0-m.s.milovzorova._anatomiya_i_fiziologiya_cheloveka. _uchebnik_(medicina,_1972)(ru)(215s)
.pdfɉɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚ «ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ» ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɨ «ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ» ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɵ I, II ɢ III ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɲɚɝɚ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɚɡɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɝɨɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ. ɍ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦ ɫɬɨɩɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɨɦ, ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɛɨɥɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɨɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɵɠɤɚɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɨɝɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ — ɛɨɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ. «ɇɚɜɚɥ» ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɬ ɹ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɚ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ demi-plie ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɦ
ɚɯɢɥɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɤɪɨɧɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ.
ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ |
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɸɫɧɟ-ɮɚ- |
ɥ ɚ ɧ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɫ ɭ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɜ ɚ |
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ , ɱɬɨ |
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ «ɧɚɜɚɥɚ» ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɫɬɨɩɵ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ, ɚ ɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɟ — ɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɩɵ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɥɸɫɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɨɩɵ. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɢ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɶɰɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɨɩɵ. ɍ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɬɨɥɱɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɵɠɤɟ. ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɭɜɢ ɫ ɤɚɛɥɭɤɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ 3,5 ɫɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɭɜɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ ɫɠɚɬɵ, ɚ ɩɹɬɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚ ɤɚɛɥɭɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɩɨɥ, ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɩɵ.
ɂɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ «ɧɚɜɚɥɚ» ɩɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɰ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɫɬɨɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɧɨɝɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɭɜɶ.
§ 42. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ
ɋɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɬɟɥɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɢɥɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ— ɷɬɨ ɜɟɫ ɬɟɥɚ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɨɧɚ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɫ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɞɭɷɬɧɨɦ ɬɚɧɰɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɵɠɤɚɯ, ɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ.
ɐɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ — ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɧ ɟ ɤ ɪ ɟ ɫ ɬ ɰ ɚ (ɨɬ I ɞɨ V ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ). ȿɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɡɵ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɨɫɚɧɤɚ, ɬɟɥɨɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ — ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɨɪɵ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶɨɩɨɪɵɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɦ ɚ ɟ ɦ ɚ ɹ ɨɛɟɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨ- ɫ ɬ ɪ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɬ ɜ ɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɧɨɝ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 48, Ⱥ). ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɨɪɵ, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ «ɩɨɥɭɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ» ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 48, Ȼ),
ɚɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ «ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ» ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ.
ȼɬɚɧɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɟɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɤɪɚɹ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ.
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹɢɡɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ, ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ-
127
ɫɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɩɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɤ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɟɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ._______________________________________
Ɋɢɫ. 48 (Ⱥ, Ȼ
ɋɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɟɡ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ. ɏɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɠɢ, ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɦɵɲɰ. ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɡɚ ɬɟɥɚ — ɷɬɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɨɝɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɫɬɨɩɭ. ɇɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ: ɬɟɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ—ɜɥɟɜɨ ɢ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ—ɧɚɡɚɞ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɬɟɥɚ — ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɟɥɚ (ɩɪɢ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ — ɥɟɜɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ —ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ) ɢ ɨɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ — ɭɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ɋɧɨɩɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɨɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜ ɫɬɨɩ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ—ɧɚɡɚɞ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɨɝ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɧɨɝɢ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ.
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɨɝ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ, ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɫɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ — ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɨɪɵ). Ɉɫɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ, ɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭ- ɥɹɪɧɵɣ—ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡ. Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
§ 4S. Ɍɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
Ɉɛɳɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɏɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ) ɫ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɣ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɵɲɰ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɢɯ
ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
129
ɇɨ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɪɚɡɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ), ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɏɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɹ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɢɯ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɫɩɨɪɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚɦ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ. Ƚɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɚɤɪɨɛɚɬɢɤɚ, ɮɟɯɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɟɧɧɢɫ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɥɨɜɤɨɫɬɶ, ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɵɲɰ.
Ƚ Ʌ Ⱥ ȼ Ⱥ IV
ɎɂɁɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿɈɋɇɈȼɕȾȼɂȽȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
§ 44. Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɧɢ-
ɪɨɜɤɢ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ. ɂ. Ɇ. ɋɟɱɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɂ. ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ. ɇɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɪɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɞɶɛɚ ɢ ɬɚɧɟɰ — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɬɨɧɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚ-
ɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ: ɫɩɟɪɜɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɟɝɚɬɶ, ɩɪɵɝɚɬɶ, ɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɲɢɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɵɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. ɍ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɮɭɬɛɨɥɢɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧ ɚ ɜ ɵɤ ɚ ɦ ɢ . ɏɨɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ — ɷɬɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɡɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ — ɷɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɵ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɰɟɩɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ) ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɚɝɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɭɱɟɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ — ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫ ɬ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɨ ɬ ɢ ɩ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ, ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ: ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ — ɜɢɞ ɡɚɥɚ, ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɹɫɶ, ɷɬɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɭ, ɤɚɤ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ «ɩɨɥɶɸɬɫɹ» ɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
Ʉɨɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɚ — ɧɨɜɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɫɬ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜ. ɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ.
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ. Ʌɸɛɨ ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɥɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɜɵɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ 3 ɷɬɚɩɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ — ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
1-ɣ ɷɬɚɩ. ȼ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɲ ɢ- ɪɨɤɨɟ ɪ ɚ ɫ ɩ ɪ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɪ ɚ ɧ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɟɪɹɲɥɢɜɨ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ȿɳɟ ɧɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɟɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ.
2-ɣ ɷɬɚɩ. Ɋ ɚ ɡ ɜ ɢ ɜ ɚ ɟ ɬ ɫ ɹ ɭ ɫ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɧ ɨ ɟ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɦ ɨ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ —ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɵɟ — ɭɝɚɲɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ.
ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ. ɇɨ ɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɱɟɧ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɩɪɨɱɟɧ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɜɵɤ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ.
3-ɣ ɷɬɚɩ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪ ɟ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ «ɥɢɲɧɢɟ» ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ), ɜɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ȿɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɪɵɝɚɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ demi-plie ɢ pile, ɬɨ ɩɫ. ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
§ 45. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɭɸ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɵɩɨɥ-
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɂ. II. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɵɦ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɜɵɤ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɹɫɶ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɵɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ, ɚɪɬɢɫɬ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɥ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ɂ. ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɱɚɝɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɨɱɚɝ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɪɚɡɭɱɢɜɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɛɵɫɬɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɤɚ, ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ, ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɹɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, ɧɨ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ.
Ɇɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɛɚɥɟɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢɲɢɬɶ ɬɚɧɰɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɨɞɭɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ.