0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)

ɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɟɥɚ, ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ɉɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ ɨɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ.

ɇɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ, ɩɨ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɚ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ — ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɢɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɗɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ: ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɋɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɩ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɞ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɭ ɸ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɡɝɭ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ʉ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɡɝɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. Ɉɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ȼɨɣɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɤɨɪɟɲɤɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ (ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɤɨɪɟɲɤɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ.

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ —ɷɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɑɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɞ ɜ ɢ ɝ ɚ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɧ ɵ ɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɜ ɨɩɵɬ ɫ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɨɣ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧ, ɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧ. Ʌɹɝɭɲɤɭ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɢɧɰɟɬɨɦ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɳɢɩɧɭɬɶ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɥɚɩɤɭ, ɥɹɝɭɲɤɚ ɟɟ ɨɬɞɟɪɧɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɥɚɩɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɥɚɩɤɚ ɫɨɝɧɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɬɨ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ,

ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ

ɤɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ.

ȼɫɩɢɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɫɝɢɛɚ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɪɚɱɢ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɞɜɭɯɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɣ.

ɍɞɚɪ ɦɨɥɨɬɨɱɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɨɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɨɝɚ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ.

ȼɫɩɢɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ

ɢɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɋɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ. Ɉɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɩɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ.

ɍ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ.

ɗɬɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɜ- ɦɚɯ-; ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɝɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ), ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ.

§ 10. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɪɟ-

ɩɚ. ȼɟɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1400 ɝ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ 1270 ɝ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɧɟɧ

1000—2000 ɫɦ3.

Ɉɬɞɟɥɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɇɨɡɝ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 11) ɢ

ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ: ɫɬɜɨɥɚ, ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɋɬɜɨɥ. ɋɬɜɨɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɥɢ-

ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨ- ɞ ɨ ɥ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɬ ɵ ɣ ɦ ɨ ɡ ɝ (1), ɦ ɨ ɫ ɬ (2), ɫ ɪ ɟ ɞ ɧ ɢ ɣ (3)

ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ (4). ɇɚɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɹɞɪɚ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ — ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɨ-

ɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱ ɟ ɬ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɨ ɯ ɨ ɥ ɦ ɢ ɟ (5). Ɉɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ-

ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɧɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɝ ɢ ɩ ɨ ɮ ɢ ɡ (6). ɑɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚ ɧ ɚ ɥ (7), ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɲɲɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 11.

Ȼɟɥɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ. ɋɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ— ɹɞɟɪ. Ɉɬ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ.

ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ. Ȼɟɥɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ, ɤɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ.

Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɰ, ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ, ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɡɝ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ, ɛɟɝɟ, ɬɚɧɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɵ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɥ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɜɦ.

ɑɟɪɟɩɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɬɟɥɚ. ɋɬɜɨɥ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ

ɢɜɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ. Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɜɨɥ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɜɵ-

ɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ȼɫɬɜɨɥɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ: ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɝɟ ɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ, ɝɥɨɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵx; ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ—ɱɢɯɚɧɶɹ, ɤɚɲɥɹ ɢ ɦɨɪɝɚɧɢɹ, ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɟɥɝɨɧɨ- ɢ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɛɭɝɪɚɯ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨɯɨɥɦɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɨɪɢɟɧ-

ɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ.

ȼɞɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪ- ɱ ɨɣ ɮ ɨ ɪ ɦ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɢ. ȼ ɟɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ɇɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ. Ɇɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 11, 8). Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚ- ɪ ɢ ɣ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɟ ɫɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɛɟɥɨɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɦ. ɋɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɭɡɨɪ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɧɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ.

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ɇɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ) ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚ- ɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.

Ⱦɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ^ɩɥɚɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɩɬɢɰɵ—ɥɟɬɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ).

ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɹɥɵɦɢ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɯɨɞɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ, ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɨɠɚɬ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɫɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩ ɪ ɢ ɫ ɩ ɨ-

ɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɫɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ —ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ʉɨɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.

§ 1 1 . ɉɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɍ ɪɵɛ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɪɢɫ. 12, 1) . ɍ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭ ɪɵɛ ɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.

ɍ ɩɪɟɫɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ (2) ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɭ ɩɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɬɢɰɵ: ɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɬɟɧɰɚɯ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɢɳɭ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. , ɍ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ (3) ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (4) ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ.

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣɭɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɨɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ (ɫɦ.

ɪɢɫ. 11, 9). ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɯɨɪɨ-

ɲɨ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.

ɜɢɞɧɵ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 13). ɂɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ (1, 5), ɚ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ — ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ (2) ɢ ɛ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ

(4). ɉɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟ-

ɧɵ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɞ ɧ ɹ ɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɢɥɢ-

ɧɵ (1, 3).

Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ( ɪɢɫ. 14). ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɥɨɛɧɭɸ ( 7) , ɬɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ (2), ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɭɸ (3) ɢ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɭɸ (4) ɞɨɥɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɨɛɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ — ɬɟɦɟɧɧɭɸɨɬɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ.

ɋɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɨɪɭ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 3—4 ɦɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ɋɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 12—14 ɦɢɥɥɢ-

ɚɪɞɚɦ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ2500 ɫɦ2.

Ȼɟɥɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɉɟɪɟɤɪɺɫɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ

Ɋɢɫ. 14

ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜ ɦ ɨ ɡ ɨ ɥ ɢ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɦ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɟ ɢ ɟɳɺ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɤɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ, ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ: ɧɟ ɜɫɸɞɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ 6 ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ

ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ -

Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ, ɫɥɭɯɨ-

ɜɚɹ — ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ, ɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ — ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ

ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ

ɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ. ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɧɟɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ,—ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɚ ɤɨɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ — ɨɪɝɚɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ: ɢɡɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢ-

ɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

ȼɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ: ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ — ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ: ɫɬɜɨɥɚ, ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ: ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ — ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫ-

ɬɟɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɠɢɜ-ɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ʉɨɪɚ

ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ. ɍ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɚɞɭɳɢɯ, ɫɭɦɱɚɬɵɯ, ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɨɹɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ, ɚ ɭ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɨɜ — ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ.

ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɧ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɚ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɟɱɶɸ.ɤ ɭ ɨ Ɇɨɡɝ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.

§ 12. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɢ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ

Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɫ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɦ ɬ ɨ ɧ ɭ- ɫ ɨ ɦ. ɇɨ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟ-- ɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɬ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɵɲɰ —ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɡɵ ɬɟɥɚ.

ȼ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɫɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ,

ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰ. Ɉɬɬɭɞɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɬɨɧɭɫ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ), ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ.

ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɩɨɡɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɟ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɡɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɬɨɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ.

Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬ ɨ ɧ ɭ ɫ — ɷɬɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ. Ʌɹɝɭɲɤɭ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɟ. ȿɟ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɫɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɡ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɨɝɧɭɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ (ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɬɟɥɚ, ɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɥɚɩɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɫɧɟɬ ɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ.

Ɍɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ, ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹɯ, ɤɨɠɟ, ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ. Ɍɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɡɵ, ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɋ ɟ ɮ ɥ ɟ ɤ ɫ ɵ ɩ ɨ ɡ ɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ.

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɡɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɇɚɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ, ɫɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ. ɇɚɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ.