroqT11 3a MeCl!u; ,n;o TaK Ha3hrnaeMoro Kap,n;aKcKoro Kp11311ca cornarneH11e o TaMo:>KeHHOM co103e c Typu;11ei1:, EBporrei1:cK11i1: COI03, BepOHTHO, BOIIpeKl1 O:>K11,n;aHl1JIM caMOH Typu;1111, BhICTYII11JI B rro,n;,n;ep:>Key rpeu;1111, a rro3:>Ke EBporreifcK11if rrapJiaMeHT rrp11HJIJI pe30JIIOQl1IO, KOTOpaH OTKpbITO HOCl1Jia aHTl1TYPeQKl1H xapaKTep1.

B TO BpeMH KaK EC BceCTopoHHe 3aiu;11iu;aJI 11 0TcTa11BaJI rrpaBa cBoero «COI03Hl1Ka», Coe,n;11HeHHhie llITaThI AMep11K11 3aHHJil1 60-

Jiee rrpe,n;ycMOTp11TeJihHYIO II0311Ql1IO, rrpe,n;cTaB rrepe,n; M11p0BhIM coo6iu;ecTBOM M11pOTBopu;eM B JI11u;e rrpe311,11;eHTa E. KJI11HTOHa, BeJI11Ko,n;yrnHo rrpe,n;JIO:>Kl1BIIIero CTOpOHaM KOHcl>Jil1KTa CBOIO IIOMO!Qh B yperyJI11poBaH1111 11 rrp11 3TOM OTMeT11Brnero, qTO CIIIA TaK:>Ke rro,n;,n;ep)f{11Ba10T rrp11HHTy10 paHee pe30JI10u;11102.

Ilocpe,n;CTBOM ,ll;l1IIJIOMaT11qeCKl1X YC11Jil1H B 1998 r. TypQ11JI 11 rpeu;11H, Ka3aJIOCh, BCTaJ111 Ha IIYTh rrp11M11peH11J13: B 2010 r. 6hIJI C03,ZJ;aH CoBeT no CTpaTer11qecKOMY COTpy,n;H11qecTBy, yqaCTl1JIHCh Me:>Krocy,n;apCTBeHHhie KOHTaKThI, a B rrpe,n;,n;Bep1111 caMMl1Ta HATO, COCTOJIBIIIerOCJI B AJITaJibe B 2015 r., fpeQ1151 ,n;a:>Ke II03BOJil1Jla ce6e 3aJIBl1Th o TOM, qTo )K,Zl;eT Typu;1110 B EC4, qTo, o,n;HaKo, ,n;o c11x rrop He IIOMOrJIO HattTl1 KOMIIpOM11CC, KOTOpbIH YCTPOHJI 6hI o6e CTOpOHhl.

HacTOJIIQl1M rrpopbIBOM B ,n;ByCTOpOHHl1X OTHOIIIeHl1JIX 3a MHOro JieT ,n;oJI:>KeH 6hIJI cTaTh Bl1311T rrpe311,n;eHrn Typu;1111 P. T. 3p,n;o- raHa B fpeu;mo B 2017 r., KOTOpbIH o6peJI CTaTYC rrepBoro Bl1311Ta JI11,n;epa Typeu;Koif Pecrry6JI11K11 B fpeu;1110 3a rrocJie,n;H11e 65 JieT. l1 XOTJI 11MeHHO Ha 3TY rroe3,n;Ky B03JiaraJil1Ch 6oJibIIIl1e Ha,n;e:>K,ll;hl, pe3yJihTaThl OKa3aJil1Ch He TaKl1Ml1 II0311Tl1BHhIMl1, KaK O:>K11,n;a-

JIOCb.

B u;eHTpe BH11MaH11J1 Haxo,n;11JICH Borrpoc rrepecMoTpa J103aHHcKoro ,n;oroBopa, KOTOpbIH, BIIpoqeM, 11HTepecoBaJI l1CKJIJ0q11TeJibHO 3p,n;oraHa, a TaK)f{e ,n;oCTaToqHo pe3KaH Kp11T11Ka B a,n;pec rrpaB11TeJihCTBa fpeu;1111 3a «aCCl1Ml1JIJIQl1IO» 11 HapyIIIeH11e rrpaB MycyJihMaHcKoro MeHhIIIl1HCTBa - Typeu;Koif 06iu;11HhI, rrpo:>K11Ba10iu;ei1: B 3arra,n;Hoif <l>paK1111.

1 Dispute in the Agean Sea.

2 Dispute in the Agean Sea.

3CrropHbie TeppHTopHH ...

4fJiaBa MI1,ll; fpe11HH: AqmHhI IIO,ll,lleplKHBa!OT BCTynJieHHe 1'ypI.1HH B EC. URL: https://ria.ru/world/20150512/1064132436.html?inj = 1.

51

noM11MO 3Toro, 110 3aBeprneH1111 ocpm.:i;11aJihHbIX 11eperOBOpOB, 11pe311,n;eHT TypI.1;1111 11oc11ern11JI Ha11p51MYIO o6paT11ThC51 K yrHeTeHHOH qacT11 HaceJieH115I, tta11paB11Brn11cb B MecTHYIO MeqeTh 3a11a,n;- HOH <t>paK1111, 11p11qeM He O,ll;11H, a B COCTaBe ,ll;eJieraI.J;1111, COCT051II.J;eH 113 BhICOKOl10CTaBJieHHbIX ,ll;OJI)KHOCTHhIX JI111.J;, K 11p11Mepy, M11H11CTpa 11HOCTpaHHhlX ,ll;eJI TypI.1;1111, rJiaBbl reHrnTa6a 11 ,n;pyr11x1, qTo ,ll;JI51 TaKoro B11311Ta B He6oJiblIIOH ropo,n; He xapaKTepHO.

J1CXO,ll;51 113 pe3yJihTaTOB B11311Ta, orpaH11qeHHhIX 06II.J;11M11 cppa3aM11 0 Heo6xo,n;11MOCT11 yKpe11JI51Tb OTHOlIIeH1151, CKJia,ll;bIBaeTC51 B11eqaTJieH11e, qTo I.J;eJihIO B11311Ta ,n;JI51 3p,n;oratta 6h1Jia 11y6JI11qHa5I Kp11T11Ka fpeI.1;1111 Ha 11X )Ke Tepp11Top1111, 110,ll;l111TaHHa51 CTapbIMH 11pOBOKaI.J;1151M11, 110CKOJibKY exaTb B fpeI.1;1110 TOJibKO 3a 11eperoBopaM11 110 Bo11pocy 11epecM0Tpa ,n;oroBopa 1923 r., 3apattee o6peqeHHbIX Ha 11poBaJI, CMbICJia He 6hIJIO: TypI.1;1151 OCBe,n;OMJieHa 0 1103111.J;1111 fpeI.1;1111 OTHOC11TeJihHO 3Toro B011poca, 11 He 110H11MaTb Toro, qTo rpeqecKa51 cTopoHa OTBeprtteT JII06h1e 11pe,n;- JIO)l(eH115I, TaK 11JI11 HHaqe 3aTparHBaIOII.J;He 11epecMOTp rpaHHI.J;, HeB03M0)1(H0.

B HaCT051II.J;ee BpeMH B011poc 3reHCKHX OCTpOBOB 110-11pe)l(HeMy OCTaeTC51 OTKpbITbIM, a Y110M51HyTa51 BCTpeqa Jllf,ll;epoB TypI.J;HH H fpeI.J;11H CTaJia O,ll;HHM H3 KOHTaKTOB rocy,n;apcTB. Otta He TOJibKO He pa3pernHJia HMeIOII.J;HXC51 c11opoB, HO 11 JIHlIIHHH pa3 110CTaBHJia 110,ll; COMHeHHe B03MO)l(HOCTb yperyJI11poBamrn KOHcpJI11KTa.

fOBOpHTb 0 11epc11eKTHBax OTHOlIIeHHH TypI.J;HH c fpeI.J;HeH CJIO)l(HO, 110CKOJihKY 11011bITKH c6JIH)l(emrn B BH,n;e Me)l(rocy,n;apCTBeHHhIX BCTpeq 11pe,n;11p11HHMaIOTC5I, O,n;HaKO 110Ka qTo - B coBpeMeHHbIX ycJIOBH51X TpattccpopMaI.J;HH BHerntte110JIHTHqecKoro KypCa TypI.J;HH - TeppHTOpHaJihHbIH crrop c rpeI.J;HeH 51BJI51eTCH o,n;-

HHM 113 11pe115ITCTBHH ,ll;JIH rocy,n;apcTBa KaK Ha 11YTH K BCTYITJieH11IO B EC, TaK H K ,n;ocT11)1(eH1110 tta,n;perHoHaJihHoro JIH,n;epcTBa.

3.4. ApMJ1HCKHM eonpoc

1915 r. - ,n;aTa B HCTOpHH, KOTOpaH H3BeCTHa KaK apM51HCKOMY HaceJieHHIO, TaK H TypeI.J;KOMy: HMeHHO OHa pa3,ll;eJIHJia OTHOlIIeHH51 ,n;Byx Hapo,n;oB Ha «,ll;O» H «110CJie». feHOI.J;H,ll; apM51H, cpaKT KOToporo 1'ypI.J;H51yrropHO OTpHI.J;aeT, cero,n;H51 11po,n;OJI)l(aeT OCTaBaTbCH O,ll;HHM

1 B 1923 ro,11y Typ1111H 11 rpe1111H IIJIOXO ,11orosop11JI11Cb. URL: https://www. kommersant.ru/doc/3492784.

52

H3 rnaBHbIX cpaKTOpOB, ,n;ecTa6HJIH3HpyIOII.J;HX OTHOlIIeHH51 Me)l(,n;y ,ll;BYM51 CTpaHaMH Ha 11pOT51)1(eHHH ,ll;OJirHX JieT.

HecMOTp51 Ha TO qTo 11paKTHKa 110MeII.J;eHH51 B MeCTa JIHlIIeHH.H CB060,ll;bl JIHI.J;, ,ll;HCKJTHPYIOII.J;HX Ha TeMy He11pH3HaHHOro BJiaCT51MH reHOI.J;H,ll;a J)l(e 11peKpa11.J;eHa, B TypI.J;HH ,n;o CHX 11op CYII.J;eCTByeT HerJiaCHblH 3a11peT Ha o6CJ)l(,ll;eHHe co6bITHH 1915 r., O,n;HaKo ,n;aHHhIH B011pOc 110CT051HHO HaXO,ll;11TC51 Ha 110BeCTKe ,ll;H51, Kor,n;a peqb 3axo,n;HT o BcTy11JieH11H TypI.J;HH B EBpo11eHCKHH coI03. M11p0Boe coo6II.J;eCTBO, B TOM qHcJie H POCCH51, 11pH3HaIOT cpaKT reHOI.J;H,n;a, 11pH3bIBaH H TypI.J;HIO 11epeCMOTpeTh CBOIO 1103HI.J;HIO B OTHOlIIeHHH 3Toro Bo11poca.

K CO)l(aJieHHIO, 110MHMO reHOI.J;H,ll;a, TypeI.J;KO-apM51HCKHe OTHOlIIeHH51 He o60lIIJI11 CTOpOHOH H TeppHTOpHaJibHhie B011p0Chl. no OKOHqaHHH nepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHhl, B 1914 r. Me)l(,ll;y TypI.J;HeH H ApMeHHeH 6bIJia qacTHqHo BOCCTaHOBJieHa rpaHHI.J;a, 110CJie qero B 1920 r. 1'ypI.J;H513aH51Jia qaCTh TeppHTOpHH, qTQ crrpOBOI.J;HpOBaJIO BOOpJ)l(eHHbie CTOJIKHOBeHH51, KOTOpbie, o,n;HaKO, 3aBeprnHJIHCb 110,ll;l1HCaHHeM MHpHoro AJieKCaH,n;p0110JibCKOro ,n;oroBopa.

no 3TOMY COrJialIIeHHIO B COCTaBe ApMeHHH OCTaBaJiaCb JIHlIIh tte60Jihrna51 o6JiaCTh BOKpyr EpeBaHa H 03epa CeBaH1, B TO BpeMR KaK TypI.J;HR 110JiyqHJia KapccKyIO o6JiaCTh, CypMaJIHHCKHH ye3,n;, a paHOHhI Hax11qeBaHH, Illapypa H IllaxTaXThI 110JiyqHJIH cTaTyc 110,n;KOHTpOJihHOH TypI.J;HH TeppHTOpHH2 •

K MOMeHry 110,n;1111caHH5I ,n;oroBopa B ApMeHHH 6hIJia ycTaHOBJieHa COBeTCKa51 BJiaCTh, He 11pH3HaBlIIaH AJiecaH,n;p0110JihCKHH ,n;o- roBop. nocJie aToro TypI.1;1151 110Jiyq11Jia HOTY o He11p113HaHHH ,n;o- roBopa, a OCTaBrnHeC51 B COCTaBe ApMeHHH TeppHTOpHH CTaJIH KOHTPOJIHpoBaTbCR: qacrnMH 11-H KpacHoH ApMHH PC<t>CP3•

B 20-e rr. XX B. CoBeTCKHH CoI03 aKTHBHO HaJia)l(HBaJI KOHTaKThI c rocy,n;apCTBaMH 6JIH)l(HeBOCTOqHoro perHOHa H 6opOJICH 3a ccpepbl BJIH51HH51 c 3a11a,n;HhIMH ,n;ep)l(aBaMM. 0,n;HOH H3 CTpaH, c KeM ,ll;Hl1JIOMaT11qecKHe OTHOlIIeHH51 6bIJIH ycTaHOBJieHbl B 11epBYIO oqepe,n;h, ttap51,ll;y c AcpraHHCTaHOM H J1paHOM, cTaJia TypeI.J;KaR Pecrry6JIHKa.

Me)l(,n;y CoBeTCKOH H TypeI.J;KOH pecrry6JIHKaMH H B 1921 r. 6hIJI 110,ll;l1HCaH ,n;orOBOp 0 ,n;py)l(6e H 6paTCTBe, a CJie,n;OM 3a HHM -

1AKonbRH4 A. C. K11cTopm1 MelK,llyttapo,11HhIX ,11orosopos c Typ1111eti: Kapcrn11ti ,11orosop 1921 r. // l1HTep3Kcrro rEO-C11611ph. 2016. T. 1. C. 166-169.

2 AJieKCaH,11ponoJihCK11ti ,11orosop. URL: http://doc20vek.ru/node/3403.

3 AKonbRH4A. C. YKa3. coq. C. 166-169.

53

KapccKHH ,a;oroBop, 3aKpenHBUIHH ycJIOBHH MocKOBCKoro ,a;oroBopa H IlO,ll;IlHCaHHhIH 3aKaBKa3CKHMH COBeTCKHMH pecny6JIHKaMH H Typ:QHeH:. MocKoBCKHH ,a;oroBop npe,a;noJiaraJI ycTaHOBJieHHe ce- Bepo-BOCTOtJHOH rpaHH:Qhl Typ:QHH c coxpaHeHHeM 3a HeH: HeMaJIOH qacTH TeppHTOpHH:, a TaIOKe nepe,a;aqy paH:oHa HaxHtJeBaHh A.3ep6aH:,a;)KaHyi.

B HacToHm;ee BpeMH ApMeHHH pac:QeHHBaeT KapccKHH ,a;oroBop KaK OTpa)KaIOID;HH HHTepeChl CoBeTCKOH POCCHH; Typ:QHH B CBOIO oqepe,a;h TaIOKe BhICTfilaeT 3a nepecMOTp ,a;aHHoro ,a;oroBopa. 0,a;HaKo, HeCMOTpH Ha KpHTHKY ,ll;OKyMeHTa, cero,a;HH HH o,a;Ha H3 KpHTHKYJOID;HX cTopoH K nepecMoTpy era yCJioBHH He roToBa.

IllaHC HaHTH KOMilpOMHCC KpaH:He MaJI: ycJIOBHH, Bhl,ll;BHHfThie ApMeHHeH:, 3apaHee 6y,a;YT OTBeprHYThI Typ:QHeH:, B TO BpeMH KaK npe,ll;JIO)KeHHH Type:QKOH Pecny6JIHKH B JII06oM CJiyqae He ycTpOHT ApMeHmo. 11MeHHO 110:3T0My, 3aHBJIHH o Heo6xo,a;HMOCTH 11epecMoTpa 3aKJIIOtJeHHhIX «B 110Jlh3Y CoBeTCKOH POCCHH» ,a;oroBopoB, CTOpOHhl ynycKaIOT O,ll;HY Ba)KHYIO ,a;eTaJih: COBpeMeHHbie rpaHH:Qhl - pe3yJihTaT HCTOpHKO-llOJIHTH'IeCKHX11pO:QeCCOB, 11pOHCXO,ll;HBUIHX B perHOHe Ha 11pOTH)l(eHHH MHOrHX JieT em;e ,a;o 11pHxo,a;a COBeTCKOH BJiacTH, a mo6b1e H3MeHeHHH cero,a;HH B03MO)KHhI HCKJIIOtJHTeJihHO B pe3yJihTaTe 3HatJHTeJihHbIX reonOJIHTH'IeCKHXH3MeHeHHH Ha KaBKa3e.

3.S. (HpHMCKHH BOnpoc

0,a;HHM H3 :QeHTpaJihHhIX TeppHTOpHaJibHhIX KOH<!>JIHKTOB, B KOTOpOM He llOCJie,a;Hee MeCTO 3aHHMaeT Typ:QHH, HBJIHeTCH B011poc npHHa,a;Jie)KHOCTH Type:QKOH 11poBHH:QHH XarnH:. 11 xorn c MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHHH ,a;aHHOro c11opa 11pOUIJIO ,ll;OCTaTO'IHO MHOro BpeMeHH, HMeHHO OH 110-11pe)l(HeMy OCTaeTCH ,a;ecTa6HJIH3HpyIOm;HM <l>aKTopoM ,a;BycTopoHHHX OTHOUieHHH Me)K,ll;y CHpHeH: H Typ:QHeH.

Type:QKO-CHpHHCKHH 11pHrpaHH'!HhIHKOH<!>JIHKT pa3BepHyJICH, KaK H MHOrHe ,a;pyrHe, llOCJie CTepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHhI, KOr,a;a Me)l(-

,a;y rereMoHaMH Toro BpeMeHH oCTpo CTOHJI Bo11poc 11epepac11pe- ,a;eJieHHH c<Pep BJIHHHHH. ~ yperyJIHpOBaHHH B03HHKUIHX CIIOpOB

Hpa3HornacHH: B HTaJihHHCKOM ropo,a;e CaH-PeMo 6hma co3BaHa

1MocKOBCKHH ,11or0Bop MelK,lly PoccHei1 H fyp11Hei1. URL: http://www.hrono. ru/dokum/l92_dok/l9210316ru_tur.html.

54

Clle:QHaJihHaH KOH<l>epeH:QHH, 110 HTOraM KOTopoH: <t>paH:QHH llOJiytJHJia MaH,ll;aT Ha ynpaBJieHHe JlHBaHoM H CHpHeH:.

B 1920-x rr. ,a;JIH 6opb6h1 c MeCTHhIM HaceJieHHeM, He )KeJiaIOIIJ;HM 110,ll;'IHHHThCH<t>paH:QHH, OHa HatJaJia llOJIH7HKY ,a;po6JieHHH TeppHTOpHH Ha MeJIKHe rocy,a;apCTBeHHhie o6pa30BaHHH, KOTOphIX HaCtJHTbIBaJIOCb 11HTh1. CTepBbie 11poTHBopetIHH B03HHKJIH B 1921 r., Kor,a;a HaXO,ll;HI:QHHCH B ceBepHOH qacTH CTpaHbl 11 CtJHTaBUI11HCH qaCThIO rocy,a;apcTBa XaJie6 (AJie11no) AJieKcaH,a;peTTCKl1H caH,a;)KaK llOJIYtJl1JI CTaTyc aBTOHOMl1H, KOTOpbIH coxpaHl1JICH ,a;a)Ke llOCJie c03,a;aH11H e,a;11Horo rocy,a;apcrna C11p1111 B 1925 r.2

Typ:QHH, TOJihKO 'ITO11epe)l(HBUiaH 3HatJHTeJibHhie Tepp11TopHaJihHhie n0Tep11, B JIH:Qe ocHOBaTeJIH pec11y6JI11K11 M. K. ATaTIOpKa 3aHBl1Jia, 'ITOHl1Kor,a;a He 11p113HaeT <l>paH:QY3CKl1H KOHTpOJih Ha.a; YllOMHHfTOH Tepp11TOpHeH, o6oCHOBaB CBOIO 110311:QHIO CJie,a;yIOID;HM apryMeHTOM - ,a;aHHbie 3eMJil1 BeKaM11 11p11Ha,ll;Jle)KaJIH Typ- :Q11H, a 3HatJl1T, He MOrfT paccMaTp11BaThCH B KatJeCTBe Tepp11Top11H: ,a;pyrHX CTpaH.

B TaK11x 3aHBJieH11Hx y)l(e Tor,a;a 11pocJie)K11BaJI11Cb HaMepeH11H Typ:Q11H BeCTH 6oph6y 3a B03Bpam;eH11e 110TepHHHbIX Tepp11Top11H: 3•

B KaKOM-TO CMhICJie T3KHe 11peTeH311H HeJib3H Ha3BaTh 6e30CHOBaTeJihHhIMl1 - CHpHH, ,a;eH:cTBl1TeJihHO, c 11epBoi1 110JIOBHHhI XVI B. BXO,ll;HJia B COCTaB OcMaHCKOH HM11ep1111, a «Ha:QHOHaJihHhIH o6eT», HJIH ,a;eKJiapa:Ql1H He3aBHCHMOCTl1, paTH<l>11:Q11pOBaHHaH B 1920 r., 011pe,a;eJI11Jia Tepp11Top1111 CHp1111 KaK HeOTbeMJieMyIO tJaCTh Typ- :QHH4. EoJiee Toro, HaceJieHHe AJieKcaH,a;peTTCKoro caH,a;)KaKa, Ha KOTOphIH 11pe,a;bHBJIHJia 11peTeH3HH Typ:Q11H, TaK)Ke 6hIJIO He- 0,ll;HOpO,ll;HO: 3a HCKJIIO'IeHl1eMapa6oB H pH,a;a ,a;pyr11x Ha:QHOHaJihHOCTeH, 3HatJHTeJihHyIO era ,ll;OJIIO COCT3BJIHJil1 TYPKH5 •

TeM He MeHee ,a;a)Ke 3Tl1X ,a;oKa3aTeJihCTB 6hIJIO He,a;ocTaTOtJHO: «Ha:Ql10HaJihHhIH o6eT» He HMeJI cTaTyc Me)K,a;yttapo,a;Horo corJiaUieH11H, llOCKOJihKY era llOJIO)KeHl1H 6bIJIH np11HHThl TOJihKO Typ:Ql1eH: 11 He 11pH3HaHbI M11poBhIM coo6I:QecTBOM, a OTChIJIKH TYPe:QKoro

n. l1cTOpHH CHpHH. xx BeK . M. : l1H-T BOCTOKOBe,lleHHH

55

pyKOBO,ll;CTBa K HCTOpMM OcMaHCKOH HMnepMM, KOTopo:H Ha TOT MOMeHT )')KeHe cym;ecTBOBaJIO, TaIOKe He paccMaTpMBaJIMCb B KaqecTBe necoMoro apryMeHTa.

XOT5I MMpOBOe coo6IQeCTBO M3HaqaJibHO CKeIITHqecKM OTHecJIOCb K 3MBJieHM5IM T'ypu;HH,Typeu;Koe HaceJieHMe An:eKCaH,n;peTTCKoro caH,ll,)KaKa, Hao6opoT, KpacHopeqMBbie peqtt ATaTiopKa ycJibIIIIaJio M, Bepo5ITHO, BOCIIpMH5IJIO KaK no6~eHHe K ,n;eHCTBMIO. B 1930-e rr. Ha TeppHTOpHH caH,ll,)KaKa 6bmo pa3BepHYTO KpynHoMacIIITa6Hoe Hau;MoHaJibHOe ,IJ,BH)KeHMe, K KOTOpOMY TaIOKe ,n;o6aBMJIOCb TO o6cTOHTeJibCTBO, qTo M. K. ATaTIOpK npMHHJI peIIIeHMe BbIHeCTM ,n;aHHhIH Bonpoc Ha paccMoTpeHtte JIMrM Hau;tt:H, a An:eKcaH,ll,peTTCKMH caH,IJ,)KaK BHe3anHo nepeMMeHOBaJI B XaTa:H.

IlOHMMM, qTO c,n;ep)KHBaTb pacrym;ee conpOTMBJieHMe He y,n;acTCJI, BJiaCTM 6bIJIM BbIHY)K,IJ,eHbl IIOHTM Ha HeKOTOpbie ycTyIIKM. B qacTHOCTM, 6bma npMHHTa KOHCTMTYI.J;HH, onpe,ll,eJIHIOIQM XaTa:H KaK cyBepeHHoe rocy,n;apcrno, r,n;e II03)Ke 6y,1J,YT npMHHThI npaKTMqecKH Bee 3aKOHhI, ,n;e:HcTBYIOIQHe Ha TeppttTopMH Typu;tttt, TYPeu;- KMH H3hIK noJiyqMT CTaTyc rocy,n;apcTBeHHoro, a Typeu;KaJI JIMpa CTaHeT oqrnu;ttaJibHOH BaJIIOTOHl.

Y)Ke Tor,n;a 6bmo noHHTHO, qTo An:eKcaH,1J,peTTCKHH caH,ll,)KaK (XaTa:H)'c HaHMCHbIIIe:H CTeneHblO Bep05ITHOCTM OCTaHeTrn B COCTaBe CttpMM. HaKaHytte BTOpo:H MttpoBo:H BOHHbl Ha cpoHe npottcxo,n;HBIIIMX B MHpe co6UTMH MMpOBble ,n;ep)KaBbl TOro BpeMeHH 6bIJIM 3aMHTepecoBaHbl B IIOMCKe COI03HMKOB, II03TOMY npMHAAM peIIIeHMe yczynMTh T'ypu;MMXaTa:H. B 1939 r., no,n;nttcaB cornaIIIeHMe c <PpaH- u;tte:H, T'ypu;MJIaHHeKCMpOBaJia TeppHTOpHI02, TeM caMblM C03,ll,aB O,ll,HO M3 caMbIX KPYIJHbIX TYPeI.J;KO-CMpMHCKMX IIpOTMBopeqMH. noCJie npMCOe,ll,MHeHM5I CaH,ll,)KaKa, KOTOpblH CTaJI IIIeCTbIM BMJiaHeTOM Typu;HH, c ero TeppMTOpMM 6hIJIM BbIBe,ll,eHbl cocpe,ll,OTOqeHHbie TaM cppaHu;y3CKHe BOHCKa, a no CttpMM npoKaTMJiacb HOBM BOJIHa npoTecToB3.

C HaqaJioM BOeHHhIX ,n;e:HcTBHH B CttpMM B 2011 r., pe3KMM yxy,n;IIIeHHeM ,ll,BYCTOpOHHMX OTHOIIIeHMH c Typu;tte:H H II05IBJieHMeM Ha IIOJIHTMqecKOH apeHe TaKMX HrpOKOB, KaK Kyp,IJ,bl, TeppHTOpHaJibHblH Bonpoc BHOBb CTaJI aKzyaJibHbIM. 11 eCJIM CttpH5I OT,ll,aeT npttopMTeT 6opb6e c TeppopMCTMqecKHMM o6pa30BaHM5IMM H coxpaHeHMIO rocy,n;apCTBeHHOCTH, TO Kyp,ll,bl peIIIMTeJibHO HaCTpoe-

1,l{eprn'leB B. YKa3. coq.

