0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)

ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɚ ɥɢɰɨ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ — ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ

ɨɛɟɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ.

Ɋ ɟ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ ɲɟɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ {2), ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɲɟɸ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɱɟɪɟɩɭ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ —ɡɚɤɢɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ȿɳɟ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɢ ɲɟɢ, ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ.

§ 34. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɢɧɵ, ɝɪɭɞɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɢɧɵ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ȼ) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɫɩɢɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɢ ɪɭɤɢ.

Ɍɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ (3) ɤɚɩɸɲɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɵ. Ʌɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ. Ⱦɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɭ.

ɒɢɪɨɱɚɣɲɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫ ɩ ɢ ɧ ɵ ( 4 ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 6 ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, 3—4 ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɟɛɟɪ, ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ, ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ. ɉɨɞɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ ɤ ɪɭɤɚɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɤɟ.

Ɋɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ( 5 ) ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ. ɉɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ^ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɭ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɥ ɨ ɩ ɚ ɬ ɤ ɭ , ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɲɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɭɝɥɭ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ.

Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ.

ȼɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ ɩ ɨ ɡ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɱ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɚ (ɪɢɫ. 45) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɞɨ ɡɚɬɵɥɤɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ

ɬɟɥɢ ɩ ɨ ɡ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɤ ɨ ɜ — ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚɯ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ—ɬɪɢ

ɜɦɟɫɬɟ.

Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɢɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ, ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ-, ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɩɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ.

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɪɭɞɢ. Ɉɇɂ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ

ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ⱥ).

ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ (6) ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ.Ɉɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɭɤɭ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɤɟ, ɩɨɞɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɛɪɚ. ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ.

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ, ɧɚɞ ɦɟɠɟɛɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ɉɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ.

Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɪɭɞɢ —

ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦ ɵ ɲɰ ɵ (ɪɢɫ. 46, Ⱥ). ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɪɺɛɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ

( 1 ) ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɺɛɪɚɦɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɧɨɱɢɧɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜ ɪɺɛɟɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹɫɶ ɭ ɢɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ

ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɂɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɫɤɨɫɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɟ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɪɟ - ɛ ɟ ɪ ɧ ɵ ɟ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɵ (2) ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹɯ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ. ɂɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɇɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɞɨɯɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬ-

ɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɞɨɯɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ

ɤɭɩɨɥɚ. ȿɝɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶ - ɧ ɵ ɣ ɰ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɪ ( 1 ) , ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ. ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ (2), ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (3, 4) ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ

Ɋɢɫ. 46 (Ⱥ, Ȼ).

ɋɨɤɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɹɫɶ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɭɩɨɥ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɚ ɟɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɞɨɯɟ, ɢ ɜ ɜɵɞɨɯɟ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ʌ, Ȼ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɤɨɫɵɟ

ɢ ɩ ɨ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.

ɉ ɪ ɹ ɦ ɚ ɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ ɠ ɢ ɜ ɨ ɬ ɚ (7) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɛɨɤɭ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (8), ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ.

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɤ ɨ ɫ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (9). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ

ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɵɲɰ — ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ. Ɉɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɨɛɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɵɞɨɯɟ.

ȼ ɧ ɭ ɬ ɪ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɹ ɹ ɤ ɨ ɫ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɠ ɢ ɜ ɨ ɬ ɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɨɛɟ — ɫɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ.

ɉ ɨ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɱ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɠ ɢ ɜ ɨ ɬ ɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɨɫɨɣ, ɨɧɚ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɜɵɞɨɯɟ. Ʉ ɜ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɚ ɬ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɰɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ, ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɬɹɧɟɬ XII ɩɚɪɭ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɜɧɢɡ (ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɟ).

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ — ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɛ ɪ ɸ ɲ ɧ ɨ ɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ: ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

§35. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ

ɜɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ

Ⱦɟɥɶɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ⱥ, 10) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ ɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ. ɋɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ. ɉɨɞɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ȼ, 11) ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɬɶɸ; ɨɧɚ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ. ɇ a ɞ- o ɫ ɬ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɚɫɬɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɫɭɦɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ. Ɇɚɥɚɹ ɤ ɪ ɭ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (12) ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɧɨɢ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ

ɩɥɟɱɨ.

Ȼ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɲ ɚ ɹ ɤ ɪ ɭ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (13) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɱɚɣɲɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɫɩɢɧɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ, ɩɪɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ. ɉɨɞɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɨɣ — ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪ ɩɥɟɱɚ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɚ

ɩɥɟɱɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɟ, ɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɟɞ- ɩɥɟɱɶɹ—ɤɢɫɬɶ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ⱥ, Ȼ).

Ⱦ ɜ ɭ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ ɩ ɥ ɟ ɱ ɚ (14) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ — ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɹ.

Ʉɥɸɜɨɩɥɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɦ ɵ ɲ ɰ ɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɸɜɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɞɜɭɝɥɚɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɥɟɱɚ ɧɚ

ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɫɬɢ — ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ ɜ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɦ ɫɭɫ- ɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ.

ɉɥɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɥɟɱɚ, ɩɪɢ-

ɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ — ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɹ. Ɍ ɪ ɟ ɯ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɦ ɵɲɰɚ ɩ ɥ ɟ ɱ ɚ (15) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚ

ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɟɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ, ɞɜɟ — ɨɬ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ ɤ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ — paɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɟ ɜ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɹ ɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ, ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɚ- ɬɨɪɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ.

§ 36. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɬɚɡɚ

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɬɚɡɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɬɚɡɚ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɬɚɡɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɯɨɠ ɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɧɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɥɨ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-

ɧɢɢ.

Ȼ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɲ ɚ ɹ ɹ ɝ ɨ ɞ ɢ ɱ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ȼ, 16) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɡ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɋɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɨɝɚɯ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɬɚɡ ɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ.

ɋ ɪ ɟ ɞ ɧ ɹ ɹ ɢ ɦ ɚ ɥ ɚ ɹ ɹ ɝ ɨ ɞ ɢ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɹɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (17) ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɚ ɦɚɥɚɹ (ɪɢɫ. 47, Ⱥ, Ȼ, 1)

ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɜ arabesque, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɸɬ (ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ) ɬɚɡ ɜ

ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɟ

ɩɪɹɦɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ. ȼɫɟ 4 ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɛɟɞɪɚ.

ɋɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ — ɩɨɪɬɧ ɹ ɠ ɧ ɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (20)—ɫɚɦɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɟɥɚ (50 ɫɦ). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɛɟɞɪɨ ɢ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ. ɇɟɠɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (21) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ. Ƚ ɪ ɟ ɛ ɟ ɬ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (22)

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɛ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɚ (23) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ.

Ɋɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦ ɜ ɭ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɛ ɟ ɞ ɪ ɚ (24) ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ

ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ. ɉɨɥɭɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶ-

ɧɚɹ (25) ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɛɟɞɪɨ, ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ. ɉ ɨ ɥ ɭ ɩ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɩ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɬ ɚ ɹ (26) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɡ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44, Ⱥ, Ȼ). ɑɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ 11 ɦɵɲɰ. ɑɚɫɬɶ :ɵɲɰ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɸɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɥɸɫɧɟɜɵɦ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɫɬɨɩɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɚɥɚɧɝɚɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɧɨɝɢ. Ɇɵɲɰ-ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢ, ɚ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ — ɜɨɫɟɦɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɵɲɰ-ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ

ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɛ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɲ ɟ ɛ ɟ ɪ ɰ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (27) ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɩɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ. ɇɚ ɨɩɨɪɥɨɝɟ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɶ ɜ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ,

ɝɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɬɵɥɭ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩ ɚ ɥ ɶ ɰ ɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɩɚɥɶɰɭ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ. Ɋɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɭ. ɋɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɟɪɢɧ: ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɸ I ɩɚɥɶɰɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɜɢɬ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. ɍɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɞ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɩɭ.

Ⱦ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɣ ɪ ɚ ɡ ɝ ɢ ɛ ɚ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɩ ɚ ɥ ɶ ɰ ɟ ɜ (28) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɛɟɪɰɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦ. Ɋɚɡɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɧ ɫɝɨɧɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɩɭ

ɋɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ — ɞ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɢ ɚ ɹ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɬ ɤ ɚ ɹ ɦɚɥɨɛɟɪɰɨɜɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ . Ɉɧɢ ɫɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɩɭ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɧɪɭɸɬ ɟɟ. ɍ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɷɬɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

Ⱦ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɣ1 ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɝ ɢ ɛ ɚ ɬ ɟ ɥ ɶ ɩ ɚ ɥ ɶ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɫɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ

ɢ ɫɬɨɩɭ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ.

ɂ ɤ ɪ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɠ ɧ ɚ ɹ (29) ɢ ɤ ɚ ɦ ɛ ɚ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɞ ɧ ɚ ɹ (30)

ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬ ɪ ɟ ɯ ɝ ɥ ɚ ɜ ɭ ɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɝ ɨ ɥ ɟ ɧ ɢ . Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚ ɯ ɢ ɥ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɵ ɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟɦ (31)

ɤ ɩɹɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɝɪɭ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɝɨɥɟɧɧ. Ɉɧɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɩɭ ɢ «ɩɟɪɟɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ» ɟɟ ɫ ɩɹɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɫɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɩɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɩɭ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɢ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ - ɝɨɪɨɧɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɞɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɫɬɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨ-ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɨɩɝ ɨɧɚ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ. ɉɥɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɟ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ — ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɥɟɱɨ ɜ ɥɨɤɬɟɜɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɪ ɝ ɢ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɦ ɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɠɧɚɹ, ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɟɞɪɨ. Ⱦɜɭɝɥɚɜɚɹ, ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɚɹ — ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɬɚɝɨ -

ɧɢɫɬɚɦɢ.

Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɵɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ-ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨ- ɪɨɜ Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɧɭɫɨɦ. ɑɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɵ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɧɚ- ɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɬɨɧɭɫ. ɉɪɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɩɢɧɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɪ-