- •November 16, 2002
- •February 14, 2003
- •February 21
- •February 28
- •March 7
- •March 10
- •March 12
- •March 14
- •March 15
- •March 17
- •March 19
- •March 21
- •March 24
- •March 26
- •March 28
- •March 30
- •March 31
- •April 2
- •April 2
- •April 8-10
- •April 12
- •April 16
- •April 20
- •April 20
- •April 23
- •April 25
- •April 27
- •April 29
- •June 6
- •June 13
- •June 17
- •June 21
- •June 23
- •June 24
- •July 2
- •July 5
- •August 14
- •September 8
- •September 24
- •References
- •Virology
- •Discovery of the SARS Virus
- •Initial Research
- •The Breakthrough
- •Coronaviridae
- •SARS Co-V
- •Genome Sequence
- •Morphology
- •Organization
- •Detection
- •Stability and Resistance
- •Natural Host
- •Antiviral Agents and Vaccines
- •Antiviral Drugs
- •Vaccines
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Routes of Transmission
- •Factors Influencing Transmission
- •Patient Factors in Transmission
- •Asymptomatic Patients
- •Symptomatic Patients
- •Superspreaders
- •The Unsuspected Patients
- •High-Risk Activities
- •Transmission during Quarantine
- •Transmission after Recovery
- •Animal Reservoirs
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Modeling the Epidemic
- •Starting Point
- •Global Spread
- •Hong Kong
- •Vietnam
- •Toronto
- •Singapore, February 2003
- •China
- •Taiwan
- •Other Countries
- •Eradication
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Introduction
- •International Coordination
- •Advice to travelers
- •Management of SARS in the post-outbreak period
- •National Measures
- •Legislation
- •Extended Case Definition
- •Quarantine
- •Reduce travel between districts
- •Quarantine after Discharge
- •Infection Control in Healthcare Settings
- •General Measures
- •Protective Measures
- •Hand washing
- •Gloves
- •Face Masks
- •Additional protection
- •Getting undressed
- •Special Settings
- •Intensive Care Units
- •Intubating a SARS Patient
- •Anesthesia
- •Triage
- •Internet Sources
- •Additional information
- •Infection Control in Households
- •Possible Transmission from Animals
- •After the Outbreak
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Case Definition
- •WHO Case Definition
- •Suspect case
- •Probable case
- •Exclusion criteria
- •Reclassification of cases
- •CDC Case Definition
- •Diagnostic Tests
- •Introduction
- •Laboratory tests
- •Molecular tests
- •Virus isolation
- •Antibody detection
- •Interpretation
- •Limitations
- •Biosafety considerations
- •Outlook
- •Table, Figures
- •References
- •Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Hematological Manifestations
- •Atypical Presentation
- •Chest Radiographic Abnormalities
- •Chest Radiographs
- •CT Scans
- •Diagnosis
- •Clinical Course
- •Viral Load and Immunopathological Damage
- •Histopathology
- •Lung Biopsy
- •Postmortem Findings
- •Discharge and Follow-up
- •Psychosocial Issues
- •References
- •Appendix: Guidelines
- •WHO: Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- •Management of Suspect and Probable SARS Cases
- •Definition of a SARS Contact
- •Management of Contacts of Probable SARS Cases
- •Management of Contacts of Suspect SARS Cases
- •SARS Treatment
- •Antibiotic therapy
- •Antiviral therapy
- •Ribavirin
- •Neuraminidase inhibitor
- •Protease inhibitor
- •Human interferons
- •Human immunoglobulins
- •Alternative medicine
- •Immunomodulatory therapy
- •Corticosteroids
- •Other immunomodulators
- •Assisted ventilation
- •Non-invasive ventilation
- •Invasive mechanical ventilation
- •Clinical outcomes
- •Outlook
- •Appendix 1
- •A standardized treatment protocol for adult SARS in Hong Kong
- •Appendix 2
- •A treatment regimen for SARS in Guangzhou, China
- •References
- •Pediatric SARS
- •Clinical Manifestation
- •Radiologic Features
- •Treatment
- •Clinical Course
- •References
Timeline 23
May 23
The World Health Organization removes its recommendation that people should postpone all but essential travel to Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Guangdong province, China (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_05_23/en/).
May 23
Research teams in Hong Kong and Shenzhen announce that they have detected several coronaviruses closely related to the SARS coronavirus in animal species taken from a market in southern China. Masked palm civets, racoon-dogs, and Chinese ferret badgers are wild animals that are traditionally considered delicacies and are sold for human consumption in markets throughout southern China (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_05_23b/en/).
May 23
Two studies assess the epidemic potential of SARS, and the effectiveness of control measures. Their main message is that the SARS virus is sufficiently transmissible to be able to cause a very large epidemic if unchecked, but not so contagious as to be uncontrollable with good, basic public health measures (Lipsitch, Riley).
May 31
Singapore is removed from the list of areas with recent local transmission of SARS because 20 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) have elapsed since the most recent case of locally acquired SARS was isolated or a SARS patient has died, suggesting that the chain of transmission had terminated.
May 31
Toronto is back on the WHO list of areas with local transmission after Canada reported new clusters of 26 suspected and eight probable cases of the disease linked to four Toronto hospitals.
June 6
82 cases are now being reported in the second outbreak of SARS in Ontario, Canada.
Kamps and Hoffmann (eds.)
24 Timeline
June 13
The World Health Organization removes its recommendation that people should postpone all but essential travel to Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Tianjin regions in China.
In addition, the WHO removes Guangdong, Hebei, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Tianjin from the list of areas with recent local transmission.
June 17
The WHO removes Taiwan from its list of areas to which travelers are advised to avoid all but essential travel. The move follows vast improvements in case detection, infection control, and the tracing and follow-up of contacts that led to a steep drop in the daily number of new cases.
June 21
A study by Rainer et al. suggests that the current WHO guidelines for diagnosing suspected SARS may not be sufficiently sensitive in assessing patients before admission to hospital. Daily follow-up, evaluation of non-respiratory, systemic symptoms, and chest radiography would be better screening tools (see Chapter 5: Prevention).
June 23
The WHO removes Hong Kong from its list of areas with recent local transmission of SARS (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_06_23/en/).
June 24
The WHO removes Beijing from its list of areas with recent local transmission and removes its travel recommendation (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_06_24/en/).
July 2
The WHO removes Toronto from its list of areas with recent local transmission (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_02/en/).
July 5
The WHO removes Taiwan from its list of areas with recent local transmission (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_05/en/).
www.SARSreference.com