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3.6. Apynte 1epp1rttop1rtanbHb1e sonpocb1

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B HaCTOHIQM npeMH TYPeu;Ktte BJiaCTHbie Kpyrtt npoBOMT noJIHTMKy, Hau;eJieHHYIO Ha peaJIM3au;MIO M,IJ,eH HeOOCMaHM3Ma, M MMeHHO II03TOMY B IIOJIMTMKe T'ypu;MHqeTKO npoCJie)KMBaeTC5I ynopHoe )KeJiaHMe BbIHeCTH BCe TeppHTOpHaJibHbie BOIIpOCbl Ha IlOBeCTKY ,ll,H5I.

TaK, Typu;HH B HaIIIM ,IJ,HM Hepe,n;Ko cchmaeTrn Ha MCTOpHIO, np11qeM He npocTO HCTOpHIO Typu;HH HJIH OCMaHCKHX BpeMeH, a HCTOpHIO TIOpKCKHX HapO,ll,OB MHpa. B 3TOM KOHTeKCTe ,ll,HIIJIOMaTaMH yroTOBJieH p5I,ll, CTpaTerHH, II03BOJI5IIOIQHX e:H ,IJ,eJiaTb ceHcau;HOHHbie 3MBJieHH5I, HanpttMep 0 Heo6XO,ll,MMOCTH BOCC03,IJ,aHH5I rpaHMI.J; OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH.

0,n;HaKo B ,n;aHHOM cJiyqae T'ypu;HHPYKOBO,ll,CTByeTcJI He TOJibKO H,ll,eOJIOrHeH HeOOCMaHH3Ma. CerO,IJ,H5I oco6oe BHHMaHMe OTBe,ll,eHO TaKMM IIOH5ITH5IM, KaK TypaH H 3preHeKOH. T'ypaH5IBJI5IeTC5I O,ll,HOH M3 u;eHTpaJibHbIX M,ll,eH naHTIOpKH3Ma M npe,ll,CTaBJIJieT co6o:H 3THMqecKoe rocy,n;apCTBO TIOpKCKHX HapO,ll,OBl, B TO BpeMJI KaK 3preHeKOH 5IBJI5IeTrn, B COOTBeTCTBMH c TIOpKCKMMM JiereH,ll,aMH, npapo- ,ll,HHOH TIOpKCKHX Hapo,n;oB2, pacnoJIO)KeHHOH B perttoHe Ea:HKaJia.

B paMKax 3TMX IIOHJITMH Typu;HH npo,ll,BHraeT M,ll,eIO o6'be,ll,MHeHHH TIOpKCKHX HapO,ll,OB MMpa IIO,ll, CBOHM npe,ll,BO,ll,HTeJibCTBOM. Oco6eHHO IIO,ll,Bep)KeHbl Typeu;KOMY ,n;aBJieHHIO TIOpK0513blqHbie rocy,n;apCTBa UeHTpaJihHOH A3MM, KOTOpbie Typu;MH cqttTaeT ccpepo:H cnoero BJIH5IHM5I, pacnpocTpaH515I TaM CBOIO IIOJIMTHKy «MJirKOH CMJ!bl».

KpoMe 3TOro, HeKOTOpbie M3 TeppHTOpMaJibHbIX BonpocoB HanpHMYIO 3aTparMBaIOT MHTepechI PoccMM. 0,IJ,HMM M3 TaKMX JIB-

1EpeMeee ,[{. E. YKa3. coq, C. 13S-136.

2A6aee H. B. 0 rrpapo,11Htte acex nopKoM H MOHroJ10B: «3pretteKOH», «3pytte- X)'H» Hl!H TaHHy-Yp1rnxaii. Hoab1e HCCJ1e,11oaaHHII TyabI. URL: https://www.tuva. asia/journal/issue_9 /3042-abaev.html.